Annotation of mandoc/man.1, Revision 1.37
1.37 ! schwarze 1: .\" $Id: man.1,v 1.36 2020/01/07 11:16:33 schwarze Exp $
1.1 schwarze 2: .\"
3: .\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
4: .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
1.2 schwarze 5: .\" Copyright (c) 2003, 2007, 2008, 2014 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org>
1.37 ! schwarze 6: .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2014-2020 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1 schwarze 7: .\"
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32: .\" @(#)man.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94
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1.37 ! schwarze 34: .Dd $Mdocdate: January 7 2020 $
1.1 schwarze 35: .Dt MAN 1
36: .Os
37: .Sh NAME
38: .Nm man
39: .Nd display manual pages
40: .Sh SYNOPSIS
41: .Nm man
1.13 schwarze 42: .Op Fl acfhklw
1.1 schwarze 43: .Op Fl C Ar file
44: .Op Fl M Ar path
45: .Op Fl m Ar path
46: .Op Fl S Ar subsection
1.28 schwarze 47: .Op Oo Fl s Oc Ar section
1.1 schwarze 48: .Ar name ...
49: .Sh DESCRIPTION
50: The
51: .Nm
52: utility
53: displays the
1.36 schwarze 54: manual page entitled
1.1 schwarze 55: .Ar name .
56: Pages may be selected according to
57: a specific category
58: .Pq Ar section
59: or
60: machine architecture
61: .Pq Ar subsection .
62: .Pp
63: The options are as follows:
64: .Bl -tag -width Ds
65: .It Fl a
1.18 schwarze 66: Display all matching manual pages.
1.1 schwarze 67: .It Fl C Ar file
68: Use the specified
69: .Ar file
70: instead of the default configuration file.
71: This permits users to configure their own manual environment.
72: See
73: .Xr man.conf 5
74: for a description of the contents of this file.
75: .It Fl c
76: Copy the manual page to the standard output instead of using
77: .Xr more 1
78: to paginate it.
79: This is done by default if the standard output is not a terminal device.
1.30 schwarze 80: .Pp
81: When using
82: .Fl c ,
83: most terminal devices are unable to show the markup.
84: To print the output of
85: .Nm
86: to the terminal with markup but without using a pager, pipe it to
87: .Xr ul 1 .
88: To remove the markup, pipe the output to
89: .Xr col 1
90: .Fl b
91: instead.
1.2 schwarze 92: .It Fl f
1.1 schwarze 93: A synonym for
94: .Xr whatis 1 .
1.2 schwarze 95: It searches for
96: .Ar name
97: in manual page names and displays the header lines from all matching pages.
98: The search is case insensitive and matches whole words only.
1.20 schwarze 99: .It Fl h
100: Display only the SYNOPSIS lines of the requested manual pages.
101: Implies
102: .Fl a
103: and
104: .Fl c .
1.2 schwarze 105: .It Fl k
1.1 schwarze 106: A synonym for
107: .Xr apropos 1 .
1.2 schwarze 108: Instead of
109: .Ar name ,
110: an expression can be provided using the syntax described in the
111: .Xr apropos 1
112: manual.
113: By default, it displays the header lines of all matching pages.
1.4 schwarze 114: .It Fl l
115: A synonym for
1.33 schwarze 116: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.4 schwarze 117: The
118: .Ar name
119: arguments are interpreted as filenames.
120: No search is done and
121: .Ar file ,
122: .Ar path ,
123: .Ar section ,
1.27 schwarze 124: .Ar subsection ,
1.4 schwarze 125: and
1.27 schwarze 126: .Fl w
1.4 schwarze 127: are ignored.
1.33 schwarze 128: This option implies
129: .Fl a .
1.1 schwarze 130: .It Fl M Ar path
1.36 schwarze 131: Override the list of directories to search for manual pages.
1.1 schwarze 132: The supplied
133: .Ar path
134: must be a colon
135: .Pq Ql \&:
136: separated list of directories.
1.36 schwarze 137: This option also overrides the environment variable
138: .Ev MANPATH
139: and any directories specified in the
140: .Xr man.conf 5
141: file.
1.1 schwarze 142: .It Fl m Ar path
1.36 schwarze 143: Augment the list of directories to search for manual pages.
1.1 schwarze 144: The supplied
145: .Ar path
146: must be a colon
147: .Pq Ql \&:
148: separated list of directories.
1.36 schwarze 149: These directories will be searched before those specified using the
1.1 schwarze 150: .Fl M
1.36 schwarze 151: option, the
1.1 schwarze 152: .Ev MANPATH
1.36 schwarze 153: environment variable, the
154: .Xr man.conf 5
155: file, or the default directories.
