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Diff for /mandoc/mdoc.7 between version 1.8 and 1.142

version 1.8, 2009/03/19 18:30:26 version 1.142, 2010/07/26 13:45:49
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 .\" $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@openbsd.org>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 .\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all  .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 .\" copies.  
 .\"  .\"
 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL  .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 .\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED  .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE  .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 .\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL  .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 .\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR  .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER  .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR  .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.  .\"
 .\"  
 .Dd $Mdocdate$  .Dd $Mdocdate$
 .Dt mdoc 7  .Dt MDOC 7
 .Os  .Os
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc macro reference  .Nd mdoc language reference
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language is used to format
 .Bx  .Bx
 .Ux  .Ux
 manuals.  An  manuals.
   In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, and
   usage.
   Our reference implementation is mandoc; the
   .Sx COMPATIBILITY
   section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
   .Pp
   An
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
 character  character
 .Sq \.  .Sq \.
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  are parsed for macros.
 prior macros.  This document describes the encoding, ontology and syntax  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
 of these macros.  prior macros:
 .\" SECTION  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Sh CHARACTER ENCODING  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
   Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
   .Ed
   .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only printable characters, the space character  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
 .Sq \  ,  character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.
 and, in certain circumstances, the tab character  
 .Sq \et .  
 All manuals must have  All manuals must have
 .Sq \en  .Ux
 line termination.  line terminators.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Ss Comments
   Text following a
   .Sq \e\*q ,
   whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
   line.
   A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
   .Sq \&.\e\*q ,
   is also ignored.
   Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are
   stripped from input.
 .Ss Reserved Characters  .Ss Reserved Characters
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset XXXX -compact  .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.  .It \&.
 .Pq period  .Pq period
 .It \&,  .It \&,
Line 71  Within a macro line, the following characters are rese
Line 86  Within a macro line, the following characters are rese
 .It \&?  .It \&?
 .Pq question  .Pq question
 .It \&!  .It \&!
 .Pq exclamation  .Pq exclamation
   .It \&|
   .Pq vertical bar
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Use of reserved characters is described in  Use of reserved characters is described in
 .Sx Closure .  .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
 For general non-reserved use, characters must either be escaped with a  For general use in macro lines, these characters can either be escaped
 non-breaking space  with a non-breaking space
 .Pq Sq \e&  .Pq Sq \e&
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape-sequence used.  or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence can be used.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Special Characters  .Ss Special Characters
 Special character sequences begin with the escape character  Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.
 .Sq \\  Sequences begin with the escape character
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  .Sq \e
   followed by either an open-parenthesis
 .Sq \&(  .Sq \&(
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
 .Sq \&[  .Sq \&[
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
 .Sq \&] ) ;  .Sq \&] ) ;
 or a single one-character sequence.  or a single one-character sequence.
   See
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   for a complete list.
   Examples include
   .Sq \e(em
   .Pq em-dash
   and
   .Sq \ee
   .Pq back-slash .
   .Ss Text Decoration
   Terms may be text-decorated using the
   .Sq \ef
   escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
   (revert to previous mode):
 .Pp  .Pp
 Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,  .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
 .Sq \\* ,  
 with the same combinations as described above.  This form is deprecated.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 The following is a table of all available escapes.  A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
   respectively) may be used instead.
   A text decoration is valid within
   the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
   its own scope, such as
   .Sx \&Bf
   .Cm \&Sy ,
   in-scope invocations of
   .Sq \ef
   are only valid within the font scope of the macro.
   If
   .Sq \ef
   is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
   text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Grammatic:  Note this form is
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Em not
 .It \\(em  recommended for
 .Pq em-dash  .Nm ,
 .It \\(en  which encourages semantic annotation.
 .Pq en-dash  .Ss Predefined Strings
 .It \e-  Historically,
 .Pq hyphen  .Xr groff 1
 .It \\\\  also defined a set of package-specific
 .Pq back-slash  .Dq predefined strings ,
 .It \e'  which, like
 .Pq apostrophe  .Sx Special Characters ,
 .It \e`  mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
 .Pq back-tick  Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
 .It \\  .Sq \e* :
 .Pq space  single-character
 .It \\.  .Sq \e*X ,
 .Pq period  two-character
 .It \\(r!  .Sq \e*(XX ,
 .Pq upside-down exclamation  and N-character
 .It \\(r?  .Sq \e*[N] .
 .Pq upside-down question  See
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   for a complete list.
   Examples include
   .Sq \e*(Am
   .Pq ampersand
   and
   .Sq \e*(Ba
   .Pq vertical bar .
   .Ss Whitespace
   Whitespace consists of the space character.
   In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped
   trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
   Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
   within literal contexts.
   .Pp
   In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
   If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.
   .Ss Quotation
   Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group
   space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.
   A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
   The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote
   terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
   .Pp
   Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation
   when unquoted, is considered literal text.
   Thus, the following produces
   .Sq Op "Fl a" :
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Op "Fl a"
   .Ed
   .Pp
   In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
   .Ss Dates
   There are several macros in
   .Nm
   that require a date argument.
   The canonical form for dates is the American format:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm Month Day , Year
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm Day
   value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.
   The
   .Cm Month
   value is the full month name.
   The
   .Cm Year
   value is the full four-digit year.
   .Pp
   Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
   .Pp
   .D1 Cm Month , Year
   .D1 Cm Year
   .Pp
   Some examples of valid dates follow:
   .Pp
   .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
   .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
   .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
   .Ss Scaling Widths
   Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
   stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bl -tag -width 2i
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The syntax for scaled widths is
   .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,
   where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
   Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.
   The following scaling units are accepted:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It c
   centimetre
   .It i
   inch
   .It P
   pica (~1/6 inch)
   .It p
   point (~1/72 inch)
   .It f
   synonym for
   .Sq u
   .It v
   default vertical span
   .It m
   width of rendered
   .Sq m
   .Pq em
   character
   .It n
   width of rendered
   .Sq n
   .Pq en
   character
   .It u
   default horizontal span
   .It M
   mini-em (~1/100 em)
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Enclosures:  Using anything other than
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Sq m ,
 .It \\(lh  .Sq n ,
 .Pq left hand  .Sq u ,
 .It \\(rh  or
 .Pq right hand  .Sq v
 .It \\(<<  is necessarily non-portable across output media.
 .Pq left guillemet  See
 .It \\(Fc  .Sx COMPATIBILITY .
 .Pq right guillemet  .Ss Sentence Spacing
 .It \\(Fo  When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of
 .Pq left guilsing  a line.
 .It \\(fc  By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
 .Pq right guilsing  spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
 .It \\(fo  or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
 .Pq right guilsing  delimiters (
 .It \\(rC  .Ns Sq \&) ,
 .Pq right brace  .Sq \&] ,
 .It \\(lC  .Sq \&' ,
 .Pq left brace  .Sq \&" ) .
 .It \\(ra  .Pp
 .Pq right angle  The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
 .It \\(la  the boundary of a macro line, e.g.,
 .Pq left angle  .Pp
 .It \\(rB  .D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.
 .Pq right bracket  .D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.
