version 1.47, 2009/07/18 18:49:19 |
version 1.142, 2010/07/26 13:45:49 |
|
|
.\" $Id$ |
.\" $Id$ |
.\" |
.\" |
.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se> |
.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> |
|
.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> |
.\" |
.\" |
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any |
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any |
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above |
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above |
|
|
.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN |
.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN |
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF |
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF |
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
.\" |
.\" |
.Dd $Mdocdate$ |
.Dd $Mdocdate$ |
.Dt MDOC 7 |
.Dt MDOC 7 |
.Os |
.Os |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh NAME |
.Sh NAME |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nd mdoc language reference |
.Nd mdoc language reference |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION |
.Sh DESCRIPTION |
The |
The |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nm mdoc |
language is used to format |
language is used to format |
.Bx |
.Bx |
.Ux |
.Ux |
manuals. In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, |
manuals. |
and usage. Our reference implementation is |
In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, and |
.Xr mandoc 1 . |
usage. |
The |
Our reference implementation is mandoc; the |
.Sx COMPATIBILITY |
.Sx COMPATIBILITY |
section describes compatibility with |
section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations. |
.Xr groff 1 . |
|
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
An |
An |
.Nm |
.Nm |
document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control |
document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control |
character |
character |
.Sq \. |
.Sq \. |
are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of |
are parsed for macros. |
|
Other lines are interpreted within the scope of |
prior macros: |
prior macros: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Sh Macro lines change control state. |
\&.Sh Macro lines change control state. |
Other lines are interpreted within the current state. |
Other lines are interpreted within the current state. |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX |
.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX |
.Nm |
.Nm |
documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space |
documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space |
character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. All |
character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. |
manuals must have |
All manuals must have |
.Ux |
.Ux |
line terminators. |
line terminators. |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Comments |
.Ss Comments |
Text following a |
Text following a |
.Sq \e" , |
.Sq \e\*q , |
whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of |
whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of |
line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, |
line. |
.Sq \&.\e" , |
A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, |
|
.Sq \&.\e\*q , |
is also ignored. |
is also ignored. |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are |
|
stripped from input. |
.Ss Reserved Characters |
.Ss Reserved Characters |
Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: |
Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: |
|
.Pp |
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
.It \&. |
.It \&. |
.Pq period |
.Pq period |
Line 87 Within a macro line, the following characters are rese |
|
Line 86 Within a macro line, the following characters are rese |
|
.It \&? |
.It \&? |
.Pq question |
.Pq question |
.It \&! |
.It \&! |
.Pq exclamation |
.Pq exclamation |
.It \&| |
.It \&| |
.Pq vertical bar |
.Pq vertical bar |
.El |
.El |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
Use of reserved characters is described in |
Use of reserved characters is described in |
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped |
For general use in macro lines, these characters can either be escaped |
with a non-breaking space |
with a non-breaking space |
.Pq Sq \e& |
.Pq Sq \e& |
or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used. |
or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence can be used. |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Special Characters |
.Ss Special Characters |
Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. |
Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. |
Sequences begin with the escape character |
Sequences begin with the escape character |
.Sq \e |
.Sq \e |
followed by either an open-parenthesis |
followed by either an open-parenthesis |
.Sq \&( |
.Sq \&( |
for two-character sequences; an open-bracket |
for two-character sequences; an open-bracket |
.Sq \&[ |
.Sq \&[ |
for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket |
for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket |
.Sq \&] ) ; |
.Sq \&] ) ; |
or a single one-character sequence. See |
or a single one-character sequence. |
.Xr mandoc_char 1 |
See |
for a complete list. Examples include |
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
.Sq \e(em |
for a complete list. |
.Pq em-dash |
Examples include |
and |
.Sq \e(em |
|
.Pq em-dash |
|
and |
.Sq \ee |
.Sq \ee |
.Pq back-slash . |
.Pq back-slash . |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
.Ss Text Decoration |
|
Terms may be text-decorated using the |
|
.Sq \ef |
|
escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P |
|
(revert to previous mode): |
.Pp |
.Pp |
An alternative escape sequence is |
.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP |
the slash-asterisk, |
|
.Sq \e* , |
|
but this method is discouraged for compatibility reasons. |
|
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
Terms may |
A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, |
also be text-decorated using the |
respectively) may be used instead. |
|
A text decoration is valid within |
|
the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside |
|
its own scope, such as |
|
.Sx \&Bf |
|
.Cm \&Sy , |
|
in-scope invocations of |
.Sq \ef |
.Sq \ef |
escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R |
are only valid within the font scope of the macro. |
(Roman, or reset). This form is not recommended. |
If |
|
.Sq \ef |
|
is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form |
|
text, it will affect the remainder of the document. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Lastly, a standalone double-quote may be produced in a macro line by |
Note this form is |
using two consecutive double-quotes within a quoted literal. See |
.Em not |
.Sx Quotation |
recommended for |
for details. |
.Nm , |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
which encourages semantic annotation. |
|
.Ss Predefined Strings |
|
Historically, |
|
.Xr groff 1 |
|
also defined a set of package-specific |
|
.Dq predefined strings , |
|
which, like |
|
.Sx Special Characters , |
|
mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. |
|
Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, |
|
.Sq \e* : |
|
single-character |
|
.Sq \e*X , |
|
two-character |
|
.Sq \e*(XX , |
|
and N-character |
|
.Sq \e*[N] . |
|
See |
|
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
|
for a complete list. |
|
Examples include |
|
.Sq \e*(Am |
|
.Pq ampersand |
|
and |
|
.Sq \e*(Ba |
|
.Pq vertical bar . |
.Ss Whitespace |
.Ss Whitespace |
In non-literal free-form lines, consecutive blocks of whitespace are |
Whitespace consists of the space character. |
pruned from input and added later in the output filter, if applicable: |
In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context). |
These spaces are pruned from input. |
Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted |
\&.Bd \-literal |
within literal contexts. |
These are not. |
|
\&.Ed |
|
.Ed |
|
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. If |
In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. |
arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. |
If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
|
Blank lines are only permitted within literal contexts, as are lines |
|
containing only whitespace. Tab characters are only acceptable when |
|
delimiting |
|
.Sq \&Bl \-column |
|
or when in a literal context. |
|
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Quotation |
.Ss Quotation |
Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group |
Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group |
space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. A quoted |
space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. |
argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. The next |
A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. |
double-quote that is |
The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote |
.Em |
terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. |
preceded by a double-quote terminates the term, regardless of |
.Pp |
surrounding whitespace. Thus, the following construction produces |
Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation |
.Sq "a""b" , |
when unquoted, is considered literal text. |
since, as mentioned in |
Thus, the following produces |
.Sx Special Characters , |
.Sq Op "Fl a" : |
two consecutive double-quotes in a quoted literal produce a standalone |
|
double-quote: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Em "a""""b" |
\&.Op "Fl a" |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
This produces tokens |
In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. |
.Sq a" , |
.Ss Dates |
.Sq b c , |
There are several macros in |
.Sq de , |
.Nm |
and |
that require a date argument. |
.Sq fg" . |
The canonical form for dates is the American format: |
Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately |
.Pp |
considered literal text. Thus, the following produces |
.D1 Cm Month Day , Year |
.Sq \&Em a : |
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm Day |
|
value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. |
|
The |
|
.Cm Month |
|
value is the full month name. |
|
The |
|
.Cm Year |
|
value is the full four-digit year. |
|
.Pp |
|
Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Cm Month , Year |
|
.D1 Cm Year |
|
.Pp |
|
Some examples of valid dates follow: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form |
|
.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form |
|
.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form |
|
.Ss Scaling Widths |
|
Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as |
|
stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Em "Em a" |
\&.Bl -tag -width 2i |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. |
The syntax for scaled widths is |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , |
|
where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. |
|
Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. |
|
The following scaling units are accepted: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
|
.It c |
|
centimetre |
|
.It i |
|
inch |
|
.It P |
|
pica (~1/6 inch) |
|
.It p |
|
point (~1/72 inch) |
|
.It f |
|
synonym for |
|
.Sq u |
|
.It v |
|
default vertical span |
|
.It m |
|
width of rendered |
|
.Sq m |
|
.Pq em |
|
character |
|
.It n |
|
width of rendered |
|
.Sq n |
|
.Pq en |
|
character |
|
.It u |
|
default horizontal span |
|
.It M |
|
mini-em (~1/100 em) |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Using anything other than |
|
.Sq m , |
|
.Sq n , |
|
.Sq u , |
|
or |
|
.Sq v |
|
is necessarily non-portable across output media. |
|
See |
|
.Sx COMPATIBILITY . |
|
.Ss Sentence Spacing |
|
When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of |
|
a line. |
|
By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of |
|
spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark, |
|
or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing |
|
delimiters ( |
|
.Ns Sq \&) , |
|
.Sq \&] , |
|
.Sq \&' , |
|
.Sq \&" ) . |
|
.Pp |
|
The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at |
|
the boundary of a macro line, e.g., |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \. |
|
.D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \. |
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE |
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE |
Each |
A well-formed |
.Nm |
.Nm |
document must begin with a document prologue, containing, in order, |
document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more |
.Sq \&Dd , |
sections. |
.Sq \&Dt , |
.Pp |
|
The prologue, which consists of the |
|
.Sx \&Dd , |
|
.Sx \&Dt , |
and |
and |
.Sq \&Os , |
.Sx \&Os |
then the NAME section containing at least one |
macros in that order, is required for every document. |
.Sq \&Nm |
.Pp |
followed by |
The first section (sections are denoted by |
.Sq \&Nd : |
.Sx \&Sh ) |
|
must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
followed by |
|
.Sx \&Nd . |
|
.Pp |
|
Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
and |
|
.Em DESCRIPTION |
|
sections, although this varies between manual sections. |
|
.Pp |
|
The following is a well-formed skeleton |
|
.Nm |
|
file: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
\&.Dt mdoc 7 |
\&.Dt mdoc 7 |
\&.Os |
\&.Os |
\&.Sh NAME |
\&.Sh NAME |
\&.Nm mdoc |
\&.Nm foo |
\&.Nd mdoc language reference |
\&.Nd a description goes here |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY |
|
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS |
|
\&.Nm foo |
|
\&.Op Fl options |
|
\&.Ar |
|
\&.Sh DESCRIPTION |
|
The |
|
\&.Nm |
|
utility processes files ... |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS |
|
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO |
|
\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1 |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS |
|
\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
Subsequent SYNOPSIS and DESCRIPTION sections are strongly encouraged, |
The sections in a |
but non-compulsory. |
.Nm |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. |
|
Sections should be composed as follows: |
|
.Bl -ohang -offset Ds |
|
.It Em NAME |
|
The name(s) and a one-line description of the documented material. |
|
The syntax for this as follows: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Nm name0 |
|
\&.Nm name1 |
|
\&.Nm name2 |
|
\&.Nd a one-line description |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro(s) must precede the |
|
.Sx \&Nd |
|
macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Nd . |
|
.It Em LIBRARY |
|
The name of the library containing the documented material, which is |
|
assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. |
|
The syntax for this is as follows: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Lb libarm |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Lb . |
|
.It Em SYNOPSIS |
|
Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device |
|
configuration. |
|
.Pp |
|
For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is |
|
generally structured as follows: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Nm foo |
|
\&.Op Fl v |
|
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
|
\&.Op Ar |
|
\&.Nm bar |
|
\&.Op Fl v |
|
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
|
\&.Op Ar |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Vt extern const char *global; |
|
\&.In header.h |
|
\&.Ft "char *" |
|
\&.Fn foo "const char *src" |
|
\&.Ft "char *" |
|
\&.Fn bar "const char *src" |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
And for the third, configurations (section 4): |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q |
|
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS . |
|
.Pp |
|
Some macros are displayed differently in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, particularly |
|
.Sx \&Nm , |
|
.Sx \&Cd , |
|
.Sx \&Fd , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
.Sx \&In , |
|
.Sx \&Vt , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
|
All of these macros are output on their own line. |
|
If two such dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for |
|
.Sx \&Ft |
|
before |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Fn ) , |
|
they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft , |
|
which are always separated by vertical space. |
|
.Pp |
|
When text and macros following an |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, |
|
all output lines but the first will be indented to align |
|
with the text immediately following the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro, up to the next |
|
.Sx \&Nm , |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Ss |
|
macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. |
|
.It Em DESCRIPTION |
|
This expands upon the brief, one-line description in |
|
.Em NAME . |
|
It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a |
|
command), such as: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
The arguments are as follows: |
|
\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds |
|
\&.It Fl v |
|
Print verbose information. |
|
\&.El |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. |
|
.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
|
Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. |
|
This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side |
|
effects or notable algorithmic implications. |
|
.It Em RETURN VALUES |
|
This section is the dual of |
|
.Em EXIT STATUS , |
|
which is used for commands. |
|
It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Rv . |
|
.It Em ENVIRONMENT |
|
Lists the environment variables used by the utility, |
|
and explains the syntax and semantics of their values. |
|
The |
|
.Xr environ 7 |
|
manual provides examples of typical content and formatting. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Ev . |
|
.It Em FILES |
|
Documents files used. |
|
It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how |
|
the file is used (created, modified, etc.). |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Pa . |
|
.It Em EXIT STATUS |
|
Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. |
|
This section is the dual of |
|
.Em RETURN VALUES , |
|
which is used for functions. |
|
Historically, this information was described in |
|
.Em DIAGNOSTICS , |
|
a practise that is now discouraged. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Ex . |
|
.It Em EXAMPLES |
|
Example usages. |
|
This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. |
|
Make doubly sure that your examples work properly! |
|
.It Em DIAGNOSTICS |
|
Documents error conditions. |
|
This is most useful in section 4 manuals. |
|
Historically, this section was used in place of |
|
.Em EXIT STATUS |
|
for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is |
|
discouraged. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Bl |
|
.Fl diag . |
|
.It Em ERRORS |
|
Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Er . |
|
.It Em SEE ALSO |
|
References other manuals with related topics. |
|
This section should exist for most manuals. |
|
Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then |
|
alphabetically. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Xr . |
|
.It Em STANDARDS |
|
References any standards implemented or used. |
|
If not adhering to any standards, the |
|
.Em HISTORY |
|
section should be used instead. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&St . |
|
.It Em HISTORY |
|
The history of any manual without a |
|
.Em STANDARDS |
|
section should be described in this section. |
|
.It Em AUTHORS |
|
Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section. |
|
Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&An . |
|
.It Em CAVEATS |
|
Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained |
|
in this section. |
|
.It Em BUGS |
|
Known bugs, limitations and work-arounds should be described |
|
in this section. |
|
.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
|
Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. |
|
.El |
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX |
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX |
Every line beginning with the control character |
Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a |
.Sq \. |
control character, |
is processed for macros, two- or three-character sequences. |
.Sq \&. , |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
at the beginning of the line. |
|
An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character |
|
and the macro name. |
|
Thus, the following are equivalent: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Pp |
|
\&.\ \ \ \&Pp |
|
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, |
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. |
.Sq \-arg |
In this section, |
|
.Sq \-arg |
refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more |
refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more |
.Sq parm |
.Sq parm |
parameters; |
parameters; |
|
|
opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, |
opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, |
.Sq \&Yc |
.Sq \&Yc |
closes it out. |
closes it out. |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
The |
The |
.Em Callable |
.Em Callable |
column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial |
column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial |
line-macro. The |
line-macro. |
.Em Parsable |
If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line |
|
macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that |
|
.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh |
|
produces |
|
.Sq Fl \&Sh . |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Parsed |
column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further |
column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further |
(ostensibly callable) macros. The |
(ostensibly callable) macros. |
|
If a macro is not parsed, subsequent macro invocations on the line |
|
will be interpreted as opaque text. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
.Em Scope |
.Em Scope |
column, if applicable, describes closure rules. |
column, if applicable, describes closure rules. |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Block full-explicit |
.Ss Block full-explicit |
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros |
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. |
contains bodies; only |
All macros contains bodies; only |
.Pq Sq \&Bf |
.Sx \&Bf |
contains a head. |
contains a head. |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
\&.Yc |
\&.Yc |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" |
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
.It \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ed |
.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed |
.It \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ef |
.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef |
.It \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ek |
.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek |
.It \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&El |
.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El |
.It \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bd |
.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd |
.It \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bf |
.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf |
.It \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bk |
.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk |
.It \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bl |
.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl |
.El |
.El |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Block full-implicit |
.Ss Block full-implicit |
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. |
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. |
All macros have bodies; some |
All macros have bodies; some |
.Po |
.Po |
.Sq \&It \-bullet , |
.Sx \&It Fl bullet , |
.Sq \-hyphen , |
.Fl hyphen , |
.Sq \-dash , |
.Fl dash , |
.Sq \-enum , |
.Fl enum , |
.Sq \-item |
.Fl item |
.Pc |
.Pc |
don't have heads, while |
don't have heads; only one |
.Sq \&It \-column |
.Po |
may have multiple heads. |
.Sx \&It |
|
in |
|
.Sx \&Bl Fl column |
|
.Pc |
|
has multiple heads. |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" |
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
.It \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by \&It, \&El |
.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El |
.It \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh |
.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
.It \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh |
.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss |
.It \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh, \&Ss |
.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
|
.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss |
.El |
.El |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
.Pp |
|
Note that the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro is a |
|
.Sx Block full-implicit |
|
macro only when invoked as the first macro |
|
in a |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section line, else it is |
|
.Sx In-line . |
.Ss Block partial-explicit |
.Ss Block partial-explicit |
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each |
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. |
has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head |
Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head |
.Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc |
.Po |
and/or tail |
.Sx \&Fo , |
.Pq So \&Ec Sc . |
.Sx \&Eo |
|
.Pc |
|
and/or tail |
|
.Pq Sx \&Ec . |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
|
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ |
\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
.It \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Ao |
.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao |
.It \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Ac |
.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac |
.It \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Bo |
.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo |
.It \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Bc |
.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc |
.It \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Bro |
.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro |
.It \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Brc |
.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc |
.It \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Do |
.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do |
.It \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Dc |
.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc |
.It \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Eo |
.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo |
.It \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Ec |
.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec |
.It \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Fo |
.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo |
.It \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Fc |
.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc |
.It \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Oo |
.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo |
.It \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Oc |
.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc |
.It \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Po |
.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po |
.It \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Pc |
.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc |
.It \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Oo |
.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo |
.It \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Oc |
.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc |
.It \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Rs |
.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs |
.It \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Re |
.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re |
.It \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&So |
.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So |
.It \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Sc |
.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc |
.It \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Xo |
.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo |
.It \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Xc |
.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc |
.El |
.El |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
|
.Ss Block partial-implicit |
.Ss Block partial-implicit |
Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by |
Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by |
.Sx Reserved Characters |
.Sx Reserved Characters |
or end of line. |
or end of line. |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -compact -offset indent |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed |
.It \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes |
.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes |
.It \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes |
.It \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes |
.El |
.El |
.\" SUB-SECTION---------------------- |
.Pp |
|
Note that the |
|
.Sx \&Vt |
|
macro is a |
|
.Sx Block partial-implicit |
|
only when invoked as the first macro |
|
in a |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section line, else it is |
