version 1.76, 2009/11/09 05:11:46 |
version 1.261, 2017/02/05 22:30:29 |
|
|
.\" $Id$ |
.\" $Id$ |
.\" |
.\" |
.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se> |
.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> |
|
.\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013-2017 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> |
.\" |
.\" |
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any |
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any |
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above |
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above |
|
|
.Dd $Mdocdate$ |
.Dd $Mdocdate$ |
.Dt MDOC 7 |
.Dt MDOC 7 |
.Os |
.Os |
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh NAME |
.Sh NAME |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nd mdoc language reference |
.Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages |
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION |
.Sh DESCRIPTION |
The |
The |
.Nm mdoc |
.Nm mdoc |
language is used to format |
language supports authoring of manual pages for the |
.Bx |
.Xr man 1 |
.Ux |
utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases, |
manuals. In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, |
page sections and complete manual pages. |
and usage. Our reference implementation is |
Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform |
.Xr mandoc 1 . |
presentation across all manuals written in |
The |
.Nm , |
|
and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium. |
|
.Pp |
|
This reference document describes the structure of manual pages |
|
and the syntax and usage of the |
|
.Nm |
|
language. |
|
The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 ; |
|
the |
.Sx COMPATIBILITY |
.Sx COMPATIBILITY |
section describes compatibility with |
section describes compatibility with other implementations. |
.Xr groff 1 . |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
An |
In an |
.Nm |
.Nm |
document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control |
document, lines beginning with the control character |
character |
.Sq \&. |
.Sq \. |
are called |
are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of |
.Dq macro lines . |
prior macros: |
The first word is the macro name. |
|
It consists of two or three letters. |
|
Most macro names begin with a capital letter. |
|
For a list of available macros, see |
|
.Sx MACRO OVERVIEW . |
|
The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally |
|
including the names of other, callable macros; see |
|
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX |
|
for details. |
|
.Pp |
|
Lines not beginning with the control character are called |
|
.Dq text lines . |
|
They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text |
|
depends on the respective processing context: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Sh Macro lines change control state. |
\&.Sh Macro lines change control state. |
Other lines are interpreted within the current state. |
Text lines are interpreted within the current state. |
.Ed |
.Ed |
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX |
|
.Nm |
|
documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space |
|
character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. All |
|
manuals must have |
|
.Ux |
|
line terminators. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Comments |
|
Text following a |
|
.Sq \e" , |
|
whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of |
|
line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, |
|
.Sq \&.\e" , |
|
is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally |
|
whitespace are stripped from input. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Reserved Characters |
|
Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
Many aspects of the basic syntax of the |
.It \&. |
.Nm |
.Pq period |
language are based on the |
.It \&, |
.Xr roff 7 |
.Pq comma |
language; see the |
.It \&: |
.Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX |
.Pq colon |
|
.It \&; |
|
.Pq semicolon |
|
.It \&( |
|
.Pq left-parenthesis |
|
.It \&) |
|
.Pq right-parenthesis |
|
.It \&[ |
|
.Pq left-bracket |
|
.It \&] |
|
.Pq right-bracket |
|
.It \&? |
|
.Pq question |
|
.It \&! |
|
.Pq exclamation |
|
.It \&| |
|
.Pq vertical bar |
|
.El |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
Use of reserved characters is described in |
|
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
|
For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped |
|
with a non-breaking space |
|
.Pq Sq \e& |
|
or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Special Characters |
|
Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. |
|
Sequences begin with the escape character |
|
.Sq \e |
|
followed by either an open-parenthesis |
|
.Sq \&( |
|
for two-character sequences; an open-bracket |
|
.Sq \&[ |
|
for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket |
|
.Sq \&] ) ; |
|
or a single one-character sequence. See |
|
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
|
for a complete list. Examples include |
|
.Sq \e(em |
|
.Pq em-dash |
|
and |
and |
.Sq \ee |
.Em MACRO SYNTAX |
.Pq back-slash . |
sections in the |
. |
.Xr roff 7 |
. |
manual for details, in particular regarding |
.Ss Text Decoration |
comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting. |
Terms may be text-decorated using the |
However, using |
.Sq \ef |
.Xr roff 7 |
escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P |
requests in |
(revert to previous mode): |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP |
|
.Pp |
|
A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, |
|
respectively) may be used instead. |
|
.Pp |
|
Text may also be sized with the |
|
.Sq \es |
|
escape, whose syntax is one of |
|
.Sq \es+-n |
|
for one-digit numerals; |
|
.Sq \es(+-nn |
|
or |
|
.Sq \es+-(nn |
|
for two-digit numerals; and |
|
.Sq \es[+-N] , |
|
.Sq \es+-[N] , |
|
.Sq \es'+-N' , |
|
or |
|
.Sq \es+-'N' |
|
for arbitrary-digit numerals: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 \es+1bigger\es-1 |
|