 .It \\(lB  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 .Pq left bracket  A well-formed
 .It \\q  .Nm
 .Pq double-quote  document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
 .It \\(lq  sections.
 .Pq left double-quote  .Pp
 .It \\(Lq  The prologue, which consists of the
 .Pq left double-quote, deprecated  .Sx \&Dd ,
 .It \\(rq  .Sx \&Dt ,
 .Pq right double-quote  and
 .It \\(Rq  .Sx \&Os
 .Pq right double-quote, deprecated  macros in that order, is required for every document.
 .It \\(oq  .Pp
 .Pq left single-quote  The first section (sections are denoted by
 .It \\(aq  .Sx \&Sh )
 .Pq right single-quote  must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
 .It \\(Bq  .Sx \&Nm
 .Pq right low double-quote  followed by
 .It \\(bq  .Sx \&Nd .
 .Pq right low single-quote  .Pp
   Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   and
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   sections, although this varies between manual sections.
   .Pp
   The following is a well-formed skeleton
   .Nm
   file:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   \&.Dt mdoc 7
   \&.Os
   \&.Sh NAME
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Nd a description goes here
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl options
   \&.Ar
   \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility processes files ...
   \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
   \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
   \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY
   \&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The sections in a
   .Nm
   document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
   Sections should be composed as follows:
   .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
   .It Em NAME
   The name(s) and a one-line description of the documented material.
   The syntax for this as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm name0
   \&.Nm name1
   \&.Nm name2
   \&.Nd a one-line description
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro(s) must precede the
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Nm
   and
   .Sx \&Nd .
   .It Em LIBRARY
   The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
   assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
   The syntax for this is as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Lb libarm
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Lb .
   .It Em SYNOPSIS
   Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
   configuration.
   .Pp
   For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
   generally structured as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   \&.Nm bar
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
   \&.In header.h
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
   .Ed
   .Pp
   And for the third, configurations (section 4):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
   \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   .Pp
   Some macros are displayed differently in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, particularly
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Fd ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   All of these macros are output on their own line.
   If two such dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for
   .Sx \&Ft
   before
   .Sx \&Fo
   or
   .Sx \&Fn ) ,
   they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which are always separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   When text and macros following an
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
   all output lines but the first will be indented to align
   with the text immediately following the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro, up to the next
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
   .It Em DESCRIPTION
   This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
   .Em NAME .
   It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
   command), such as:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The arguments are as follows:
   \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
   \&.It Fl v
   Print verbose information.
   \&.El
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
   .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
   This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
   effects or notable algorithmic implications.
   .It Em RETURN VALUES
   This section is the dual of
   .Em EXIT STATUS ,
   which is used for commands.
   It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Rv .
   .It Em ENVIRONMENT
   Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
   and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
   The
   .Xr environ 7
   manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ev .
   .It Em FILES
   Documents files used.
   It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
   the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Pa .
   .It Em EXIT STATUS
   Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.
   This section is the dual of
   .Em RETURN VALUES ,
   which is used for functions.
   Historically, this information was described in
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
   a practise that is now discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ex .
   .It Em EXAMPLES
   Example usages.
   This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
   Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!
   .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
   Documents error conditions.
   This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
   Historically, this section was used in place of
   .Em EXIT STATUS
   for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
   discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Bl
   .Fl diag .
   .It Em ERRORS
   Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Er .
   .It Em SEE ALSO
   References other manuals with related topics.
   This section should exist for most manuals.
   Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
   alphabetically.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Xr .
   .It Em STANDARDS
   References any standards implemented or used.
   If not adhering to any standards, the
   .Em HISTORY
   section should be used instead.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&St .
   .It Em HISTORY
   The history of any manual without a
   .Em STANDARDS
   section should be described in this section.
   .It Em AUTHORS
   Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
   Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&An .
   .It Em CAVEATS
   Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
   in this section.
   .It Em BUGS
   Known bugs, limitations and work-arounds should be described
   in this section.
   .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
   control character,
   .Sq \&. ,
   at the beginning of the line.
   An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character
   and the macro name.
   Thus, the following are equivalent:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Pp
   \&.\ \ \ \&Pp
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Indicatives:  The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  In this section,
 .It \\(<-  .Sq \-arg
 .Pq left arrow  refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
 .It \\(->  .Sq parm
 .Pq right arrow  parameters;
 .It \\(ua  .Sq \&Yo
 .Pq up arrow  opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
 .It \\(da  .Sq \&Yc
 .Pq down arrow  closes it out.
 .It \\(<>  .Pp
 .Pq left-right arrow  The
 .It \\(lA  .Em Callable
 .Pq left double-arrow  column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial
 .It \\(rA  line-macro.
 .Pq right double-arrow  If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line
 .It \\(uA  macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that
 .Pq up double-arrow  .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
 .It \\(dA  produces
 .Pq down double-arrow  .Sq Fl \&Sh .
 .It \\(hA  .Pp
 .Pq left-right double-arrow  The
   .Em Parsed
   column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further
   (ostensibly callable) macros.
   If a macro is not parsed, subsequent macro invocations on the line
   will be interpreted as opaque text.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Scope
   column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
   .Ss Block full-explicit
   Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
   All macros contains bodies; only
   .Sx \&Bf
   contains a head.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX"
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
   .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
   .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
   .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
   .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
   .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
   .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Ss Block full-implicit
   Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
   All macros have bodies; some
   .Po
   .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
   .Fl hyphen ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl item
   .Pc
   don't have heads; only one
   .Po
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   .Pc
   has multiple heads.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Mathematical:  .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
 .It \\(Gt  .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
 .Pq greater-than, deprecated  .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It \\(Lt  .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    \&No     Ta  Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .Pq less-than, deprecated  .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It \\(<=  .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .Pq less-than-equal  
 .It \\(Le  
 .Pq less-than-equal, deprecated  
 .It \\(>=  
 .Pq greater-than-equal  
 .It \\(Ge  
 .Pq greater-than-equal  
 .It \\(==  
 .Pq equal  
 .It \\(!=  
 .Pq not equal  
 .It \\(Ne  
 .Pq not equal, deprecated  
 .It \\(if  
 .Pq infinity  
 .It \\(If  
 .Pq infinity, deprecated  
 .It \\(na  
 .Pq NaN , an extension  
 .It \\(Na  
 .Pq NaN, deprecated  
 .It \\(+-  
 .Pq plus-minus  
 .It \\(Pm  
 .Pq plus-minus, deprecated  
 .It \\(**  
 .Pq asterisk  
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Ligatures:  Note that the
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Sx \&Nm
 .It \\(ss  macro is a
 .Pq German eszett  .Sx Block full-implicit
 .It \\(AE  macro only when invoked as the first macro
 .Pq upper-case AE  in a
 .It \\(ae  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .Pq lower-case AE  section line, else it is
 .It \\(OE  .Sx In-line .
 .Pq upper-case OE  .Ss Block partial-explicit
 .It \\(oe  Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
 .Pq lower-case OE  Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
 .It \\(ff  .Po
 .Pq ff ligature  .Sx \&Fo ,
 .It \\(fi  .Sx \&Eo
 .Pq fi ligature  .Pc
 .It \\(fl  and/or tail
 .Pq fl ligature  .Pq Sx \&Ec .