|
.Sx In-line . |
.Ss In-line |
.Ss In-line |
Closed by |
Closed by |
.Sx Reserved Characters , |
.Sx Reserved Characters , |
end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. In-line |
end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. |
macros have only text children. If a number (or inequality) of |
In-line macros have only text children. |
arguments is |
If a number (or inequality) of arguments is |
.Pq n , |
.Pq n , |
then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. |
then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb |
Line 378 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument |
|
Line 777 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument |
|
|
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments |
.It \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Cd Ta Yes Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3 |
.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.El |
.El |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
.Sh REFERENCE |
.Sh COMPATIBILITY |
This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged |
This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at |
alphabetically. |
this time limited to |
For the scoping of individual macros, see |
|
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
|
.Ss \&%A |
|
Author name of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
Multiple authors should each be accorded their own |
|
.Sx \%%A |
|
line. |
|
Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) |
|
first, then full surname. |
|
.Ss \&%B |
|
Book title of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when |
|
referring to book titles. |
|
.Ss \&%C |
|
Publication city or location of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro is not implemented in |
.Xr groff 1 . |
.Xr groff 1 . |
The term |
.Ss \&%D |
|
Publication date of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax described in |
|
.Sx Dates . |
|
.Ss \&%I |
|
Publisher or issuer name of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%J |
|
Journal name of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%N |
|
Issue number (usually for journals) of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%O |
|
Optional information of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%P |
|
Book or journal page number of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%Q |
|
Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own |
|
.Sx \&%Q |
|
line. |
|
.Ss \&%R |
|
Technical report name of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&%T |
|
Article title of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when |
|
referring to article titles. |
|
.Ss \&%U |
|
URI of reference document. |
|
.Ss \&%V |
|
Volume number of an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
.Ss \&Ac |
|
Close an |
|
.Sx \&Ao |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any tail arguments. |
|
.Ss \&Ad |
|
Memory address. |
|
Do not use this for postal addresses. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ad [0,$] |
|
.D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000 |
|
.Ss \&An |
|
Author name. |
|
Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact |
|
.It Fl split |
|
Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of |
|
.Sx \&An . |
|
.It Fl nosplit |
|
The opposite of |
|
.Fl split . |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
The default is |
|
.Fl nosplit . |
|
The effect of selecting either of the |
|
.Fl split |
|
modes ends at the beginning of the |
|
.Em AUTHORS |
|
section. |
|
In the |
|
.Em AUTHORS |
|
section, the default is |
|
.Fl nosplit |
|
for the first author listing and |
|
.Fl split |
|
for all other author listings. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.An -nosplit |
|
.D1 \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv |
|
.Ss \&Ao |
|
Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets. |
|
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Aq . |
|
.Ss \&Ap |
|
Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. |
|
This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb |
|
form of a function. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fn execve \&Ap d |
|
.Ss \&Aq |
|
Encloses its arguments in angle brackets. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use |
|
.Sx \&Lk |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Mt , |
|
or to note pre-processor |
|
.Dq Li #include |
|
statements, which should use |
|
.Sx \&In . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Ao . |
|
.Ss \&Ar |
|
Command arguments. |
|
If an argument is not provided, the string |
|
.Dq file ...\& |
|
is used as a default. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1 |
|
.D1 \&.Ar |
|
.D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . |
|
.Ss \&At |
|
Formats an AT&T version. |
|
Accepts one optional argument: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact |
|
.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v |
|
A version of |
|
.At . |
|
.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? |
|
A version of |
|
.At V . |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.At |
|
.D1 \&.At V.1 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Bc |
|
Close a |
|
.Sx \&Bo |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any tail arguments. |
|
.Ss \&Bd |
|
Begin a display block. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl Ns Ar type |
|
.Op Fl offset Ar width |
|
.Op Fl compact |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and |
|
justification than the one used by the surrounding text. |
|
They may contain both macro lines and free-form text lines. |
|
By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar type |
|
must be one of the following: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent |
|
.It Fl centered |
|
Centre-justify each line. |
|
Using this display type is not recommended; many |
|
.Nm |
|
implementations render it poorly. |
|
.It Fl filled |
|
Left- and right-justify the block. |
|
.It Fl literal |
|
Do not justify the block at all. |
|
Preserve white space as it appears in the input. |
|
.It Fl ragged |
|
Only left-justify the block. |
|
.It Fl unfilled |
|
An alias for |
|
.Fl literal . |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar type |
|
must be provided first. |
|
Additional arguments may follow: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent |
|
.It Fl offset Ar width |
|
Indent the display by the |
|
.Ar width , |
|
which may be one of the following: |
|
.Bl -item |
|
.It |
|
One of the pre-defined strings |
|
.Cm indent , |
|
the width of standard indentation; |
|
.Cm indent-two , |
|
twice |
|
.Cm indent ; |
|
.Cm left , |
|
which has no effect; |
|
.Cm right , |
|
which justifies to the right margin; or |
|
.Cm center , |
|
which aligns around an imagined centre axis. |
|
.It |
|
A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width |
|
associated with that macro. |
|
The most popular is the imaginary macro |
|
.Ar \&Ds , |
|
which resolves to |
|
.Sy 6n . |
|
.It |
|
A width using the syntax described in |
|
.Sx Scaling Widths . |
|
.It |
|
An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string. |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
When the argument is missing, |
|
.Fl offset |
|
is ignored. |
|
.It Fl compact |
|
Do not assert vertical space before the display. |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact |
|
Hello world. |
|
\&.Ed |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&D1 |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Dl . |
|
.Ss \&Bf |
|
Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Bf |
|
.Oo |
|
.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | |
|
.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy |
|
.Oc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl emphasis |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Em |
|
argument are equivalent, as are |
|
.Fl symbolic |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Sy, |
|
and |
|
.Fl literal |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Li . |
|
Without an argument, this macro does nothing. |
|
The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested |
|
scope or |
|
.Sx \&Ef |
|
is encountered. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Li , |
|
.Sx \&Ef , |
|
.Sx \&Em , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sy . |
|
.Ss \&Bk |
|
Keep the output generated from each macro input line together |
|
on one single output line. |
|
Line breaks in free-form text lines are unaffected. |
|
The syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl words |
|
argument is required; additional arguments are ignored. |
|
.Pp |
|
The following example will not break within each |
|
.Sx \&Op |
|
macro line: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Bk \-words |
|
\&.Op Fl f Ar flags |
|
\&.Op Fl o Ar output |
|
\&.Ek |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! |
|
Doing so will clobber the right margin. |
|
.Ss \&Bl |
|
Begin a list. |
|
Lists consist of items started by the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro, containing a head or a body or both. |
|
The list syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Bl |
|
.Fl Ns Ar type |
|
.Op Fl width Ar val |
|
.Op Fl offset Ar val |
|
.Op Fl compact |
|
.Op HEAD ... |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
The list |
|
.Ar type |
|
is mandatory and must be specified first. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
and |
|
.Fl offset |
|
arguments accept |
|
.Sx Scaling Widths |
|
or use the length of the given string. |
|
The |
|
.Fl offset |
|
is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads |
|
and bodies. |
|
For those list types supporting it, the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies, |
|
to be added to the |
|
.Fl offset . |
|
Unless the |
|
.Fl compact |
|
argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space. |