1.1 schwarze 156: .It Fl S Ar subsection
1.25 schwarze 157: Only show pages for the specified
1.1 schwarze 158: .Xr machine 1
159: architecture.
160: .Ar subsection
161: is case insensitive.
162: .Pp
163: By default manual pages for all architectures are installed.
164: Therefore this option can be used to view pages for one
165: architecture whilst using another.
166: .Pp
167: This option overrides the
168: .Ev MACHINE
169: environment variable.
1.17 schwarze 170: .It Oo Fl s Oc Ar section
171: Only select manuals from the specified
172: .Ar section .
1.1 schwarze 173: The currently available sections are:
174: .Pp
175: .Bl -tag -width "localXXX" -offset indent -compact
176: .It 1
177: General commands
178: .Pq tools and utilities .
179: .It 2
180: System calls and error numbers.
181: .It 3
1.17 schwarze 182: Library functions.
1.1 schwarze 183: .It 3p
184: .Xr perl 1
185: programmer's reference guide.
186: .It 4
187: Device drivers.
188: .It 5
189: File formats.
190: .It 6
191: Games.
192: .It 7
1.17 schwarze 193: Miscellaneous information.
1.1 schwarze 194: .It 8
195: System maintenance and operation commands.
196: .It 9
197: Kernel internals.
198: .El
199: .It Fl w
1.25 schwarze 200: List the pathnames of all matching manual pages instead of displaying
201: any of them.
1.37 ! schwarze 202: If no
! 203: .Ar name
! 204: is given, list the directories that would be searched.
1.1 schwarze 205: .El
1.26 schwarze 206: .Pp
207: The options
208: .Fl IKOTW
209: are also supported and are documented in
210: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.27 schwarze 211: The options
212: .Fl fkl
213: are mutually exclusive and override each other.
1.1 schwarze 214: .Pp
1.36 schwarze 215: The search starts with the
216: .Fl m
217: argument if provided, then continues with the
218: .Fl M
219: argument, the
220: .Ev MANPATH
221: variable, the
222: .Ic manpath
223: entries in the
224: .Xr man.conf 5
225: file, or with
226: .Pa /usr/share/man : Ns Pa /usr/X11R6/man : Ns Pa /usr/local/man
227: by default.
228: Within each of these, directories are searched in the order provided.
229: Within each directory, the search proceeds according to the following
230: list of sections: 1, 8, 6, 2, 3, 5, 7, 4, 9, 3p.
231: The first match found is shown.
1.1 schwarze 232: .Pp
1.35 schwarze 233: The
234: .Xr mandoc.db 5
235: database is used for looking up manual page entries.
236: In cases where the database is absent, outdated, or corrupt,
237: .Nm
238: falls back to looking for files called
239: .Ar name . Ns Ar section .
1.1 schwarze 240: If both a formatted and an unformatted version of the same manual page,
241: for example
242: .Pa cat1/foo.0
243: and
244: .Pa man1/foo.1 ,
1.24 schwarze 245: exist in the same directory, only the unformatted version is used.
1.35 schwarze 246: The database is kept up to date with
247: .Xr makewhatis 8 ,
248: which is run by the
249: .Xr weekly 8
250: maintenance script.
1.36 schwarze 251: .Pp
252: Guidelines for writing
253: man pages can be found in
254: .Xr mdoc 7 .
1.1 schwarze 255: .Sh ENVIRONMENT
256: .Bl -tag -width MANPATHX
257: .It Ev MACHINE
258: As some manual pages are intended only for specific architectures,
259: .Nm
260: searches any subdirectories,
261: with the same name as the current architecture,
262: in every directory which it searches.
263: Machine specific areas are checked before general areas.
264: The current machine type may be overridden by setting the environment
265: variable
266: .Ev MACHINE
267: to the name of a specific architecture,
268: or with the
269: .Fl S
270: option.
271: .Ev MACHINE
272: is case insensitive.
273: .It Ev MANPAGER
274: Any non-empty value of the environment variable
275: .Ev MANPAGER
1.23 schwarze 276: is used instead of the standard pagination program,
1.1 schwarze 277: .Xr more 1 .
1.15 schwarze 278: If
279: .Xr less 1
280: is used, the interactive
281: .Ic :t
282: command can be used to go to the definitions of various terms, for
283: example command line options, command modifiers, internal commands,
1.19 schwarze 284: environment variables, function names, preprocessor macros,
285: .Xr errno 2
286: values, and some other emphasized words.