 .It \\(Fi  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Pq ffi ligature  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
 .It \\(Fl  \(lBbody...\(rB
 .Pq ffl ligature  \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
   \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Pp
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
   .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
   .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
   .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
   .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
   .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
   .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
   .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
   .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
   .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
   .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
   .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
   .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
   .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
   .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
   .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
   .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
   .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
   .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
   .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Ss Block partial-implicit
   Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by
   .Sx Reserved Characters
   or end of line.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Diacritics and letters:  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -compact -offset indent
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
 .It \\(ga  .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .Pq grave accent  .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \\(aa  .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .Pq accute accent  .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
 .It \\(a"  .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
 .Pq umlaut accent  .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \\(ad  .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .Pq dieresis accent  .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \\(a~  .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .Pq tilde accent  .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \\(a^  .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .Pq circumflex accent  .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \\(ac  
 .Pq cedilla accent  
 .It \\(ad  
 .Pq dieresis accent  
 .It \\(ah  
 .Pq caron accent  
 .It \\(ao  
 .Pq ring accent  
 .It \\(ho  
 .Pq hook accent  
 .It \\(ab  
 .Pq breve accent  
 .It \\(a-  
 .Pq macron accent  
 .It \\(-D  
 .Pq upper-case eth  
 .It \\(Sd  
 .Pq lower-case eth  
 .It \\(TP  
 .Pq upper-case thorn  
 .It \\(Tp  
 .Pq lower-case thorn  
 .It \\('A  
 .Pq upper-case acute A  
 .It \\('E  
 .Pq upper-case acute E  
 .It \\('I  
 .Pq upper-case acute I  
 .It \\('O  
 .Pq upper-case acute O  
 .It \\('U  
 .Pq upper-case acute U  
 .It \\('a  
 .Pq lower-case acute a  
 .It \\('e  
 .Pq lower-case acute e  
 .It \\('i  
 .Pq lower-case acute i  
 .It \\('o  
 .Pq lower-case acute o  
 .It \\('u  
 .Pq lower-case acute u  
 .It \\(`A  
 .Pq upper-case grave A  
 .It \\(`E  
 .Pq upper-case grave E  
 .It \\(`I  
 .Pq upper-case grave I  
 .It \\(`O  
 .Pq upper-case grave O  
 .It \\(`U  
 .Pq upper-case grave U  
 .It \\(`a  
 .Pq lower-case grave a  
 .It \\(`e  
 .Pq lower-case grave e  
 .It \\(`i  
 .Pq lower-case grave i  
 .It \\(`o  
 .Pq lower-case grave o  
 .It \\(`u  
 .Pq lower-case grave u  
 .It \\(~A  
 .Pq upper-case tilde A  
 .It \\(~N  
 .Pq upper-case tilde N  
 .It \\(~O  
 .Pq upper-case tilde O  
 .It \\(~a  
 .Pq lower-case tilde a  
 .It \\(~n  
 .Pq lower-case tilde n  
 .It \\(~o  
 .Pq lower-case tilde o  
 .It \\(:A  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis A  
 .It \\(:E  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis E  
 .It \\(:I  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis I  
 .It \\(:O  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis O  
 .It \\(:U  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis U  
 .It \\(:a  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis a  
 .It \\(:e  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis e  
 .It \\(:i  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis i  
 .It \\(:o  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis o  
 .It \\(:u  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis u  
 .It \\(:y  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis y  
 .It \\(^A  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex A  
 .It \\(^E  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex E  
 .It \\(^I  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex I  
 .It \\(^O  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex O  
 .It \\(^U  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex U  
 .It \\(^a  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex a  
 .It \\(^e  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex e  
 .It \\(^i  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex i  
 .It \\(^o  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex o  
 .It \\(^u  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex u  
 .It \\(,C  
 .Pq upper-case cedilla C  
 .It \\(,c  
 .Pq lower-case cedilla c  
 .It \\(/L  
 .Pq upper-case stroke L  
 .It \\(/l  
 .Pq lower-case stroke l  
 .It \\(/O  
 .Pq upper-case stroke O  
 .It \\(/o  
 .Pq lower-case stroke o  
 .It \\(oA  
 .Pq upper-case ring A  
 .It \\(oa  
 .Pq lower-case ring a  
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Monetary:  Note that the
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Sx \&Vt
 .It \\(Cs  macro is a
 .Pq Scandinavian  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 .It \\(Do  only when invoked as the first macro
 .Pq dollar  in a
 .It \\(Po  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .Pq pound  section line, else it is
 .It \\(Ye  .Sx In-line .
 .Pq yen  .Ss In-line
 .It \\(Fn  Closed by
 .Pq florin  .Sx Reserved Characters ,
 .It \\(ct  end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.
 .Pq cent  In-line macros have only text children.
   If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
   .Pq n ,
   then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
   .Ed
   .Pp
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
   .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Sh REFERENCE
   This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
   alphabetically.
   For the scoping of individual macros, see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
   .Ss \&%A
   Author name of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
   .Sx \%%A
   line.
   Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
   first, then full surname.
   .Ss \&%B
   Book title of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
   referring to book titles.
   .Ss \&%C
   Publication city or location of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Special symbols:  .Em Remarks :
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  this macro is not implemented in
 .It \\(bu  .Xr groff 1 .
 .Pq bullet  .Ss \&%D
 .It \\(ci  Publication date of an
 .Pq circle  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \\(ba  block.
 .Pq bar  This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax described in
 .It \\(bb  .Sx Dates .
 .Pq broken bar  .Ss \&%I
 .It \\(Ba  Publisher or issuer name of an
 .Pq bar, deprecated  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \\(co  block.
 .Pq copyright  .Ss \&%J
 .It \\(rg  Journal name of an
 .Pq registered  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \\(tm  block.
 .Pq trademarked  .Ss \&%N
 .It \\&  Issue number (usually for journals) of an
 .Pq non-breaking space  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \\e  block.
 .Pq escape  .Ss \&%O
 .It \\(Am  Optional information of an
 .Pq ampersand, deprecated  .Sx \&Rs
 .El  block.
 .\" SECTION  .Ss \&%P
 .Sh ONTOLOGY  Book or journal page number of an
 Macros are classified in an ontology described by scope rules.  .Sx \&Rs
 .\" SUB-SECTION  block.
 .Ss Scope  .Ss \&%Q
 .Bl -inset  Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Sx \&Rs
 .It Em Block  block.
 macros enclose other block macros, in-line macros or text, and  Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
 may span multiple lines.  .Sx \&%Q
 .Bl -inset -offset XXXX  line.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Ss \&%R
 .It Em Full-block  Technical report name of an
 macros always span multiple lines.  They consist of zero or  .Sx \&Rs
 more  block.
 .Qq heads ,  .Ss \&%T
 subsequent macros or text on the same line following invocation; an  Article title of an
 optional  .Sx \&Rs
 .Qq body ,  block.
 which spans subsequent lines of text or macros; and an optional  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
 .Qq tail ,  referring to article titles.
 macros or text on the same line following closure.  .Ss \&%U
 .\" LIST-ITEM  URI of reference document.