|
.Pp |
|
A list must specify one of the following list types: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
|
.It Fl bullet |
|
No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head |
|
of each item. |
|
Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet |
|
and are indented according to the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument. |
|
.It Fl column |
|
A columnated list. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width |
|
of one column, using either the |
|
.Sx Scaling Widths |
|
syntax or the string length of the argument. |
|
If the first line of the body of a |
|
.Fl column |
|
list is not an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro line, |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as |
|
described in the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
documentation. |
|
.It Fl dash |
|
Like |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
except that dashes are used in place of bullets. |
|
.It Fl diag |
|
Like |
|
.Fl inset , |
|
except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations. |
|
.\" but with additional formatting to the head. |
|
.It Fl enum |
|
A numbered list. |
|
Formatted like |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets, |
|
starting at 1. |
|
.It Fl hang |
|
Like |
|
.Fl tag , |
|
except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow |
|
the item heads like in |
|
.Fl inset |
|
lists. |
|
.It Fl hyphen |
|
Synonym for |
|
.Fl dash . |
|
.It Fl inset |
|
Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word |
|
spacing. |
|
Bodies are not indented, and the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl item |
|
No item heads can be specified, and none are printed. |
|
Bodies are not indented, and the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl ohang |
|
Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl tag |
|
Item bodies are indented according to the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument. |
|
When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows |
|
this head on the same output line. |
|
Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head. |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&El |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&It . |
|
.Ss \&Bo |
|
Begin a block enclosed by square brackets. |
|
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Bo 1 , |
|
\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bq . |
|
.Ss \&Bq |
|
Encloses its arguments in square brackets. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for |
|
commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are |
|
.Sx \&Op , |
|
.Sx \&Oo , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Oc . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bo . |
|
.Ss \&Brc |
|
Close a |
|
.Sx \&Bro |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any tail arguments. |
|
.Ss \&Bro |
|
Begin a block enclosed by curly braces. |
|
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Bro 1 , ... , |
|
\&.Va n \&Brc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Brq . |
|
.Ss \&Brq |
|
Encloses its arguments in curly braces. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bro . |
|
.Ss \&Bsx |
|
Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
|
no argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Bsx 1.0 |
|
.D1 \&.Bsx |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Bt |
|
Prints |
|
.Dq is currently in beta test. |
|
.Ss \&Bx |
|
Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no |
|
argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Bx 4.4 |
|
.D1 \&.Bx |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Cd |
|
Kernel configuration declaration. |
|
This denotes strings accepted by |
|
.Xr config 8 . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode? |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain |
|
whitespace and align consecutive |
|
.Sx \&Cd |
|
declarations. |
|
This practise is discouraged. |
|
.Ss \&Cm |
|
Command modifiers. |
|
Useful when specifying configuration options or keys. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Cm ControlPath |
|
.D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Fl . |
|
.Ss \&D1 |
|
One-line indented display. |
|
This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented |
|
statements. |
|
It is followed by a newline. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Dl . |
|
.Ss \&Db |
|
Switch debugging mode. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off |
|
.Pp |
|
This macro is ignored by |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 . |
|
.Ss \&Dc |
|
Close a |
|
.Sx \&Do |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any tail arguments. |
|
.Ss \&Dd |
|
Document date. |
|
This is the mandatory first macro of any |
|
.Nm |
|
manual. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Op Ar date |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar date |
|
may be either |
|
.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ , |
|
which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by |
|
.Xr cvs 1 , |
|
or instead a valid canonical date as specified by |
|
.Sx Dates . |
|
If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
|
.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ |
|
.D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dt |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Os . |
|
.Ss \&Dl |
|
One-line intended display. |
|
This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and |
|
invocations. |
|
It is followed by a newline. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&D1 . |
|
.Ss \&Do |
|
Begin a block enclosed by double quotes. |
|
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Do |
|
April is the cruellest month |
|
\&.Dc |
|
\e(em T.S. Eliot |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dq . |
|
.Ss \&Dq |
|
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Dq typographic |
|
double-quotes. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Dq April is the cruellest month |
|
\e(em T.S. Eliot |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Qq , |
|
.Sx \&Sq , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Do . |
|
.Ss \&Dt |
|
Document title. |
|
This is the mandatory second macro of any |
|
.Nm |
|
file. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Dt |
|
.Oo |
|
.Ar title |
|
.Oo |
|
.Ar section |
|
.Op Ar volume | arch |
|
.Oc |
|
.Oc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Its arguments are as follows: |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds |
|
.It Ar title |
|
The document's title (name), defaulting to |
|
.Dq UNKNOWN |
|
if unspecified. |
|
It should be capitalised. |
|
.It Ar section |
|
The manual section. |
|
This may be one of |
|
.Ar 1 |
|
.Pq utilities , |
|
.Ar 2 |
|
.Pq system calls , |
|
.Ar 3 |
|
.Pq libraries , |
|
.Ar 3p |
|
.Pq Perl libraries , |
|
.Ar 4 |
|
.Pq devices , |
|
.Ar 5 |
|
.Pq file formats , |
|
.Ar 6 |
|
.Pq games , |
|
.Ar 7 |
|
.Pq miscellaneous , |
|
.Ar 8 |
|
.Pq system utilities , |
|
.Ar 9 |
|
.Pq kernel functions , |
|
.Ar X11 |
|
.Pq X Window System , |
|
.Ar X11R6 |
|
.Pq X Window System , |
|
.Ar unass |
|
.Pq unassociated , |
|
.Ar local |
|
.Pq local system , |
|
.Ar draft |
|
.Pq draft manual , |
|
or |
|
.Ar paper |
|
.Pq paper . |
|
It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to |
|
.Dq 1 |
|
if unspecified. |
|
.It Ar volume |
|
This overrides the volume inferred from |
|
.Ar section . |
|
This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of |
|
.Ar USD |
|
.Pq users' supplementary documents , |
|
.Ar PS1 |
|
.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , |
|
.Ar AMD |
|
.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , |
|
.Ar SMM |
|
.Pq system managers' manuals , |
|
.Ar URM |
|
.Pq users' reference manuals , |
|
.Ar PRM |
|
.Pq programmers' reference manuals , |
|
.Ar KM |
|
.Pq kernel manuals , |
|
.Ar IND |
|
.Pq master index , |
|
.Ar MMI |
|
.Pq master index , |
|
.Ar LOCAL |
|
.Pq local manuals , |
|
.Ar LOC |
|
.Pq local manuals , |
|
or |
|
.Ar CON |
|
.Pq contributed manuals . |
|
.It Ar arch |
|
This specifies a specific relevant architecture. |
|
If |
|
.Ar volume |
|
is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used |
|
subsequent that. |
|
It, too, is optional. |
|
It must be one of |
|
.Ar alpha , |
|
.Ar amd64 , |
|
.Ar amiga , |
|
.Ar arc , |
|
.Ar arm , |
|
.Ar armish , |
|
.Ar aviion , |
|
.Ar hp300 , |
|
.Ar hppa , |
|
.Ar hppa64 , |
|
.Ar i386 , |
|
.Ar landisk , |
|
.Ar loongson , |
|
.Ar luna88k , |
|
.Ar mac68k , |
|
.Ar macppc , |
|
.Ar mvme68k , |
|
.Ar mvme88k , |
|
.Ar mvmeppc , |
|
.Ar pmax , |
|
.Ar sgi , |
|
.Ar socppc , |
|
.Ar sparc , |
|
.Ar sparc64 , |
|
.Ar sun3 , |
|
.Ar vax , |
|
or |
|
.Ar zaurus . |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 1 |
|
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM |
|
.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dd |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Os . |
|
.Ss \&Dv |
|
Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ |
|
.D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Er . |
|
.Ss \&Dx |
|
Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default |
|
value if no argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1 |
|
.D1 \&.Dx |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Ec |
|
Close a scope started by |
|
.Sx \&Eo . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar TERM |
|
argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq |
|
will emulate |
|
.Sx \&Dc . |
|
.Ss \&Ed |
|
End a display context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bd . |
|
.Ss \&Ef |
|
End a font mode context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bf . |
|
.Ss \&Ek |
|
End a keep context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bk . |
|
.Ss \&El |
|
End a list context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bl . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bl |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&It . |