287: Some terms may have defining text at more than one place.
288: In that case, the
289: .Xr less 1
290: interactive commands
291: .Ic t
292: and
293: .Ic T
294: can be used to move to the next and to the previous place providing
295: information about the term last searched for with
296: .Ic :t .
1.34 schwarze 297: The
298: .Fl O Cm tag Ns Op = Ns Ar term
299: option documented in the
300: .Xr mandoc 1
301: manual opens a manual page at the definition of a specific
302: .Ar term
303: rather than at the beginning.
1.1 schwarze 304: .It Ev MANPATH
1.36 schwarze 305: Override the standard search path which is either specified in
306: .Xr man.conf 5
307: or the default path.
308: The format of
1.1 schwarze 309: .Ev MANPATH
1.36 schwarze 310: is a colon
1.1 schwarze 311: .Pq Ql \&:
312: separated list of directories.
1.36 schwarze 313: Invalid directories are ignored.
1.23 schwarze 314: Overridden by
315: .Fl M ,
316: ignored if
317: .Fl l
318: is specified.
319: .Pp
320: If
321: .Ev MANPATH
1.36 schwarze 322: begins with a colon, it is appended to the standard path;
323: if it ends with a colon, it is prepended to the standard path;
1.23 schwarze 324: or if it contains two adjacent colons,
1.36 schwarze 325: the standard path is inserted between the colons.
1.1 schwarze 326: .It Ev PAGER
327: Specifies the pagination program to use when
328: .Ev MANPAGER
329: is not defined.
330: If neither PAGER nor MANPAGER is defined,
1.14 schwarze 331: .Xr more 1
332: .Fl s
1.23 schwarze 333: is used.
1.1 schwarze 334: .El
335: .Sh FILES
336: .Bl -tag -width /etc/man.conf -compact
337: .It Pa /etc/man.conf
1.36 schwarze 338: default
339: .Nm
340: configuration file
1.1 schwarze 341: .El
342: .Sh EXIT STATUS
343: .Ex -std man
1.25 schwarze 344: See
345: .Xr mandoc 1
346: for details.
1.31 schwarze 347: .Sh EXAMPLES
348: Format a page for pasting extracts into an email message \(em
349: avoid printing any UTF-8 characters, reduce the width to ease
350: quoting in replies, and remove markup:
351: .Pp
352: .Dl $ man -T ascii -O width=65 pledge | col -b
353: .Pp
354: Read a typeset page in a PDF viewer:
355: .Pp
356: .Dl $ MANPAGER=mupdf man -T pdf lpd
1.1 schwarze 357: .Sh SEE ALSO
358: .Xr apropos 1 ,
1.30 schwarze 359: .Xr col 1 ,
360: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
361: .Xr ul 1 ,
1.1 schwarze 362: .Xr whereis 1 ,
363: .Xr man.conf 5 ,
1.30 schwarze 364: .Xr mdoc 7
1.1 schwarze 365: .Sh STANDARDS
366: The
367: .Nm
368: utility is compliant with the
369: .St -p1003.1-2008
370: specification.
371: .Pp
372: The flags
1.13 schwarze 373: .Op Fl aCcfhIKlMmOSsTWw ,
1.1 schwarze 374: as well as the environment variables
375: .Ev MACHINE ,
376: .Ev MANPAGER ,
377: and
378: .Ev MANPATH ,
379: are extensions to that specification.
380: .Sh HISTORY
381: A
382: .Nm
383: command first appeared in
384: .At v3 .
385: .Pp
386: The
387: .Fl w
388: option first appeared in
389: .At v7 ;
390: .Fl f
391: and
392: .Fl k
393: in
394: .Bx 4 ;
395: .Fl M
396: in
397: .Bx 4.3 ;
398: .Fl a
399: in
400: .Bx 4.3 Tahoe ;
401: .Fl c
402: and
403: .Fl m
404: in
405: .Bx 4.3 Reno ;
406: .Fl h
407: in
408: .Bx 4.3 Net/2 ;
409: .Fl C
410: in
411: .Nx 1.0 ;
412: .Fl s
413: and
414: .Fl S
415: in
1.21 schwarze 416: .Ox 2.3 ;
417: and
418: .Fl I ,
419: .Fl K ,
420: .Fl l ,
421: .Fl O ,
422: and
423: .Fl W
424: in
425: .Ox 5.7 .
426: The
427: .Fl T
428: option first appeared in
429: .At III
430: and was also added in
431: .Ox 5.7 .
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