 .It Em Partial-block  .Ss \&%V
 macros may span multiple lines.  They consists of a optional  Volume number of an
 .Qq head ,  .Sx \&Rs
 text immediately following invocation; always a  block.
 .Qq body ,  .Ss \&Ac
 text or macros following the head on the same and subsequent lines; and  Close an
 optionally a  .Sx \&Ao
 .Qq tail ,  block.
 text immediately following closure.  Does not have any tail arguments.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Ss \&Ad
 .It Em In-line  Memory address.
 macros may only enclose text and span at most a single line.  Do not use this for postal addresses.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]
   .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000
   .Ss \&An
   Author name.
   Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
   .It Fl split
   Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
   .Sx \&An .
   .It Fl nosplit
   The opposite of
   .Fl split .
 .El  .El
 .El  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Closure  
 Closure of a macro's scope depends first on its classification, then  
 on whether it's parsable.  In this table,  
 .Sq BFE  
 refers to block full-explicit and so on.  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset XXXX -compact  The default is
 .It BPE , BFE  .Fl nosplit .
 corresponding explicit closure macro  The effect of selecting either of the
 .It BFI  .Fl split
 end-of-file or a corresponding implicit closure macro  modes ends at the beginning of the
 .It BPI  .Em AUTHORS
 end-of-line (body may be closed by >0 space-separated  section.
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  In the
 although block scope will still be open)  .Em AUTHORS
 .It INL  section, the default is
 end-of-line  .Fl nosplit
   for the first author listing and
   .Fl split
   for all other author listings.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.An -nosplit
   .D1 \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
   .Ss \&Ao
   Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Aq .
   .Ss \&Ap
   Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
   This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
   form of a function.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
   .Ss \&Aq
   Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
   .Sx \&Lk
   or
   .Sx \&Mt ,
   or to note pre-processor
   .Dq Li #include
   statements, which should use
   .Sx \&In .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ao .
   .Ss \&Ar
   Command arguments.
   If an argument is not provided, the string
   .Dq file ...\&
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1
   .D1 \&.Ar
   .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
   .Ss \&At
   Formats an AT&T version.
   Accepts one optional argument:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
   .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
   A version of
   .At .
   .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
   A version of
   .At V .
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 If a macro (block or in-line) is parsable, it may also be closed out by  Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
 one of the following scenarios (unless specifically noted otherwise):  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -dash -offset XXXX -compact  Examples:
 .It  .D1 \&.At
 a sequence of >0 space-separated  .D1 \&.At V.1
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Bo
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bd
   Begin a display block.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
   justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
   They may contain both macro lines and free-form text lines.
   By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar type
   must be one of the following:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl centered
   Centre-justify each line.
   Using this display type is not recommended; many
   .Nm
   implementations render it poorly.
   .It Fl filled
   Left- and right-justify the block.
   .It Fl literal
   Do not justify the block at all.
   Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
   .It Fl ragged
   Only left-justify the block.
   .It Fl unfilled
   An alias for
   .Fl literal .
   .El
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar type
   must be provided first.
   Additional arguments may follow:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl offset Ar width
   Indent the display by the
   .Ar width ,
   which may be one of the following:
   .Bl -item
 .It  .It
 another macro,  One of the pre-defined strings
   .Cm indent ,
   the width of standard indentation;
   .Cm indent-two ,
   twice
   .Cm indent ;
   .Cm left ,
   which has no effect;
   .Cm right ,
   which justifies to the right margin; or
   .Cm center ,
   which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
 .It  .It
 end-of-line, or  A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
   associated with that macro.
   The most popular is the imaginary macro
   .Ar \&Ds ,
   which resolves to
   .Sy 6n .
 .It  .It
 completion of a set number of arguments.  A width using the syntax described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   .It
   An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 If >0 space-separated  When the argument is missing,
 .Sx Reserved Characters  .Fl offset
 are followed by non-reserved characters, the behaviour differs per  is ignored.
 macro.  In general, scope of the macro is closed and re-opened:  .It Fl compact
 subsequent tokens are interpreted as if the scope had just been opened.  Do not assert vertical space before the display.
 In other circumstances, scope is simply closed out.  .El
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh SYNTAX  
 Macros are generally two and at times three characters in length.  The  
 syntax of macro invocation depends on its classification.  
 .Qq \-arg  
 refers to the macro arguments (which may contain zero or more values).  
 In these illustrations,  
 .Sq \&.Yo  
 opens the scope of a macro, and if specified,  
 .Sq \&.Yc  
 closes it out (closure may be implicit at end-of-line or end-of-file).  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-explicit (may contain head, body, tail).  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
 \(lBbody...\(rB     Hello       world.
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  \&.Ed
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-implicit (may contain zero or more heads, body, no tail).  See also
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Sx \&D1
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB  and
 \(lBbody...\(rB  .Sx \&Dl .
 \&.Yc  .Ss \&Bf
   Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
   .Oo
   .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
   .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .Oc
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block partial-explicit (may contain head, multi-line body, tail).  The
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Fl emphasis
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  and
 \(lBbody...\(rB  .Cm \&Em
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  argument are equivalent, as are
   .Fl symbolic
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \  and
 \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  .Cm \&Sy,
   and
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Cm \&Li .
   Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
   The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
   scope or
   .Sx \&Ef
   is encountered.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&Ef ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
   .Ss \&Bk
   Keep the output generated from each macro input line together
   on one single output line.
   Line breaks in free-form text lines are unaffected.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl words
   argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
   .Pp
   The following example will not break within each
   .Sx \&Op
   macro line:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bk \-words
   \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
   \&.Op Fl o Ar output
   \&.Ek
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block partial-implicit (no head, body, no tail).  Note that the body  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
 section may be followed by zero or more  Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Sx Reserved Words .  .Ss \&Bl
 These are in the block scope, but not in the body scope.  Begin a list.
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  Lists consist of items started by the
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBreserved...\(rB  .Sx \&It
   macro, containing a head or a body or both.
   The list syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .Op HEAD ...
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 In-lines have \(>=0 scoped arguments.  The list
 .Bd -literal -offset XXX  .Ar type
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB  is mandatory and must be specified first.
   The
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN  .Fl width
   and
   .Fl offset
   arguments accept
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   or use the length of the given string.
   The
   .Fl offset
   is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
   and bodies.
   For those list types supporting it, the
   .Fl width
   argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
   to be added to the
   .Fl offset .
   Unless the
   .Fl compact
   argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   A list must specify one of the following list types:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl bullet
   No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
   of each item.
   Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
   and are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   .It Fl column
   A columnated list.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
   of one column, using either the
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   syntax or the string length of the argument.
   If the first line of the body of a
   .Fl column
   list is not an
   .Sx \&It
   macro line,
   .Sx \&It
   contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
   .Sx \&It
   macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
   described in the
   .Sx \&It
   documentation.
   .It Fl dash
   Like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
   .It Fl diag
   Like
   .Fl inset ,
   except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
   .\" but with additional formatting to the head.
   .It Fl enum
   A numbered list.
   Formatted like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
   starting at 1.
