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version 1.4, 2011/07/18 13:47:38 version 1.38, 2019/04/23 17:57:49
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2014 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm eqn  .Nm eqn
 language is a equation-formatting language.  language is an equation-formatting language.
 It is used within  It is used within
 .Xr mdoc 7  .Xr mdoc 7
 and  and
 .Xr man 7  .Xr man 7
 .Ux  .Ux
 manual pages.  manual pages.
 This manual describes the subset of the  It describes the
   .Em structure
   of an equation, not its mathematical meaning.
   This manual describes the
 .Nm  .Nm
 language accepted by the  language accepted by the
 .Xr mandoc 1  .Xr mandoc 1
 utility.  utility, which corresponds to the Second Edition
   .Nm
   specification (see
   .Sx SEE ALSO
   for references).
 .Pp  .Pp
 Equations within  Equations within
 .Xr mdoc 7  .Xr mdoc 7
Line 59  these are not the same as
Line 67  these are not the same as
 macros, and may only be invoked as  macros, and may only be invoked as
 .Sq \&.EQ .  .Sq \&.EQ .
 .Pp  .Pp
 The equation grammar is as follows:  The equation grammar is as follows, where quoted strings are
   case-sensitive literals in the input:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 eqn     : box | eqn box  eqn     : box | eqn box
 box     : text  box     : text
         | DEFINE text text          | \(dq{\(dq eqn \(dq}\(dq
         | SET text text          | \(dqdefine\(dq text text
         | UNDEF text          | \(dqndefine\(dq text text
 text    : TEXT          | \(dqtdefine\(dq text text
           | \(dqgfont\(dq text
           | \(dqgsize\(dq text
           | \(dqset\(dq text text
           | \(dqundef\(dq text
           | \(dqsqrt\(dq box
           | box pos box
           | box mark
           | \(dqmatrix\(dq \(dq{\(dq [col \(dq{\(dq list \(dq}\(dq]* \(dq}\(dq
           | pile \(dq{\(dq list \(dq}\(dq
           | font box
           | \(dqsize\(dq text box
           | \(dqleft\(dq text eqn [\(dqright\(dq text]
   col     : \(dqlcol\(dq | \(dqrcol\(dq | \(dqccol\(dq | \(dqcol\(dq
   text    : [^space\e\(dq]+ | \e\(dq.*\e\(dq
   pile    : \(dqlpile\(dq | \(dqcpile\(dq | \(dqrpile\(dq | \(dqpile\(dq
   pos     : \(dqover\(dq | \(dqsup\(dq | \(dqsub\(dq | \(dqto\(dq | \(dqfrom\(dq
   mark    : \(dqdot\(dq | \(dqdotdot\(dq | \(dqhat\(dq | \(dqtilde\(dq | \(dqvec\(dq
           | \(dqdyad\(dq | \(dqbar\(dq | \(dqunder\(dq
   font    : \(dqroman\(dq | \(dqitalic\(dq | \(dqbold\(dq | \(dqfat\(dq
   list    : eqn
           | list \(dqabove\(dq eqn
   space   : [\e^~ \et]
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Data in TEXT form is a non-empty sequence of non-space characters or a  White-space consists of the space, tab, circumflex, and tilde
 non-empty quoted string.  characters.
 White-space (and enclosing literal quote pairs) is thrown away and  It is required to delimit tokens consisting of alphabetic characters
 productions may not be broken by newlines.  and it is ignored at other places.
   Braces and quotes also delimit tokens.
   If within a quoted string, these space characters are retained.
   Quoted strings are also not scanned for keywords, glyph names,
   and expansion of definitions.
   To print a literal quote character, it can be prepended with a
   backslash or expressed with the \e(dq escape sequence.
 .Pp  .Pp
   Subequations can be enclosed in braces to pass them as arguments
   to operation keywords, overriding standard operation precedence.
   Braces can be nested.
   To set a brace verbatim, it needs to be enclosed in quotes.
   .Pp
   The following text terms are translated into a rendered glyph, if
   available: alpha, beta, chi, delta, epsilon, eta, gamma, iota, kappa,
   lambda, mu, nu, omega, omicron, phi, pi, psi, rho, sigma, tau, theta,
   upsilon, xi, zeta, DELTA, GAMMA, LAMBDA, OMEGA, PHI, PI, PSI, SIGMA,
   THETA, UPSILON, XI, inter (intersection), union (union), prod (product),
   int (integral), sum (summation), grad (gradient), del (vector
   differential), times (multiply), cdot (center-dot), nothing (zero-width
   space), approx (approximately equals), prime (prime), half (one-half),
   partial (partial differential), inf (infinity), >> (much greater), <<
   (much less), <\- (left arrow), \-> (right arrow), +\- (plus-minus), !=
   (not equal), == (equivalence), <= (less-than-equal), and >=
   (more-than-equal).
   The character escape sequences documented in
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   can be used, too.
   .Pp
 The following control statements are available:  The following control statements are available:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds
 .It Cm define  .It Cm define
 Replace all occurances of a key with a value.  Replace all occurrences of a key with a value.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 define Ar key val  .D1 Cm define Ar key cvalc
 .Pp  .Pp
   The first character of the value string,
   .Ar c ,
   is used as the delimiter for the value
   .Ar val .