.D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10] |
|
.D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10 |
|
.D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100' |
|
.Pp |
|
Note these forms are |
|
.Em not |
|
recommended for |
|
.Nm , |
|
which encourages semantic annotation. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Predefined Strings |
|
Historically, |
|
.Xr groff 1 |
|
also defined a set of package-specific |
|
.Dq predefined strings , |
|
which, like |
|
.Sx Special Characters , |
|
demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. |
|
Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, |
|
.Sq \e* : |
|
single-character |
|
.Sq \e*X , |
|
two-character |
|
.Sq \e*(XX , |
|
and N-character |
|
.Sq \e*[N] . |
|
See |
|
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
|
for a complete list. Examples include |
|
.Sq \e*(Am |
|
.Pq ampersand |
|
and |
|
.Sq \e*(Ba |
|
.Pq vertical bar . |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Whitespace |
|
In non-literal free-form lines, consecutive blocks of whitespace are |
|
pruned from input and added later in the output filter, if applicable: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
These spaces are pruned from input. |
|
\&.Bd \-literal |
|
These are not. |
|
\&.Ed |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. If |
|
arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
Blank lines are only permitted within literal contexts, as are lines |
|
containing only whitespace. Tab characters are only acceptable when |
|
delimiting |
|
.Sq \&Bl \-column |
|
or when in a literal context. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Quotation |
|
Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group |
|
space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. A quoted |
|
argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. The next |
|
double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote terminates |
|
the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
This produces tokens |
|
.Sq a" , |
|
.Sq b c , |
|
.Sq de , |
|
and |
|
.Sq fg" . |
|
Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately |
|
considered literal text. Thus, the following produces |
|
.Sq \&Em a : |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Em "Em a" |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Dates |
|
There are several macros in |
|
.Nm |
.Nm |
that require a date argument. The canonical form for dates is the |
documents is discouraged; |
American format: |
.Xr mandoc 1 |
.Pp |
supports some of them merely for backward compatibility. |
.D1 Cm Month Day , Year |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Cm Day |
|
value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. The |
|
.Cm Month |
|
value is the full month name. The |
|
.Cm Year |
|
value is the full four-digit year. |
|
.Pp |
|
Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Cm Month , Year |
|
.D1 Cm Year |
|
.Pp |
|
Some examples of valid dates follow: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form |
|
.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form |
|
.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form |
|
. |
|
.Ss Scaling Widths |
|
Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as |
|
stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Bl -tag -width 2i |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
The syntax for scaled widths is |
|
.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , |
|
where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. |
|
Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. The following |
|
scaling units are accepted: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
|
.It c |
|
centimetre |
|
.It i |
|
inch |
|
.It P |
|
pica (~1/6 inch) |
|
.It p |
|
point (~1/72 inch) |
|
.It f |
|
synonym for |
|
.Sq u |
|
.It v |
|
default vertical span |
|
.It m |
|
width of rendered |
|
.Sq m |
|
.Pq em |
|
character |
|
.It n |
|
width of rendered |
|
.Sq n |
|
.Pq en |
|
character |
|
.It u |
|
default horizontal span |
|
.It M |
|
mini-em (~1/100 em) |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Using anything other than |
|
.Sq m , |
|
.Sq n , |
|
.Sq u , |
|
or |
|
.Sq v |
|
is necessarily non-portable across output media. See |
|
.Sx COMPATIBILITY . |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE |
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE |
A well-formed |
A well-formed |
.Nm |
.Nm |
document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more |
document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more |
sections. |
sections. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The prologue, which consists of (in order) the |
The prologue, which consists of the |
.Sx \&Dd , |
.Sx \&Dd , |
.Sx \&Dt , |
.Sx \&Dt , |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Os |
.Sx \&Os |
macros, is required for every document. |
macros in that order, is required for every document. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The first section (sections are denoted by |
The first section (sections are denoted by |
.Sx \&Sh ) |
.Sx \&Sh ) |
must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one |
must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one |
.Sx \&Nm |
.Sx \&Nm |
followed by |
followed by |
.Sx \&Nd . |
.Sx \&Nd . |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and |
Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the |
DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections. |
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
and |
|
.Em DESCRIPTION |
|
sections, although this varies between manual sections. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The following is a well-formed skeleton |
The following is a well-formed skeleton |
.Nm |
.Nm |
file: |
file for a utility |
|
.Qq progname : |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
\&.Dt mdoc 7 |
\&.Dt PROGNAME section |
\&.Os |
\&.Os |
\&. |
|
\&.Sh NAME |
\&.Sh NAME |
\&.Nm foo |
\&.Nm progname |
\&.Nd a description goes here |