|
.Ss \&Em |
|
Denotes text that should be emphasised. |
|
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for |
|
stylistically decorating technical terms. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Em Warnings! |
|
.D1 \&.Em Remarks : |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bf , |
|
.Sx \&Sy , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Li . |
|
.Ss \&En |
|
This macro is obsolete and not implemented in |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 . |
|
.Ss \&Eo |
|
An arbitrary enclosure. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar TERM |
|
argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq |
|
will emulate |
|
.Sx \&Do . |
|
.Ss \&Er |
|
Display error constants. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Er EPERM |
|
.D1 \&.Er ENOENT |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dv . |
|
.Ss \&Es |
|
This macro is obsolete and not implemented. |
|
.Ss \&Ev |
|
Environmental variables such as those specified in |
|
.Xr environ 7 . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY |
|
.D1 \&.Ev PATH |
|
.Ss \&Ex |
|
Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility |
|
.Pp |
|
When |
|
.Ar utility |
|
is not specified, the document's name set by |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
is used. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Rv . |
|
.Ss \&Fa |
|
Function argument. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa |
|
.Op Cm argtype |
|
.Cm argname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type. |
|
It is also used to specify the field name of a structure. |
|
Most often, the |
|
.Sx \&Fa |
|
macro is used in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
within |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
section when documenting multi-line function prototypes. |
|
If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a |
|
comma. |
|
Furthermore, if the following macro is another |
|
.Sx \&Fa , |
|
the last argument will also have a trailing comma. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq |
|
.D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq |
|
.D1 \&.Fa foo |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
|
.Ss \&Fc |
|
End a function context started by |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
|
.Ss \&Fd |
|
Historically used to document include files. |
|
This usage has been deprecated in favour of |
|
.Sx \&In . |
|
Do not use this macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&In . |
|
.Ss \&Fl |
|
Command-line flag. |
|
Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. |
|
Prints a fixed-width hyphen |
|
.Sq \- |
|
directly followed by each argument. |
|
If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space. |
|
If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro |
|
output. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fl a b c |
|
.D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b |
|
.D1 \&.Fl |
|
.D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Cm . |
|
.Ss \&Fn |
|
A function name. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn |
|
.Op Cm functype |
|
.Cm funcname |
|
.Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and |
|
are delimited by commas. |
|
If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1" |
|
.D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0" |
|
.D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0 |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Ft functype |
|
\&.Fn funcname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
|
.Ss \&Fo |
|
Begin a function block. |
|
This is a multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Fn . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname |
|
.Pp |
|
Invocations usually occur in the following context: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname |
|
.br |
|
\.\.\. |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
A |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
scope is closed by |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&Fa , |
|
.Sx \&Fc , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
|
.Ss \&Ft |
|
A function type. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ft int |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Ft functype |
|
\&.Fn funcname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
|
.Ss \&Fx |
|
Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value |
|
if no argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fx 7.1 |
|
.D1 \&.Fx |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Hf |
|
This macro is obsolete and not implemented. |
|
.Ss \&Ic |
|
Designate an internal or interactive command. |
|
This is similar to |
|
.Sx \&Cm |
|
but used for instructions rather than values. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ic hash |
|
.D1 \&.Ic alias |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that using |
|
.Sx \&Bd No Fl literal |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&D1 |
|
is preferred for displaying code; the |
|
.Sx \&Ic |
|
macro is used when referring to specific instructions. |
|
.Ss \&In |
|
An |
|
.Dq include |
|
file. |
|
In the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is |
|
preceded by |
|
.Dq #include , |
|
the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.In sys/types |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
|
.Ss \&It |
|
A list item. |
|
The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. |
|
.Pp |
|
Lists |
|
of type |
|
.Fl hang , |
|
.Fl ohang , |
|
.Fl inset , |
|
and |
|
.Fl diag |
|
have the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args |
|
.Pp |
|
Lists of type |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
.Fl dash , |
|
.Fl enum , |
|
.Fl hyphen |
|
and |
|
.Fl item |
|
have the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It |
|
.Pp |
|
with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
until either a closing |
|
.Sx \&El |
|
or another |
|
.Sx \&It . |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl tag |
|
list has the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args |
|
.Pp |
|
Subsequent lines are interpreted as with |
|
.Fl bullet |
|
and family. |
|
The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body |
|
arguments correspond to the list's contents. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl column |
|
list is the most complicated. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm args |
|
are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column, |
|
delimited by tabs or the special |
|
.Sq \&Ta |
|
pseudo-macro. |
|
Lines subsequent the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase. |
|
Calling the pseudo-macro |
|
.Sq \&Ta |
|
will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be |
|
interpreted as a macro). |
|
Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
line itself. |
|
Subsequent this, only the |
|
.Sq \&Ta |
|
pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases. |
|
Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited |
|
phrases on an |
|
.Sx \&It , |
|
for example, |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&; |
|
.Pp |
|
will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bl . |
|
.Ss \&Lb |
|
Specify a library. |
|
The syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm library |
|
parameter may be a system library, such as |
|
.Cm libz |
|
or |
|
.Cm libpam , |
|
in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker |
|
invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is |
|
printed in quotes. |
|
This is most commonly used in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section as described in |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Lb libz |
|
.D1 \&.Lb mdoc |
|
.Ss \&Li |
|
Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode. |
|
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for |
|
stylistically decorating technical terms. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bf , |
|
.Sx \&Sy , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Em . |
|
.Ss \&Lk |
|
Format a hyperlink. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" |
|
.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Mt . |
|
.Ss \&Lp |
|
Synonym for |
|
.Sx \&Pp . |
|
.Ss \&Ms |
|
Display a mathematical symbol. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ms sigma |
|
.D1 \&.Ms aleph |
|
.Ss \&Mt |
|
Format a |
|
.Dq mailto: |
|
hyperlink. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv |
|
.Ss \&Nd |
|
A one-line description of the manual's content. |
|
This may only be invoked in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section subsequent the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference |
|
.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Nd |
|
macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent |
|
.Sx \&Sh |
|
invocation. |
|
Do not assume this behaviour: some |
|
.Xr whatis 1 |
|
database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line |
|
arguments and will display macros verbatim. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Nm . |
|
.Ss \&Nm |
|
The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, |
|
and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in |
|
the manual page. |
|
When first invoked, the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. |
|
Usually, the first invocation happens in the |
|
.Em NAME |
|
section of the page. |
|
The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is |
|
called again without arguments later in the page. |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro uses |
|
.Sx Block full-implicit |
|
semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section; otherwise, it uses ordinary |
|
.Sx In-line |
|
semantics. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS |
|
\&.Nm cat |
|
\&.Op Fl benstuv |
|
\&.Op Ar |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