   This allows for arbitrary enclosure of terms (not just quotes), such as
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm define Ar foo \(aqbar baz\(aq
   .D1 Cm define Ar foo cbar bazc
   .Pp
 It is an error to have an empty  It is an error to have an empty
 .Ar key or  .Ar key
 .Ar value .  or
   .Ar val .
 Note that a quoted  Note that a quoted
 .Ar key  .Ar key
 causes errors in some  causes errors in some
 .Nm  .Nm
 implementations and should not be considered portable.  implementations and should not be considered portable.
   It is not expanded for replacements.
 Definitions may refer to other definitions; these are evaluated  Definitions may refer to other definitions; these are evaluated
 recursively when text replacement occurs and not when the definition is  recursively when text replacement occurs and not when the definition is
 created.  created.
   .Pp
   Definitions can create arbitrary strings, for example, the following is
   a legal construction.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   define foo \(aqdefine\(aq
   foo bar \(aqbaz\(aq
   .Ed
   .Pp
 Self-referencing definitions will raise an error.  Self-referencing definitions will raise an error.
   The
   .Cm ndefine
   statement is a synonym for
   .Cm define ,
   while
   .Cm tdefine
   is discarded.
   .It Cm gfont
   Set the default font of subsequent output.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm gfont Ar font
   .Pp
   In mandoc, this value is discarded.
   .It Cm gsize
   Set the default size of subsequent output.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm gsize Oo +|\- Oc Ns Ar size
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar size
   value should be an integer.
   If prepended by a sign,
   the font size is changed relative to the current size.
 .It Cm set  .It Cm set
 Set an equation mode.  Set an equation mode.
 Both arguments are thrown away.  In mandoc, both arguments are thrown away.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm set Ar key val
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar key
   and
   .Ar val
   are not expanded for replacements.
   This statement is a GNU extension.
 .It Cm undef  .It Cm undef
 Unset a previously-defined key.  Unset a previously-defined key.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 define Ar key  .D1 Cm define Ar key
 .Pp  .Pp
 Once invoked, the definition for  Once invoked, the definition for
 .Ar key  .Ar key
 is discarded.  is discarded.
   The
   .Ar key
   is not expanded for replacements.
   This statement is a GNU extension.
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   Operation keywords have the following semantics:
   .Bl -tag -width Ds
   .It Cm above
   See
   .Cm pile .
   .It Cm bar
   Draw a line over the preceding box.
   .It Cm bold
   Set the following box using bold font.
   .It Cm ccol
   Like
   .Cm cpile ,
   but for use in
   .Cm matrix .
   .It Cm cpile
   Like
   .Cm pile ,
   but with slightly increased vertical spacing.
   .It Cm dot
   Set a single dot over the preceding box.
   .It Cm dotdot
   Set two dots (dieresis) over the preceding box.
   .It Cm dyad
   Set a dyad symbol (left-right arrow) over the preceding box.
   .It Cm fat
   A synonym for
   .Cm bold .
   .It Cm font
   Set the second argument using the font specified by the first argument;
   currently not recognized by the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   .Nm
   parser.
   .It Cm from
   Set the following box below the preceding box,
   using a slightly smaller font.
   Used for sums, integrals, limits, and the like.
   .It Cm hat
   Set a hat (circumflex) over the preceding box.
   .It Cm italic
   Set the following box using italic font.
   .It Cm lcol
   Like
   .Cm lpile ,
   but for use in
   .Cm matrix .
   .It Cm left
   Set the first argument as a big left delimiter before the second argument.
   As an optional third argument,
   .Cm right
   can follow.
   In that case, the fourth argument is set as a big right delimiter after
   the second argument.
   .It Cm lpile
   Like
   .Cm cpile ,
   but subequations are left-justified.
   .It Cm matrix
   Followed by a list of columns enclosed in braces.
   All columns need to have the same number of subequations.
   The columns are set as a matrix.
   The difference compared to multiple subsequent
   .Cm pile
   operators is that in a
   .Cm matrix ,
   corresponding subequations in all columns line up horizontally,
   while each
   .Cm pile
   does vertical spacing independently.
   .It Cm over
   Set a fraction.
   The preceding box is the numerator, the following box is the denominator.
   .It Cm pile
   Followed by a list of subequations enclosed in braces,
   the subequations being separated by
   .Cm above
   keywords.
   Sets the subequations one above the other, each of them centered.
   Typically used to represent vectors in coordinate representation.
   .It Cm rcol
   Like
   .Cm rpile ,
   but for use in
   .Cm matrix .
   .It Cm right
   See
   .Cm left ;
   .Cm right
   cannot be used without
   .Cm left .
   To set a big right delimiter without a big left delimiter, the following
   construction can be used:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm left No \(dq\(dq Ar box Cm right Ar delimiter
   .It Cm roman
   Set the following box using the default font.
   .It Cm rpile
   Like
   .Cm cpile ,
   but subequations are right-justified.