\&.Nd one line about what it does |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only. |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY |
\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only. |
\&. |
\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. |
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS |
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS |
\&.Nm foo |
\&.Nm progname |
\&.Op Fl options |
\&.Op Fl options |
\&.Ar |
\&.Ar |
\&. |
|
\&.Sh DESCRIPTION |
\&.Sh DESCRIPTION |
The |
The |
\&.Nm |
\&.Nm |
utility processes files ... |
utility processes files ... |
\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. |
\&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only. |
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. |
\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. |
\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only. |
\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT |
\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only. |
\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS |
\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only. |
\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES |
\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS |
\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only. |
\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1 |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS |
\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS |
\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only. |
\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO |
\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS |
\&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1 |
\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS |
\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY |
\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
\&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS |
|
\&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS |
|
\&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS |
|
\&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
|
\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The sections in a |
The sections in an |
.Nm |
.Nm |
document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections |
document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. |
should be composed as follows: |
Sections should be composed as follows: |
.Bl -ohang -offset Ds |
.Bl -ohang -offset Ds |
.It Em NAME |
.It Em NAME |
The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. The |
The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material. |
syntax for this as follows: |
The syntax for this as follows: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Nm name0 |
\&.Nm name0 , |
\&.Nm name1 |
\&.Nm name1 , |
\&.Nm name2 |
\&.Nm name2 |
\&.Nd a short description |
\&.Nd a one line description |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
Multiple |
|
.Sq \&Nm |
|
names should be separated by commas. |
|
.Pp |
The |
The |
.Sx \&Nm |
.Sx \&Nm |
macro(s) must precede the |
macro(s) must precede the |
.Sx \&Nd |
.Sx \&Nd |
macro. |
macro. |
. |
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Nd . |
.It Em LIBRARY |
.It Em LIBRARY |
The name of the library containing the documented material, which is |
The name of the library containing the documented material, which is |
assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. The syntax for |
assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. |
this is as follows: |
The syntax for this is as follows: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Lb libarm |
\&.Lb libarm |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Lb |
.Sx \&Lb . |
for details. |
|
. |
|
.It Em SYNOPSIS |
.It Em SYNOPSIS |
Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device |
Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device |
configuration. |
configuration. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is |
For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is |
generally structured as follows: |
generally structured as follows: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Nm foo |
\&.Nm bar |
\&.Op Fl v |
\&.Op Fl v |
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
\&.Op Ar |
\&.Op Ar |
\&.Nm bar |
\&.Nm foo |
\&.Op Fl v |
\&.Op Fl v |
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
\&.Op Fl o Ar file |
\&.Op Ar |
\&.Op Ar |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
Commands should be ordered alphabetically. |
|
.Pp |
For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): |
For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Vt extern const char *global; |
|
\&.In header.h |
\&.In header.h |
|
\&.Vt extern const char *global; |
\&.Ft "char *" |
\&.Ft "char *" |
\&.Fn foo "const char *src" |
\&.Fn foo "const char *src" |
\&.Ft "char *" |
\&.Ft "char *" |
\&.Fn bar "const char *src" |
\&.Fn bar "const char *src" |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
Ordering of |
|
.Sx \&In , |
|
.Sx \&Vt , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
macros should follow C header-file conventions. |
|
.Pp |
And for the third, configurations (section 4): |
And for the third, configurations (section 4): |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q |
\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq |
\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q |
\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a |
Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a |
.Em SYNOPSIS . |
.Em SYNOPSIS . |
. |
.Pp |
|
Some macros are displayed differently in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, particularly |
|
.Sx \&Nm , |
|
.Sx \&Cd , |
|
.Sx \&Fd , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
.Sx \&In , |
|
.Sx \&Vt , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
|
All of these macros are output on their own line. |
|
If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for |
|
.Sx \&Ft |
|
before |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Fn ) , |
|
they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft , |
|