   .It Fl hang
   Like
   .Fl tag ,
   except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
   the item heads like in
   .Fl inset
   lists.
   .It Fl hyphen
   Synonym for
   .Fl dash .
   .It Fl inset
   Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
   spacing.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl item
   No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl ohang
   Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl tag
   Item bodies are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
   this head on the same output line.
   Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
   .El
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&El
   and
   .Sx \&It .
   .Ss \&Bo
   Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bo 1 ,
   \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\"  .Pp
 .Sh MACROS  See also
 This section contains a complete list of all  .Sx \&Bq .
   .Ss \&Bq
   Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
   commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
   .Sx \&Op ,
   .Sx \&Oo ,
   and
   .Sx \&Oc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bo .
   .Ss \&Brc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Bro
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bro
   Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
   \&.Va n \&Brc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Brq .
   .Ss \&Brq
   Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bro .
   .Ss \&Bsx
   Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0
   .D1 \&.Bsx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bt
   Prints
   .Dq is currently in beta test.
   .Ss \&Bx
   Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
   argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bx 4.4
   .D1 \&.Bx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Cd
   Kernel configuration declaration.
   This denotes strings accepted by
   .Xr config 8 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
   whitespace and align consecutive
   .Sx \&Cd
   declarations.
   This practise is discouraged.
   .Ss \&Cm
   Command modifiers.
   Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath
   .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fl .
   .Ss \&D1
   One-line indented display.
   This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
   statements.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bd
   and
   .Sx \&Dl .
   .Ss \&Db
   Switch debugging mode.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
   .Pp
   This macro is ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Ss \&Dc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Do
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Dd
   Document date.
   This is the mandatory first macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 macros, arranged ontologically.  A  manual.
 .Qq callable  Its syntax is as follows:
 macro is may be invoked subsequent to the initial macro-line macro.  A  
 .Qq parsable  
 macro may be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros.  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block full-implicit  
 The head of these macros follows invocation; the body is the content of  
 subsequent lines prior to closure.  None of these macros have tails;  
 some  
 .Po  
 .Sq \&It \-bullet ,  
 .Sq \-hyphen ,  
 .Sq \-dash ,  
 .Sq \-enum ,  
 .Sq \-item  
 .Pc  
 don't have heads.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Closing" -compact -offset XXXX  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Op Ar date
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Closing  
 .It \&.Sh    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh  
 .It \&.Ss    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh, \&.Ss  
 .It \&.It    Ta    \&No    Ta    Yes     Ta    \&.It, \&.El  
 .El  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block full-explicit  
 None of these macros are callable or parsed.  The last column indicates  
 the explicit scope rules.  All contains bodies, some may contain heads  
 .Pq So \&Bf Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" -compact -offset XXXX  The
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Ar date
 .It \&.Bd    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ed  may be either
 .It \&.Ed    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bd  .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
 .It \&.Bl    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.El  which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
 .It \&.El    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bl  .Xr cvs 1 ,
 .It \&.Bf    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ef  or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
 .It \&.Ef    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bf  .Sx Dates .
 .It \&.Bk    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ek  If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used.
 .It \&.Ek    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bk  
 .El  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  
 All of these are callable and parsed for further macros.  Their scopes  
 close at the invocation's end-of-line.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX  Examples:
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 .It \&.Aq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
 .It \&.Op    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007
 .It \&.Bq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Dq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Pq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Qq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Sq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Brq   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.D1    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&Yes  
 .It \&.Dl    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes  
 .It \&.Ql    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  
 .El  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  
 Each of these contains at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a  
 head  
 .Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc  
 and/or tail  
 .Pq So \&Ec Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset XXXX  See also
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Sx \&Dt
 .It \&.Ao    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ac  and
 .It \&.Ac    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Ao  .Sx \&Os .
 .It \&.Bc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Bo  .Ss \&Dl
 .It \&.Bo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bc  One-line intended display.
 .It \&.Pc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Po  This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
 .It \&.Po    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Pc  invocations.
 .It \&.Do    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Dc  It is followed by a newline.
 .It \&.Dc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Do  .Pp
 .It \&.Xo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Xc  Examples:
 .It \&.Xc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Xo  .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
 .It \&.Bro   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Brc  .Pp
 .It \&.Brc   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bro  See also
 .It \&.Oc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oo  .Sx \&Bd
 .It \&.Oo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oc  and
 .It \&.So    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Sc  .Sx \&D1 .
 .It \&.Sc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.So  .Ss \&Do
 .It \&.Fc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Fo  Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
 .It \&.Fo    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Fc  Does not have any head arguments.
 .It \&.Ec    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Eo  .Pp
 .It \&.Eo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ec  Examples:
 .It \&.Qc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oo  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.Qo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oc  \&.Do
 .It \&.Re    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    opened by \&.Rs  April is the cruellest month
 .It \&.Rs    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Re  \&.Dc
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Ss \&Dq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typographic
   double-quotes.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
   .Sx \&Do .
   .Ss \&Dt
   Document title.
   This is the mandatory second macro of any
   .Nm
   file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
   .Oo
   .Ar title
   .Oo
   .Ar section
   .Op Ar volume | arch
   .Oc
   .Oc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Its arguments are as follows:
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
   .It Ar title
   The document's title (name), defaulting to
   .Dq UNKNOWN
   if unspecified.
   It should be capitalised.
   .It Ar section
   The manual section.
   This may be one of
   .Ar 1
   .Pq utilities ,
   .Ar 2
   .Pq system calls ,
   .Ar 3
   .Pq libraries ,
   .Ar 3p
   .Pq Perl libraries ,
   .Ar 4
   .Pq devices ,
   .Ar 5
   .Pq file formats ,
   .Ar 6
   .Pq games ,
   .Ar 7
   .Pq miscellaneous ,
   .Ar 8
   .Pq system utilities ,
   .Ar 9
   .Pq kernel functions ,
   .Ar X11
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar X11R6
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar unass
   .Pq unassociated ,
   .Ar local
   .Pq local system ,
   .Ar draft
   .Pq draft manual ,
   or
   .Ar paper
   .Pq paper .
   It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
   .Dq 1
   if unspecified.
   .It Ar volume
   This overrides the volume inferred from
   .Ar section .
   This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
   .Ar USD
   .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar PS1
   .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar AMD
   .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar SMM
   .Pq system managers' manuals ,
   .Ar URM
   .Pq users' reference manuals ,
   .Ar PRM
   .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
   .Ar KM
   .Pq kernel manuals ,
   .Ar IND
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar MMI
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar LOCAL
   .Pq local manuals ,
   .Ar LOC
   .Pq local manuals ,
   or
   .Ar CON
   .Pq contributed manuals .
   .It Ar arch
   This specifies a specific relevant architecture.
   If
   .Ar volume
   is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used
   subsequent that.
   It, too, is optional.