   .It Cm size
   Set the second argument with the font size specified by the first
   argument; currently ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   By prepending a plus or minus sign to the first argument,
   the font size can be selected relative to the current size.
   .It Cm sqrt
   Set the square root of the following box.
   .It Cm sub
   Set the following box as a subscript to the preceding box.
   .It Cm sup
   Set the following box as a superscript to the preceding box.
   As a special case, if a
   .Cm sup
   clause immediately follows a
   .Cm sub
   clause as in
   .Pp
   .D1 Ar mainbox Cm sub Ar subbox Cm sup Ar supbox
   .Pp
   both are set with respect to the same
   .Ar mainbox ,
   that is,
   .Ar supbox
   is set above
   .Ar subbox .
   .It Cm tilde
   Set a tilde over the preceding box.
   .It Cm to
   Set the following box above the preceding box,
   using a slightly smaller font.
   Used for sums and integrals and the like.
   As a special case, if a
   .Cm to
   clause immediately follows a
   .Cm from
   clause as in
   .Pp
   .D1 Ar mainbox Cm from Ar frombox Cm to Ar tobox
   .Pp
   both are set below and above the same
   .Ar mainbox .
   .It Cm under
   Underline the preceding box.
   .It Cm vec
   Set a vector symbol (right arrow) over the preceding box.
   .El
   .Pp
   The binary operations
   .Cm from ,
   .Cm to ,
   .Cm sub ,
   and
   .Cm sup
   group to the right, that is,
   .Pp
   .D1 Ar mainbox Cm sup Ar supbox Cm sub Ar subbox
   .Pp
   is the same as
   .Pp
   .D1 Ar mainbox Cm sup Brq Ar supbox Cm sub Ar subbox
   .Pp
   and different from
   .Pp
   .D1 Bro Ar mainbox Cm sup Ar supbox Brc Cm sub Ar subbox .
   .Pp
   By contrast,
   .Cm over
   groups to the left.
   .Pp
   In the following list, earlier operations bind more tightly than
   later operations:
   .Pp
   .Bl -enum -compact
   .It
   .Cm dyad ,
   .Cm vec ,
   .Cm under ,
   .Cm bar ,
   .Cm tilde ,
   .Cm hat ,
   .Cm dot ,
   .Cm dotdot
   .It
   .Cm fat ,
   .Cm roman ,
   .Cm italic ,
   .Cm bold ,
   .Cm size
   .It
   .Cm sub ,
   .Cm sup
   .It
   .Cm sqrt
   .It
   .Cm over
   .It
   .Cm from ,
   .Cm to
   .El
   .Sh COMPATIBILITY
   This section documents the compatibility of mandoc
   .Nm
   and the troff
   .Nm
   implementation (including GNU troff).
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
   .It
   The text string
   .Sq \e\(dq
   is interpreted as a literal quote in troff.
   In mandoc, this is interpreted as a comment.
   .It
   In troff, The circumflex and tilde white-space symbols map to
   fixed-width spaces.
   In mandoc, these characters are synonyms for the space character.
   .It
   The troff implementation of
   .Nm
   allows for equation alignment with the
   .Cm mark
   and
   .Cm lineup
   tokens.
   mandoc discards these tokens.
   The
   .Cm back Ar n ,
   .Cm fwd Ar n ,
   .Cm up Ar n ,
   and
   .Cm down Ar n
   commands are also ignored.
   .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr mandoc 1 ,  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 .Xr man 7 ,  .Xr man 7 ,
Line 119  is discarded.
Line 470  is discarded.
 .%T System for Typesetting Mathematics  .%T System for Typesetting Mathematics
 .%J Communications of the ACM  .%J Communications of the ACM
 .%V 18  .%V 18
 .%P 151\(en157  .%P pp. 151\(en157
 .%D March, 1975  .%D March, 1975
 .Re  .Re
 .\" .Sh HISTORY  .Rs
 .\" The tbl utility, a preprocessor for troff, was originally written by M.  .%A Brian W. Kernighan
 .\" E. Lesk at Bell Labs in 1975.  .%A Lorinda L. Cherry
 .\" The GNU reimplementation of tbl, part of the groff package, was released  .%T Typesetting Mathematics, User's Guide
 .\" in 1990 by James Clark.  .%D 1976
 .\" A standalone tbl implementation was written by Kristaps Dzonsons in  .Re
 .\" 2010.  .Rs
 .\" This formed the basis of the implementation that is part of the  .%A Brian W. Kernighan
 .\" .Xr mandoc 1  .%A Lorinda L. Cherry
 .\" utility.  .%T Typesetting Mathematics, User's Guide (Second Edition)
   .%D 1978
   .Re
   .Sh HISTORY
   The eqn utility, a preprocessor for troff, was originally written by
   Brian W. Kernighan and Lorinda L. Cherry in 1975.
   The GNU reimplementation of eqn, part of the GNU troff package, was
   released in 1989 by James Clark.
   The eqn component of
   .Xr mandoc 1
   was added in 2011.
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 This partial  This
 .Nm  .Nm
 reference was written by  reference was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .  .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .

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