which are always separated by vertical space. |
|
.Pp |
|
When text and macros following an |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, |
|
all output lines but the first will be indented to align |
|
with the text immediately following the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro, up to the next |
|
.Sx \&Nm , |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Ss |
|
macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. |
.It Em DESCRIPTION |
.It Em DESCRIPTION |
This expands upon the brief, one-line description in |
This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in |
.Em NAME . |
.Em NAME : |
It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
The |
|
\&.Nm |
|
utility does this, that, and the other. |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a |
command), such as: |
command), such as: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
The arguments are as follows: |
The arguments are as follows: |
Line 470 The arguments are as follows: |
|
Line 303 The arguments are as follows: |
|
Print verbose information. |
Print verbose information. |
\&.El |
\&.El |
.Ed |
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
List the options in alphabetical order, |
|
uppercase before lowercase for each letter and |
|
with no regard to whether an option takes an argument. |
|
Put digits in ascending order before all letter options. |
|
.Pp |
Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. |
Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. |
. |
|
.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
|
Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when |
|
implementing standard functions that may have side effects or notable |
|
algorithmic implications. |
|
. |
|
.It Em EXIT STATUS |
|
Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. This section is |
|
the dual of |
|
.Em RETURN VALUES , |
|
which is used for functions. Historically, this information was |
|
described in |
|
.Em DIAGNOSTICS , |
|
a practise that is now discouraged. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
Since the |
.Sx \&Ex . |
.Em DESCRIPTION |
. |
section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals |
|
often use the |
|
.Sx \&Ss |
|
macro to form subsections. |
|
In very long manuals, the |
|
.Em DESCRIPTION |
|
may be split into multiple sections, each started by an |
|
.Sx \&Sh |
|
macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having |
|
several subsections, like in the present |
|
.Nm |
|
manual. |
|
.It Em CONTEXT |
|
This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9. |
|
The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt. |
|
.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES |
|
Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. |
|
This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side |
|
effects or notable algorithmic implications. |
.It Em RETURN VALUES |
.It Em RETURN VALUES |
This section is the dual of |
This section documents the |
.Em EXIT STATUS , |
return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. |
which is used for commands. It documents the return values of functions |
|
in sections 2, 3, and 9. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Rv . |
.Sx \&Rv . |
. |
|
.It Em ENVIRONMENT |
.It Em ENVIRONMENT |
Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g., |
Lists the environment variables used by the utility, |
.Xr environ 7 . |
and explains the syntax and semantics of their values. |
|
The |
|
.Xr environ 7 |
|
manual provides examples of typical content and formatting. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Ev . |
.Sx \&Ev . |
. |
|
.It Em FILES |
.It Em FILES |
Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file and a |
Documents files used. |
short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.). |
It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how |
|
the file is used (created, modified, etc.). |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Pa . |
.Sx \&Pa . |
. |
.It Em EXIT STATUS |
|
This section documents the |
|
command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities. |
|
Historically, this information was described in |
|
.Em DIAGNOSTICS , |
|
a practise that is now discouraged. |
|
.Pp |
|
See |
|
.Sx \&Ex . |
.It Em EXAMPLES |
.It Em EXAMPLES |
Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed, |
Example usages. |
well-tested invocations. Make doubly sure that your examples work |
This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. |
properly! |
Make sure that examples work properly! |
. |
|
.It Em DIAGNOSTICS |
.It Em DIAGNOSTICS |
Documents error conditions. This is most useful in section 4 manuals. |
Documents error messages. |
|
In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the |
|
kernel to the console and to the kernel log. |
|
In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by |
|
userland programs to the standard error output. |
|
.Pp |
Historically, this section was used in place of |
Historically, this section was used in place of |
.Em EXIT STATUS |
.Em EXIT STATUS |
for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is |
for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is |
discouraged. |
discouraged. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Bl No \-diag . |
.Sx \&Bl |
. |
.Fl diag . |
.It Em ERRORS |
.It Em ERRORS |
Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. |
Documents |
|
.Xr errno 2 |
|
settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&Er . |
.Sx \&Er . |
. |
|
.It Em SEE ALSO |
.It Em SEE ALSO |
References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist |
References other manuals with related topics. |
for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered |
This section should exist for most manuals. |
first by section, then alphabetically. |
Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then |
|
alphabetically (ignoring case). |
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page, |
|
for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be |
|
provided in this section. |
|
.Pp |
See |
See |
|
.Sx \&Rs |
|