   It must be one of
   .Ar alpha ,
   .Ar amd64 ,
   .Ar amiga ,
   .Ar arc ,
   .Ar arm ,
   .Ar armish ,
   .Ar aviion ,
   .Ar hp300 ,
   .Ar hppa ,
   .Ar hppa64 ,
   .Ar i386 ,
   .Ar landisk ,
   .Ar loongson ,
   .Ar luna88k ,
   .Ar mac68k ,
   .Ar macppc ,
   .Ar mvme68k ,
   .Ar mvme88k ,
   .Ar mvmeppc ,
   .Ar pmax ,
   .Ar sgi ,
   .Ar socppc ,
   .Ar sparc ,
   .Ar sparc64 ,
   .Ar sun3 ,
   .Ar vax ,
   or
   .Ar zaurus .
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss In-line  
 In-line macros have only text children.  If a number (or inequality) of  
 arguments is  
 .Pq n ,  
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset XXXX  Examples:
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1
 .It \&.Dd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
 .It \&.Dt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .It \&.Os    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .Pp
 .It \&.Pp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  See also
 .It \&.Ad    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Dd
 .It \&.An    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    n  and
 .It \&.Ar    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Os .
 .It \&.Cd    Ta    Yes   Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Ss \&Dv
 .It \&.Cm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
 .It \&.Dv    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Pp
 .It \&.Er    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  Examples:
 .It \&.Ev    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ
 .It \&.Ex    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
 .It \&.Fa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Pp
 .It \&.Fd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  See also
 .It \&.Fl    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Er .
 .It \&.Fn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Ss \&Dx
 .It \&.Ft    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    n  Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
 .It \&.Ic    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  value if no argument is provided.
 .It \&.In    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .Pp
 .It \&.Li    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  Examples:
 .It \&.Nd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1
 .It \&.Nm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .D1 \&.Dx
 .It \&.Ot    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .Pp
 .It \&.Pa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  See also
 .It \&.Rv    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .Sx \&At ,
 .It \&.St    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    1  .Sx \&Bsx ,
 .It \&.Va    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Sx \&Bx ,
 .It \&.Vt    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .It \&.Xr    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0, <3  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .It \&.%A    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Sx \&Ox ,
 .It \&.%B    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  and
 .It \&.%C    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Sx \&Ux .
 .It \&.%D    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Ss \&Ec
 .It \&.%I    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  Close a scope started by
 .It \&.%J    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Sx \&Eo .
 .It \&.%N    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  Its syntax is as follows:
 .It \&.%O    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Pp
 .It \&.%P    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
 .It \&.%R    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Pp
 .It \&.%T    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  The
 .It \&.%V    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Ar TERM
 .It \&.At    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    1  argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
 .It \&.Bsx   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  will emulate
 .It \&.Bx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Dc .
 .It \&.Db    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  .Ss \&Ed
 .It \&.Em    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  End a display context started by
 .It \&.Fx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Bd .
 .It \&.Ms    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Ss \&Ef
 .It \&.No    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  End a font mode context started by
 .It \&.Ns    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  .Sx \&Bf .
 .It \&.Nx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Ss \&Ek
 .It \&.Ox    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  End a keep context started by
 .It \&.Pf    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    1  .Sx \&Bk .
 .It \&.Sm    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  .Ss \&El
 .It \&.Sx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  End a list context started by
 .It \&.Sy    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Sx \&Bl .
 .It \&.Tn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .Pp
 .It \&.Ux    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  See also
 .It \&.Dx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .Sx \&Bl
 .It \&.Bt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  and
 .It \&.Hf    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .Sx \&It .
 .It \&.Fr    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .Ss \&Em
 .It \&.Ud    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  Denotes text that should be emphasised.
 .It \&.Lb    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
 .It \&.Ap    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  stylistically decorating technical terms.
 .It \&.Lp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .Pp
 .It \&.Lk    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  Examples:
 .It \&.Mt    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  .D1 \&.Em Warnings!
 .It \&.Es    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .D1 \&.Em Remarks :
 .It \&.En    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Sy ,
   and
   .Sx \&Li .
   .Ss \&En
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Ss \&Eo
   An arbitrary enclosure.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Do .
   .Ss \&Er
   Display error constants.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Er EPERM
   .D1 \&.Er ENOENT
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv .
   .Ss \&Es
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
   .Ss \&Ev
   Environmental variables such as those specified in
   .Xr environ 7 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY
   .D1 \&.Ev PATH
   .Ss \&Ex
   Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility
   .Pp
   When
   .Ar utility
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Sx \&Nm
   is used.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Rv .
   .Ss \&Fa
   Function argument.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
   .Op Cm argtype
   .Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
   It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   Most often, the
   .Sx \&Fa
   macro is used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   within
   .Sx \&Fo
   section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
   If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
   comma.
   Furthermore, if the following macro is another
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
   .D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
   .D1 \&.Fa foo
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fc
   End a function context started by
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fd
   Historically used to document include files.
   This usage has been deprecated in favour of
   .Sx \&In .
   Do not use this macro.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&In .
   .Ss \&Fl
   Command-line flag.
   Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
   Prints a fixed-width hyphen
   .Sq \-
   directly followed by each argument.
   If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
   If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
   output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl a b c
   .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b
   .D1 \&.Fl
   .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Cm .
   .Ss \&Fn
   A function name.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
   .Op Cm functype
   .Cm funcname
   .Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
   are delimited by commas.
   If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"
   .D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"
   .D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   .Ss \&Fo
   Begin a function block.
   This is a multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Fn .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
   .Pp
   Invocations usually occur in the following context:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
   .br
   \.\.\.
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   A
   .Sx \&Fo
   scope is closed by
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   .Sx \&Fc ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   .Ss \&Ft
   A function type.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ft int
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fx
   Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fx 7.1
   .D1 \&.Fx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Hf
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
   .Ss \&Ic
   Designate an internal or interactive command.
   This is similar to
   .Sx \&Cm
   but used for instructions rather than values.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ic hash
   .D1 \&.Ic alias
   .Pp
   Note that using
   .Sx \&Bd No Fl literal
   or
   .Sx \&D1
   is preferred for displaying code; the
   .Sx \&Ic
   macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
   .Ss \&In
   An
   .Dq include
   file.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is
   preceded by
   .Dq #include ,
   the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.In sys/types
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Ss \&It
   A list item.
   The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
   .Pp
   Lists
   of type
   .Fl hang ,
   .Fl ohang ,
   .Fl inset ,
   and
   .Fl diag
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args
   .Pp
   Lists of type
   .Fl bullet ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl hyphen
   and
   .Fl item
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
   .Pp
   with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
   .Sx \&It
   until either a closing
   .Sx \&El
   or another
   .Sx \&It .
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl tag
   list has the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
   .Fl bullet
   and family.
   The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
   arguments correspond to the list's contents.
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl column
   list is the most complicated.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm args
   are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,
   delimited by tabs or the special
   .Sq \&Ta
   pseudo-macro.
   Lines subsequent the
   .Sx \&It
   are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.
   Calling the pseudo-macro
   .Sq \&Ta
   will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be
   interpreted as a macro).
   Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the
   .Sx \&It
   line itself.
   Subsequent this, only the
   .Sq \&Ta
   pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.
   Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited
   phrases on an
   .Sx \&It ,
   for example,
   .Pp
   .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
   .Pp
   will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl .
   .Ss \&Lb
   Specify a library.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm library
   parameter may be a system library, such as
   .Cm libz
   or
   .Cm libpam ,
   in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
   invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
   printed in quotes.