In the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the |
|
.Sx \&Fn |
|
macro rather than |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
to mark up the name of the manual page. |
|
.Ss \&No |
|
A |
|
.Dq noop |
|
macro used to terminate prior macro contexts. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef |
|
.Ss \&Ns |
|
Suppress a space. |
|
Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a |
|
macro is encountered. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&No |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sm . |
|
.Ss \&Nx |
|
Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
|
no argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Nx 5.01 |
|
.D1 \&.Nx |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Oc |
|
Close multi-line |
|
.Sx \&Oo |
|
context. |
|
.Ss \&Oo |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Op . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Oo |
|
\&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value |
|
\&.Oc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Ss \&Op |
|
Command-line option. |
|
Used when listing options to command-line utilities. |
|
Prints the argument(s) in brackets. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b |
|
.D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Oo . |
|
.Ss \&Os |
|
Document operating system version. |
|
This is the mandatory third macro of |
|
any |
|
.Nm |
|
file. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system |
|
.Pp |
|
The optional |
|
.Cm system |
|
parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. |
|
Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. |
|
This is the suggested form. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Os |
|
.D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS |
|
.D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dd |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Dt . |
|
.Ss \&Ot |
|
Unknown usage. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro has been deprecated. |
|
.Ss \&Ox |
|
Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value |
|
if no argument is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ox 4.5 |
|
.D1 \&.Ox |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ux . |
|
.Ss \&Pa |
|
A file-system path. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc |
|
.D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Lk . |
|
.Ss \&Pc |
|
Close parenthesised context opened by |
|
.Sx \&Po . |
|
.Ss \&Pf |
|
Removes the space |
|
.Pq Dq prefix |
|
between its arguments. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm suffix |
|
argument may be a macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix |
|
.Ss \&Po |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Pq . |
|
.Ss \&Pp |
|
Break a paragraph. |
|
This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros |
|
and/or text. |
|
.Ss \&Pq |
|
Parenthesised enclosure. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Po . |
|
.Ss \&Qc |
|
Close quoted context opened by |
|
.Sx \&Qo . |
|
.Ss \&Ql |
|
Format a single-quoted literal. |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Qq |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sq . |
|
.Ss \&Qo |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Qq . |
|
.Ss \&Qq |
|
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Dq typewriter |
|
double-quotes. |
|
Consider using |
|
.Sx \&Dq . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dq , |
|
.Sx \&Sq , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Qo . |
|
.Ss \&Re |
|
Close an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any tail arguments. |
|
.Ss \&Rs |
|
Begin a bibliographic |
|
.Pq Dq reference |
|
block. |
|
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
The block macro may only contain |
|
.Sx \&%A , |
|
.Sx \&%B , |
|
.Sx \&%C , |
|
.Sx \&%D , |
|
.Sx \&%I , |
|
.Sx \&%J , |
|
.Sx \&%N , |
|
.Sx \&%O , |
|
.Sx \&%P , |
|
.Sx \&%Q , |
|
.Sx \&%R , |
|
.Sx \&%T , |
|
.Sx \&%U , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&%V |
|
child macros (at least one must be specified). |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Rs |
|
\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft |
|
\&.%A J. D. Ullman |
|
\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation |
|
\&.%I Addison-Wesley |
|
\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes |
|
\&.%D 1979 |
|
\&.Re |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
If an |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted |
|
before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current |
|
line. |
|
.Ss \&Rv |
|
Inserts text regarding a function call's return value. |
|
This macro must consist of the |
|
.Fl std |
|
argument followed by an optional |
|
.Ar function . |
|
If |
|
.Ar function |
|
is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
is provided. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Ex . |
|
.Ss \&Sc |
|
Close single-quoted context opened by |
|
.Sx \&So . |
|
.Ss \&Sh |
|
Begin a new section. |
|
For a list of conventional manual sections, see |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
|
These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that |
|
custom sections be used. |
|
.Pp |
|
Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Pp , |
|
.Sx \&Ss , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Ss \&Sm |
|
Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off |
|
.Pp |
|
By default, spacing is |
|
.Cm on . |
|
When switched |
|
.Cm off , |
|
no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the |
|
output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines |
|
still get normal spacing between words and sentences. |
|
.Ss \&So |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Sq . |
|
.Ss \&Sq |
|
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Dq typewriter |
|
single-quotes. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dq , |
|
.Sx \&Qq , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&So . |
|
.Ss \&Ss |
|
Begin a new sub-section. |
|
Unlike with |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
there's no convention for sub-sections. |
|
Conventional sections, as described in |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
rarely have sub-sections. |
|
.Pp |
|
Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Pp , |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Ss \&St |
|
Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form. |
|
The following standards are recognised: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact |
|
.It \-p1003.1-88 |
|
.St -p1003.1-88 |
|
.It \-p1003.1-90 |
|
.St -p1003.1-90 |
|
.It \-p1003.1-96 |
|
.St -p1003.1-96 |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2001 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2004 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2004 |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2008 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2008 |
|
.It \-p1003.1 |
|
.St -p1003.1 |
|
.It \-p1003.1b |
|
.St -p1003.1b |
|
.It \-p1003.1b-93 |
|
.St -p1003.1b-93 |
|
.It \-p1003.1c-95 |
|
.St -p1003.1c-95 |
|
.It \-p1003.1g-2000 |
|
.St -p1003.1g-2000 |
|
.It \-p1003.1i-95 |
|
.St -p1003.1i-95 |
|
.It \-p1003.2-92 |
|
.St -p1003.2-92 |
|
.It \-p1003.2a-92 |
|
.St -p1003.2a-92 |
|
.It \-p1387.2-95 |
|
.St -p1387.2-95 |
|
.It \-p1003.2 |
|
.St -p1003.2 |
|
.It \-p1387.2 |
|
.St -p1387.2 |
|
.It \-isoC |
|
.St -isoC |
|
.It \-isoC-90 |
|
.St -isoC-90 |
|
.It \-isoC-amd1 |
|
.St -isoC-amd1 |
|
.It \-isoC-tcor1 |
|
.St -isoC-tcor1 |
|
.It \-isoC-tcor2 |
|
.St -isoC-tcor2 |
|
.It \-isoC-99 |
|
.St -isoC-99 |
|
.It \-iso9945-1-90 |
|
.St -iso9945-1-90 |
|
.It \-iso9945-1-96 |
|
.St -iso9945-1-96 |
|
.It \-iso9945-2-93 |
|
.St -iso9945-2-93 |
|
.It \-ansiC |
|
.St -ansiC |
|
.It \-ansiC-89 |
|
.St -ansiC-89 |
|
.It \-ansiC-99 |
|
.St -ansiC-99 |
|
.It \-ieee754 |
|
.St -ieee754 |
|
.It \-iso8802-3 |
|
.St -iso8802-3 |
|
.It \-ieee1275-94 |
|
.St -ieee1275-94 |
|
.It \-xpg3 |
|
.St -xpg3 |
|
.It \-xpg4 |
|
.St -xpg4 |
|
.It \-xpg4.2 |
|
.St -xpg4.2 |
|
.St -xpg4.3 |
|
.It \-xbd5 |
|
.St -xbd5 |
|
.It \-xcu5 |
|
.St -xcu5 |
|
.It \-xsh5 |
|
.St -xsh5 |
|
.It \-xns5 |
|
.St -xns5 |
|
.It \-xns5.2 |
|
.St -xns5.2 |
|
.It \-xns5.2d2.0 |
|
.St -xns5.2d2.0 |
|
.It \-xcurses4.2 |
|
.St -xcurses4.2 |
|
.It \-susv2 |
|
.St -susv2 |
|
.It \-susv3 |
|
.St -susv3 |
|
.It \-svid4 |
|
.St -svid4 |
|
.El |
|
.Ss \&Sx |
|
Reference a section or sub-section. |
|
The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the |
|
enclosed argument, including whitespace. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
.Ss \&Sy |
|
Format enclosed arguments in symbolic |
|
.Pq Dq boldface . |
|
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for |
|
stylistically decorating technical terms. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bf , |
|
.Sx \&Li , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Em . |
|
.Ss \&Tn |
|
Format a tradename. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Tn IBM |
|
.Ss \&Ud |
|
Prints out |
|
.Dq currently under development. |
|
.Ss \&Ux |
|
Format the UNIX name. |
|
Accepts no argument. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Ux |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&At , |
|
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ox . |
|
.Ss \&Va |
|
A variable name. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Va foo |
|
.D1 \&.Va const char *bar ; |
|
.Ss \&Vt |
|
A variable type. |
|
This is also used for indicating global variables in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, in which case a variable name is also specified. |
|
Note that it accepts |
|
.Sx Block partial-implicit |
|
syntax when invoked as the first macro in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, else it accepts ordinary |
|
.Sx In-line |
|
syntax. |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that this should not be confused with |