and |
.Sx \&Xr . |
.Sx \&Xr . |
. |
|
.It Em STANDARDS |
.It Em STANDARDS |
References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any |
References any standards implemented or used. |
standards, the |
If not adhering to any standards, the |
.Em HISTORY |
.Em HISTORY |
section should be used instead. |
section should be used instead. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&St . |
.Sx \&St . |
. |
|
.It Em HISTORY |
.It Em HISTORY |
The history of any manual without a |
A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented, |
.Em STANDARDS |
and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand. |
section should be described in this section. |
|
. |
|
.It Em AUTHORS |
.It Em AUTHORS |
Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section. |
Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation. |
Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address. |
Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See |
See |
.Sx \&An . |
.Sx \&An . |
. |
|
.It Em CAVEATS |
.It Em CAVEATS |
Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained |
Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained |
in this section. |
in this section. |
. |
|
.It Em BUGS |
.It Em BUGS |
Extant bugs should be described in this section. |
Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described |
. |
in this section. |
.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS |
Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. |
Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. |
. |
|
.El |
.El |
. |
.Sh MACRO OVERVIEW |
. |
This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed |
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX |
together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose. |
Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a |
Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below |
control character , |
in the alphabetical |
.Sq \&. , |
.Sx MACRO REFERENCE . |
at the beginning of the line. An arbitrary amount of whitespace may |
.Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros |
sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus, the |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
following are equivalent: |
.It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch |
\&.Pp |
.It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version |
\&.\ \ \ \&Pp |
.It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument) |
.Ed |
.It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line) |
. |
|
.Pp |
|
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, |
|
.Sq \-arg |
|
refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more |
|
.Sq parm |
|
parameters; |
|
.Sq \&Yo |
|
opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, |
|
.Sq \&Yc |
|
closes it out. |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Callable |
|
column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial |
|
line-macro. If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the |
|
initial line macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that |
|
.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh |
|
produces |
|
.Sq Fl \&Sh . |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Parsable |
|
column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further |
|
(ostensibly callable) macros. If a macro is not parsable, subsequent |
|
macro invocations on the line will be interpreted as opaque text. |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Scope |
|
column, if applicable, describes closure rules. |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Ss Block full-explicit |
|
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros |
|
contains bodies; only |
|
.Sx \&Bf |
|
contains a head. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB |
|
\&.Yc |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed |
|
.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef |
|
.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek |
|
.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El |
|
.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd |
|
.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf |
|
.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk |
|
.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl |
|
.El |
.El |
. |
.Ss Sections and cross references |
. |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.Ss Block full-implicit |
.It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line) |
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. |
.It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line) |
All macros have bodies; some |
.It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection |
.Po |
.It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section |
.Sx \&It Fl bullet , |
.It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments) |
.Fl hyphen , |
|
.Fl dash , |
|
.Fl enum , |
|
.Fl item |
|
.Pc |
|
don't have heads; only one |
|
.Po |
|
.Sx \&It Fl column |
|
.Pc |
|
has multiple heads. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El |
|
.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
|
.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
|
.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss |
|
.El |
.El |
. |
.Ss Displays and lists |
. |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.Ss Block partial-explicit |
.It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block: |
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each |
.Fl Ar type |
has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head |
.Op Fl offset Ar width |
.Po |
.Op Fl compact |
.Sx \&Fo , |
.It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line) |
.Sx \&Eo |
.It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line) |
.Pc |
.It Sx \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text |
and/or tail |
.It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block: |
.Pq Sx \&Ec . |
.Fl Ar type |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Op Fl width Ar val |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