   This is most commonly used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section as described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Lb libz
   .D1 \&.Lb mdoc
   .Ss \&Li
   Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Sy ,
   and
   .Sx \&Em .
   .Ss \&Lk
   Format a hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
   .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Mt .
   .Ss \&Lp
   Synonym for
   .Sx \&Pp .
   .Ss \&Ms
   Display a mathematical symbol.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ms sigma
   .D1 \&.Ms aleph
   .Ss \&Mt
   Format a
   .Dq mailto:
   hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
   .Ss \&Nd
   A one-line description of the manual's content.
   This may only be invoked in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section subsequent the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
   .Sx \&Sh
   invocation.
   Do not assume this behaviour: some
   .Xr whatis 1
   database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
   arguments and will display macros verbatim.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Nm .
   .Ss \&Nm
   The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
   and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
   the manual page.
   When first invoked, the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
   Usually, the first invocation happens in the
   .Em NAME
   section of the page.
   The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
   called again without arguments later in the page.
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro uses
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   semantics.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm cat
   \&.Op Fl benstuv
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
   .Sx \&Fn
   macro rather than
   .Sx \&Nm
   to mark up the name of the manual page.
   .Ss \&No
   A
   .Dq noop
   macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef
   .Ss \&Ns
   Suppress a space.
   Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a
   macro is encountered.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&No
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
   .Ss \&Nx
   Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Nx 5.01
   .D1 \&.Nx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Oc
   Close multi-line
   .Sx \&Oo
   context.
   .Ss \&Oo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Op .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Oo
   \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
   \&.Oc
   .Ed
   .Ss \&Op
   Command-line option.
   Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
   Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
   .D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Oo .
   .Ss \&Os
   Document operating system version.
   This is the mandatory third macro of
   any
   .Nm
   file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system
   .Pp
   The optional
   .Cm system
   parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
   Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
   This is the suggested form.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Os
   .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
   .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dd
   and
   .Sx \&Dt .
   .Ss \&Ot
   Unknown usage.
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro has been deprecated.
   .Ss \&Ox
   Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ox 4.5
   .D1 \&.Ox
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Pa
   A file-system path.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
   .D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Lk .
   .Ss \&Pc
   Close parenthesised context opened by
   .Sx \&Po .
   .Ss \&Pf
   Removes the space
   .Pq Dq prefix
   between its arguments.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm suffix
   argument may be a macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix
   .Ss \&Po
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Pq .
   .Ss \&Pp
   Break a paragraph.
   This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
   and/or text.
   .Ss \&Pq
   Parenthesised enclosure.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Po .
   .Ss \&Qc
   Close quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&Qo .
   .Ss \&Ql
   Format a single-quoted literal.
   See also
   .Sx \&Qq
   and
   .Sx \&Sq .
   .Ss \&Qo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Qq .
   .Ss \&Qq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typewriter
   double-quotes.
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
   .Sx \&Qo .
   .Ss \&Re
   Close an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Rs
   Begin a bibliographic
   .Pq Dq reference
   block.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   The block macro may only contain
   .Sx \&%A ,
   .Sx \&%B ,
   .Sx \&%C ,
   .Sx \&%D ,
   .Sx \&%I ,
   .Sx \&%J ,
   .Sx \&%N ,
   .Sx \&%O ,
   .Sx \&%P ,
   .Sx \&%Q ,
   .Sx \&%R ,
   .Sx \&%T ,
   .Sx \&%U ,
   and
   .Sx \&%V
   child macros (at least one must be specified).
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Rs
   \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
   \&.%A J. D. Ullman
   \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
   \&.%I Addison-Wesley
   \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
   \&.%D 1979
   \&.Re
   .Ed
   .Pp
   If an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
   before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
   line.
   .Ss \&Rv
   Inserts text regarding a function call's return value.
   This macro must consist of the
   .Fl std
   argument followed by an optional
   .Ar function .
   If
   .Ar function
   is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first
   .Sx \&Nm
   is provided.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ex .
   .Ss \&Sc
   Close single-quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&So .
   .Ss \&Sh
   Begin a new section.
   For a list of conventional manual sections, see
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
   custom sections be used.
   .Pp
   Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Ss ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Ss \&Sm
   Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
   .Pp
   By default, spacing is
   .Cm on .
   When switched
   .Cm off ,
   no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
   output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines
   still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
   .Ss \&So
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Sq .
   .Ss \&Sq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typewriter
   single-quotes.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   and
   .Sx \&So .
   .Ss \&Ss
   Begin a new sub-section.
   Unlike with
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   there's no convention for sub-sections.
   Conventional sections, as described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   rarely have sub-sections.
   .Pp
   Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Ss \&St
   Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
   The following standards are recognised:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-88
   .St -p1003.1-88
   .It \-p1003.1-90
   .St -p1003.1-90
   .It \-p1003.1-96
   .St -p1003.1-96
   .It \-p1003.1-2001
   .St -p1003.1-2001
   .It \-p1003.1-2004
   .St -p1003.1-2004
   .It \-p1003.1-2008
   .St -p1003.1-2008
   .It \-p1003.1
   .St -p1003.1
   .It \-p1003.1b
   .St -p1003.1b
   .It \-p1003.1b-93
   .St -p1003.1b-93
   .It \-p1003.1c-95
   .St -p1003.1c-95
   .It \-p1003.1g-2000
   .St -p1003.1g-2000
   .It \-p1003.1i-95
   .St -p1003.1i-95
   .It \-p1003.2-92
   .St -p1003.2-92
   .It \-p1003.2a-92
   .St -p1003.2a-92
   .It \-p1387.2-95
   .St -p1387.2-95
   .It \-p1003.2
   .St -p1003.2
   .It \-p1387.2
   .St -p1387.2
   .It \-isoC
   .St -isoC
   .It \-isoC-90
   .St -isoC-90
   .It \-isoC-amd1
   .St -isoC-amd1
   .It \-isoC-tcor1
   .St -isoC-tcor1
   .It \-isoC-tcor2
   .St -isoC-tcor2
   .It \-isoC-99
   .St -isoC-99
   .It \-iso9945-1-90
   .St -iso9945-1-90
   .It \-iso9945-1-96
   .St -iso9945-1-96
   .It \-iso9945-2-93
   .St -iso9945-2-93
   .It \-ansiC
   .St -ansiC
   .It \-ansiC-89
   .St -ansiC-89
   .It \-ansiC-99
   .St -ansiC-99
   .It \-ieee754
   .St -ieee754
   .It \-iso8802-3
   .St -iso8802-3
   .It \-ieee1275-94
   .St -ieee1275-94
   .It \-xpg3
   .St -xpg3
   .It \-xpg4
   .St -xpg4
   .It \-xpg4.2
   .St -xpg4.2
   .St -xpg4.3
   .It \-xbd5
   .St -xbd5
   .It \-xcu5
   .St -xcu5
   .It \-xsh5
   .St -xsh5
   .It \-xns5
   .St -xns5
   .It \-xns5.2
   .St -xns5.2
   .It \-xns5.2d2.0
   .St -xns5.2d2.0
   .It \-xcurses4.2
   .St -xcurses4.2
   .It \-susv2
   .St -susv2
   .It \-susv3
   .St -susv3
   .It \-svid4
   .St -svid4
 .El  .El
   .Ss \&Sx
   Reference a section or sub-section.