|
.Sx \&Ft , |
|
which is used for function return types. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Vt unsigned char |
|
.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Va . |
|
.Ss \&Xc |
|
Close a scope opened by |
|
.Sx \&Xo . |
|
.Ss \&Xo |
|
Open an extension scope. |
|
This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff; |
|
since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated. |
|
.Ss \&Xr |
|
Link to another manual |
|
.Pq Qq cross-reference . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm name |
|
and |
|
.Cm section |
|
are the name and section of the linked manual. |
|
If |
|
.Cm section |
|
is followed by non-punctuation, an |
|
.Sx \&Ns |
|
is inserted into the token stream. |
|
This behaviour is for compatibility with |
|
.Xr groff 1 . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; |
|
.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour |
|
.Ss \&br |
|
Emits a line-break. |
|
This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with |
|
historical manuals. |
|
.Pp |
|
Consider using |
|
.Sx \&Pp |
|
in the event of natural paragraph breaks. |
|
.Ss \&sp |
|
Emits vertical space. |
|
This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with |
|
historical manuals. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Cm height |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm height |
|
argument must be formatted as described in |
|
.Sx Scaling Widths . |
|
If unspecified, |
|
.Sx \&sp |
|
asserts a single vertical space. |
|
.Sh COMPATIBILITY |
|
This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other |
|
troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff |
|
.Pq Qq groff . |
|
The term |
.Qq historic groff |
.Qq historic groff |
refers to those versions before the |
refers to groff versions before the |
.Pa doc.tmac |
.Pa doc.tmac |
file re-write |
file re-write |
.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . |
.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . |
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting |
|
\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff. |
|
.Pp |
.Bl -dash -compact |
.Bl -dash -compact |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
.It |
The |
An empty |
.Sq \&sp |
.Sq \&Dd |
macro does not accept negative numbers. |
macro in groff prints |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
.Dq Epoch . |
|
In mandoc, it resolves to the current date. |
.It |
.It |
Some character sequences in groff are not handled depending on escape |
The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour) |
style, e.g., |
font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc. |
.Sq \e(ba |
.It |
|
Old groff fails to assert a newline before |
|
.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact . |
|
.It |
|
groff behaves inconsistently when encountering |
|
.Pf non- Sx \&Fa |
|
children of |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
regarding spacing between arguments. |
|
In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed |
|
by a single space and the trailing |
|
.Sq \&) |
|
suppresses prior spacing. |
|
.It |
|
groff behaves inconsistently when encountering |
|
.Sx \&Ft |
and |
and |
.Sq \e*(Ba |
.Sx \&Fn |
may not be interchanged. This is no longer the case: all character |
in the |
sequences resolve to the same symbol, regardless the escape style. |
.Em SYNOPSIS : |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior |
|
.Sx \&Fn |
|
has been invoked. |
|
In mandoc, this is not the case. |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Ft |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Fn |
|
for the normalised behaviour. |
.It |
.It |
Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text |
Historic groff does not break before an |
lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace |
.Sx \&Fn |
in free-form text lines. |
when not invoked as the line macro in the |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section. |
.It |
.It |
Historic groff has many un-callable macros. Most of these (excluding |
Historic groff formats the |
some block-level macros) are now callable, conforming to the |
.Sx \&In |
non-historic groff version. |
badly: trailing arguments are trashed and |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
is not specially treated. |
.It |
.It |
The vertical bar |
groff does not accept the |
|
.Sq \&Ta |
|
pseudo-macro as a line macro. |
|
mandoc does. |
|
.It |
|
The comment syntax |
|
.Sq \e\." |
|
is no longer accepted. |
|
.It |
|
In groff, the |
|
.Sx \&Pa |
|
macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under |
|
certain list types. |
|
mandoc does. |
|
.It |
|
Historic groff does not print a dash for empty |
|
.Sx \&Fl |
|
arguments. |
|
mandoc and newer groff implementations do. |
|
.It |
|
groff behaves irregularly when specifying |
|
.Sq \ef |
|
.Sx Text Decoration |
|
within line-macro scopes. |
|
mandoc follows a consistent system. |
|
.It |
|
In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would |
|
move to prior lines. |
|
Furthermore, the |
|
.Sq f |
|
scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. |
|
.It |
|
In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a |
|
standalone double-quote in formatted output. |
|
This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc. |
|
.It |
|
Display offsets |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl offset Ar center |
|
and |
|
.Fl offset Ar right |
|
are disregarded in mandoc. |
|
Furthermore, troff specifies a |
|
.Fl file Ar file |
|
argument that is not supported in mandoc. |
|
Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff), |
|
.Fl ragged |
|
and |
|
.Fl filled |
|
are aliases, as are |
|
.Fl literal |
|
and |
|
.Fl unfilled . |
|
.It |
|
Historic groff has many un-callable macros. |
|
Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable. |
|
.It |
|
The vertical bar |
.Sq \(ba |
.Sq \(ba |
made historic groff |
made historic groff |
.Qq go orbital |
.Qq go orbital |
but is a proper delimiter in this implementation. |
but has been a proper delimiter since then. |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
.It |
.Sq \&It \-nested |
.Sx \&It Fl nested |
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be |
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be |
nested and |
nested and |
.Sq \-enum |
.Fl enum |
lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. |
lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
.It |
.Sq \&It \-column |
|
syntax where column widths may be preceded by other arguments (instead |
|
of proceeded) is not supported. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
The |
|
.Sq \&At |
|
macro only accepts a single parameter. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
Some manuals use |
Some manuals use |
.Sq \&Li |
.Sx \&Li |
incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the |
incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the |
delimiter to render. This is not supported. |
delimiter to render. |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
This is not supported in mandoc. |
.It |
.It |
If an special-character control character is escaped |
In groff, the |
.Sq \e\e , |
.Sx \&Cd , |
it will obviously not render the subsequent sequence. Even newer |
.Sx \&Er , |
versions of groff seem to dither on this. |
.Sx \&Ex , |
.\" LIST-ITEM |
and |
|
.Sx \&Rv |
|
macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections. |
|
mandoc does not have these restrictions. |
.It |
.It |
In groff, the |
Newer groff and mandoc print |
.Sq \&Fo |
.Qq AT&T UNIX |
macro only produces the first parameter. This is no longer the case. |
prior to unknown arguments of |
|
.Sx \&At ; |
|
older groff did nothing. |
.El |
.El |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh SEE ALSO |
.Sh SEE ALSO |
.Xr mandoc 1 , |
.Xr mandoc 1 , |
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh AUTHORS |
.Sh AUTHORS |
The |
The |
.Nm |
.Nm |
reference was written by |
reference was written by |
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se . |
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv . |
.\" SECTION--------------------------------------------- |
|
.Sh CAVEATS |
|
There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc. |
|
.\" PARAGRAPH------------ |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -dash -compact |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
.Sq \&Fa |
|
should be |
|
.Sq \&Va |
|
as function arguments are variables. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
.Sq \&Ft |
|
should be |
|
.Sq \&Vt |
|
as function return types are still types. Furthermore, the |
|
.Sq \&Ft |
|
should be removed and |
|
.Sq \&Fo , |
|
which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as |
|
.Sq \&Va . |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
.Sq \&Va |
|
should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a |
|
variable name and optional, preceding type. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
.Sq \&Fd |
|
is ambiguous. It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the |
|
synopsis section. |
|
.Sq \&In |
|
should be used, instead. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
Only the |
|
.Sq \-literal |
|
argument to |
|
.Sq \&Bd |
|
makes sense. The remaining ones should be removed. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
The |
|
.Sq \&Xo |
|
and |
|
.Sq \&Xc |
|
macros should be deprecated. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
The |
|
.Sq \&Dt |
|
macro lacks clarity. It should be absolutely clear which title will |
|
render when formatting the manual page. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
A |
|
.Sq \&Lx |
|
should be provided for Linux (\(`a la |
|
.Sq \&Ox , |
|
.Sq \&Nx |
|
etc.). |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
There's no way to refer to references in |
|
.Sq \&Rs/Re |
|
blocks. |
|
.\" LIST-ITEM |
|
.It |
|
The \-split and \-nosplit arguments to |
|
.Sq \&An |
|
are inane. |
|
.El |
|