.Op Fl offset Ar val |
\(lBbody...\(rB |
.Op Fl compact |
\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
.It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type ) |
|
.It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ |
.It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references) |
\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao |
|
.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac |
|
.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo |
|
.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc |
|
.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro |
|
.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc |
|
.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do |
|
.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc |
|
.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo |
|
.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec |
|
.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo |
|
.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc |
|
.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo |
|
.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc |
|
.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po |
|
.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc |
|
.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo |
|
.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc |
|
.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs |
|
.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re |
|
.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So |
|
.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc |
|
.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo |
|
.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc |
|
.El |
.El |
. |
.Ss Spacing control |
. |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.Ss Block partial-implicit |
.It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument) |
Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by |
.It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments) |
.Sx Reserved Characters |
.It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments) |
or end of line. |
.It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB |
.It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments) |
.Ed |
.It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height |
. |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable |
|
.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.El |
.El |
. |
.Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities: |
. |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.Ss In-line |
.It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility |
Closed by |
.It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments) |
.Sx Reserved Characters , |
.It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments) |
end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. In-line |
.It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments) |
macros have only text children. If a number (or inequality) of |
.It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure) |
arguments is |
.It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments) |
.Pq n , |
.It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) |
then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. |
.It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments) |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.El |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb |
.Ss Semantic markup for function libraries: |
|
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... |
.It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument) |
|
.It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument) |
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN |
.It Sx \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments) |
.Ed |
.It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments) |
. |
.It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname |
.Pp |
.It Sx \&Fn Ta function name: |
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent |
.Op Ar functype |
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments |
.Ar funcname |
.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Oo |
.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Op Ar argtype |
.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Ar argname |
.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Oc |
.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.El |
.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Ss Various semantic markup: |
.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name |
.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address |
.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.El |
.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.Ss Physical markup |
.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments) |
.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments) |
.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: |
.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy |
.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.El |
.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.Ss Physical enclosures |
.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text |
.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text |
.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text |
.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text |
.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text |
.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text |
.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text |
.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure |
.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.El |
.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.Ss Text production |
.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description |
.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ... |
.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ... |
.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