   The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the
   enclosed argument, including whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Ss \&Sy
   Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
   .Pq Dq boldface .
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&Em .
   .Ss \&Tn
   Format a tradename.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Tn IBM
   .Ss \&Ud
   Prints out
   .Dq currently under development.
   .Ss \&Ux
   Format the UNIX name.
   Accepts no argument.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ux
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ox .
   .Ss \&Va
   A variable name.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Va foo
   .D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;
   .Ss \&Vt
   A variable type.
   This is also used for indicating global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
   Note that it accepts
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   syntax when invoked as the first macro in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, else it accepts ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   syntax.
   .Pp
   Note that this should not be confused with
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which is used for function return types.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char
   .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&Va .
   .Ss \&Xc
   Close a scope opened by
   .Sx \&Xo .
   .Ss \&Xo
   Open an extension scope.
   This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;
   since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.
   .Ss \&Xr
   Link to another manual
   .Pq Qq cross-reference .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section
   .Pp
 The  The
 .Sq \&Ot ,  .Cm name
 .Sq \&Fr ,  
 .Sq \&Es  
 and  and
 .Sq \&En ,  .Cm section
 macros are obsolete.  are the name and section of the linked manual.
 .\" SECTION  If
   .Cm section
   is followed by non-punctuation, an
   .Sx \&Ns
   is inserted into the token stream.
   This behaviour is for compatibility with
   .Xr groff 1 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
   .Ss \&br
   Emits a line-break.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   .Pp
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Pp
   in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
   .Ss \&sp
   Emits vertical space.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Cm height
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm height
   argument must be formatted as described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   If unspecified,
   .Sx \&sp
   asserts a single vertical space.
 .Sh COMPATIBILITY  .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 The mdoc language was traditionally a  This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
 .Qq roff  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
 macro package; most existing manuals were written with mdoc syntax  .Pq Qq groff .
 dictated by system-dependent roff installations.  This section documents  The term
 compatibility with these systems.  .Qq historic groff
   refers to groff versions before the
   .Pa doc.tmac
   file re-write
   .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .
 .Pp  .Pp
   Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
   \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
   .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Fo  An empty
 and  .Sq \&Dd
 .Sq \&St  macro in groff prints
 historically weren't always callable.  Both are now correctly callable.  .Dq Epoch .
 .\" LIST-ITEM  In mandoc, it resolves to the current date.
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&It \-nested  The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour)
 is assumed for all lists: any list may be nested and  font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc.
 .Sq \-enum  
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&It \-column  Old groff fails to assert a newline before
 syntax where column widths may be preceeded by other arguments (instead  .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .
 of proceeded) is not supported.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 The  groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
 .Sq \&At  .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
 macro only accepts a single parameter.  children of
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Sx \&Fo
   regarding spacing between arguments.
   In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed
   by a single space and the trailing
   .Sq \&)
   suppresses prior spacing.
 .It  .It
 The system-name macros (  groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
 .Ns Sq \&At ,  .Sx \&Ft
 .Sq \&Bsx ,  
 .Sq \&Bx ,  
 .Sq \&Fx ,  
 .Sq \&Nx ,  
 .Sq \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sq \&Ux )  .Sx \&Fn
 are callable.  in the
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Em SYNOPSIS :
   at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior
   .Sx \&Fn
   has been invoked.
   In mandoc, this is not the case.
   See
   .Sx \&Ft
   and
   .Sx \&Fn
   for the normalised behaviour.
 .It  .It
 Some manuals use  Historic groff does not break before an
 .Sq \&Li  .Sx \&Fn
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  when not invoked as the line macro in the
 delimiter to render.  This is not supported.  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .\" LIST-ITEM  section.
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Cd  Historic groff formats the
 is callable.  .Sx \&In
 .El  badly: trailing arguments are trashed and
 .\" SECTION  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .Sh SEE ALSO  is not specially treated.
 .Xr mdoctree 1 ,  
 .Xr mdoclint 1 ,  
 .Xr mdocterm 1 ,  
 .Xr mdoc 3  
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh AUTHORS  
 The  
 .Nm  
 utility was written by  
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@openbsd.org .  
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh CAVEATS  
 There are several ambiguous parts of mdoc.  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -dash -compact  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Fa  groff does not accept the
 should be  .Sq \&Ta
 .Sq \&Va  pseudo-macro as a line macro.
 as function arguments are variables.  mandoc does.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Ft  The comment syntax
 should be  .Sq \e\."
 .Sq \&Vt  is no longer accepted.
 as function return types are still types.  Furthermore, the  
 .Sq \&Ft  
 should be removed and  
 .Sq \&Fo ,  
 which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as  
 .Sq \&Va .  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Va  In groff, the
 should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a  .Sx \&Pa
 variable name and optional, preceeding type.  macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
 .\" LIST-ITEM  certain list types.
   mandoc does.
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&Fd  Historic groff does not print a dash for empty
 is ambiguous.  It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the  .Sx \&Fl
 synopsis section.  arguments.
 .Sq \&In  mandoc and newer groff implementations do.
 should be used, instead.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 Only the  groff behaves irregularly when specifying
 .Sq \-literal  .Sq \ef
 argument to  .Sx Text Decoration
 .Sq \&Bd  within line-macro scopes.
 makes sense.  The remaining ones should be removed.  mandoc follows a consistent system.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 The  In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would
 .Sq \&Xo  move to prior lines.
   Furthermore, the
   .Sq f
   scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
   .It
   In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.
   .It
   Display offsets
   .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl offset Ar center
 and  and
 .Sq \&Xc  .Fl offset Ar right
 macros should be deprecated.  are disregarded in mandoc.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  Furthermore, troff specifies a
   .Fl file Ar file
   argument that is not supported in mandoc.
   Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),
   .Fl ragged
   and
   .Fl filled
   are aliases, as are
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Fl unfilled .
 .It  .It
 The  Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
 .Sq \&Dt  Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.
 macro lacks clarity.  It should be absolutely clear which title will  
 render when formatting the manual page.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 A  The vertical bar
 .Sq \&Lx  .Sq \(ba
 should be provided for Linux (\(`a la  made historic groff
 .Sq \&Ox ,  .Qq go orbital
 .Sq \&Nx  but has been a proper delimiter since then.
 etc.).  .It
   .Sx \&It Fl nested
   is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
   nested and
   .Fl enum
   lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
   .It
   Some manuals use
   .Sx \&Li
   incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
   delimiter to render.
   This is not supported in mandoc.
   .It
   In groff, the
   .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Er ,
   .Sx \&Ex ,
   and
   .Sx \&Rv
   macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.
   mandoc does not have these restrictions.
   .It
   Newer groff and mandoc print
   .Qq AT&T UNIX
   prior to unknown arguments of
   .Sx \&At ;
   older groff did nothing.
 .El  .El
   .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   .Sh AUTHORS
   The
   .Nm
   reference was written by
   .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .
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