.It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument) |
.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
.It Sx \&At Ta At |
.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx |
.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx |
.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
.It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx |
.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx |
.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
.It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox |
.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
.It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx |
.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.El |
.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
.Sh MACRO REFERENCE |
.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3 |
|
.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.El |
|
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh REFERENCE |
|
This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged |
This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged |
alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see |
alphabetically. |
|
For the scoping of individual macros, see |
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . |
. |
|
.Ss \&%A |
.Ss \&%A |
Author name of an |
Author name of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their own |
block. |
|
Multiple authors should each be accorded their own |
.Sx \%%A |
.Sx \%%A |
line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated |
line. |
forename(s) first, then full surname. |
Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) |
. |
first, then full surname. |
.Ss \&%B |
.Ss \&%B |
Book title of an |
Book title of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when |
block. |
|
This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when |
referring to book titles. |
referring to book titles. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%C |
.Ss \&%C |
Publication city or location of an |
Publication city or location of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
this macro is not implemented in |
|
.Xr groff 1 . |
|
. |
|
.Ss \&%D |
.Ss \&%D |
Publication date of an |
Publication date of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax |
block. |
described in |
Recommended formats of arguments are |
.Sx Dates . |
.Ar month day , year |
. |
or just |
|
.Ar year . |
.Ss \&%I |
.Ss \&%I |
Publisher or issuer name of an |
Publisher or issuer name of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%J |
.Ss \&%J |
Journal name of an |
Journal name of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%N |
.Ss \&%N |
Issue number (usually for journals) of an |
Issue number (usually for journals) of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%O |
.Ss \&%O |
Optional information of an |
Optional information of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%P |
.Ss \&%P |
Book or journal page number of an |
Book or journal page number of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%Q |
.Ss \&%Q |
Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an |
Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own |
block. |
|
Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own |
.Sx \&%Q |
.Sx \&%Q |
line. |
line. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%R |
.Ss \&%R |
Technical report name of an |
Technical report name of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%T |
.Ss \&%T |
Article title of an |
Article title of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context |
block. |
when referring to article titles. |
This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when |
. |
referring to article titles. |
.Ss \&%U |
.Ss \&%U |
URI of reference document. |
URI of reference document. |
. |
|
.Ss \&%V |
.Ss \&%V |
Volume number of an |
Volume number of an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. |
block. |
. |
|
.Ss \&Ac |
.Ss \&Ac |
Closes an |
Close an |
.Sx \&Ao |
.Sx \&Ao |
block. Does not have any tail arguments. |
block. |
. |
Does not have any tail arguments. |
.Ss \&Ad |
.Ss \&Ad |
Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in |
Memory address. |
memory, not a physical (post) address. |
Do not use this for postal addresses. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Ad [0,$] |
\&.Ad [0,$] |
.Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000 |
\&.Ad 0x00000000 |
|
.Ed |
|
. |
|
.Ss \&An |
.Ss \&An |
Author name. This macro may alternatively accepts the following |
Author name. |
arguments, although these may not be specified along with a parameter: |
Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver |
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself. |
|
Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact |
.It Fl split |
.It Fl split |
Renders a line break before each author listing. |
Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of |
|
.Sx \&An . |
.It Fl nosplit |
.It Fl nosplit |
The opposite of |
The opposite of |
.Fl split . |
.Fl split . |
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author |
The default is |
listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're |
.Fl nosplit . |
interspersed by other macros or text, are split. Thus, specifying |
The effect of selecting either of the |
.Fl split |
.Fl split |
will cause the first listing also to be split. If not in the AUTHORS |
modes ends at the beginning of the |
section, the default is not to split. |
.Em AUTHORS |
|
section. |
|
In the |
|
.Em AUTHORS |
|
section, the default is |
|
.Fl nosplit |
|
for the first author listing and |
|
.Fl split |
|
for all other author listings. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.An -nosplit |
\&.An -nosplit |
.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv |
\&.An J. E. Hopcraft , |
|
\&.An J. D. Ullman . |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
.Em Remarks : |
|
the effects of |
|
.Fl split |
|
or |
|
.Fl nosplit |
|
are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies |
|
.Sx \&An Fl nosplit |
|
in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS |
|
section. |
|
. |
|
.Ss \&Ao |
.Ss \&Ao |
Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. Does not have any head |
Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets. |
arguments. |
Does not have any head arguments. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac |
\&.Fl -key= Ns Ao Ar val Ac |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Aq . |
.Sx \&Aq . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Ap |
.Ss \&Ap |
Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. This is |
Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. |
generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb form of |
This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb |
a function: |
form of a function. |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Pp |
\&.Fn execve Ap d |
Examples: |
.Ed |
.Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d |
. |
|
.Ss \&Aq |
.Ss \&Aq |
Encloses its arguments in angled brackets. |
Encloses its arguments in angle brackets. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val |
\&.Fl -key= Ns Aq Ar val |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Em Remarks : |
.Em Remarks : |
this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use |
this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use |
Line 1021 statements, which should use |
|
Line 707 statements, which should use |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Ao . |
.Sx \&Ao . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Ar |
.Ss \&Ar |
Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string |
Command arguments. |
.Dq file ... |
If an argument is not provided, the string |
|
.Dq file ...\& |
is used as a default. |
is used as a default. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl ".Fl o Ar file" |
\&.Fl o Ns Ar file1 |
.Dl ".Ar" |
\&.Ar |
.Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ." |
\&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . |
.Pp |
.Ed |
The arguments to the |
. |
.Sx \&Ar |
|
macro are names and placeholders for command arguments; |
|
for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use |
|
.Sx \&Fl |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Cm . |
.Ss \&At |
.Ss \&At |
Formats an AT&T version. Accepts at most one parameter: |
Formats an |
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
.At |
|
version. |
|
Accepts one optional argument: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact |
.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v |
.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v |
A version of |
A version of |
.At . |
.At . |
|
.It Cm III |
|
.At III . |
.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? |
.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? |
A system version of |
A version of |
.At . |
.At V . |
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen. |
Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.At |
\&.At |
.Dl \&.At III |
\&.At V.1 |
.Dl \&.At V.1 |
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Bsx , |
.Sx \&Bsx , |
|
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bc |
.Ss \&Bc |
Closes a |
Close a |
.Sx \&Bo |
.Sx \&Bo |
block. Does not have any tail arguments. |
block. |
. |
Does not have any tail arguments. |
.Ss \&Bd |
.Ss \&Bd |
Begins a display block. A display is collection of macros or text which |
Begin a display block. |
may be collectively offset or justified in a manner different from that |
Its syntax is as follows: |
of the enclosing context. By default, the block is preceded by a |
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
vertical space. |
.Pf \. Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl Ns Ar type |
|
.Op Fl offset Ar width |
|
.Op Fl compact |
|
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the |
Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and |
following arguments: |
justification than the one used by the surrounding text. |
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
They may contain both macro lines and text lines. |
.It Fl ragged |
By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space. |
Only left-justify the block. |
.Pp |
.It Fl unfilled |
The |
Do not justify the block at all. |
.Ar type |
|
must be one of the following: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent |
|
.It Fl centered |
|
Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line. |
|
Using this display type is not recommended; many |
|
.Nm |
|
implementations render it poorly. |
.It Fl filled |
.It Fl filled |
Left- and right-justify the block. |
Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and |
|
right-justify the resulting block. |
.It Fl literal |
.It Fl literal |
Alias for |
Produce one output line from each input line, |
.Fl unfilled . |
and do not justify the block at all. |
.It Fl centered |
Preserve white space as it appears in the input. |
Centre-justify each line. |
Always use a constant-width font. |
|
Use this for displaying source code. |
|
.It Fl ragged |
|
Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify |
|
the resulting block. |
|
.It Fl unfilled |
|
The same as |
|
.Fl literal , |
|
but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font |
|
if supported by the output device. |
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The type must be provided first. Secondary arguments are as follows: |
The |
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
.Ar type |
|
must be provided first. |
|
Additional arguments may follow: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent |
.It Fl offset Ar width |
.It Fl offset Ar width |
Offset by the value of |
Indent the display by the |
.Ar width , |
.Ar width , |
which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order: |
which may be one of the following: |
.Bl -item |
.Bl -item |
.It |
.It |
As one of the pre-defined strings |
One of the pre-defined strings |
.Ar indent , |
.Cm indent , |
the width of standard indentation; |
the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters); |
.Ar indent-two , |
.Cm indent-two , |
twice |
twice |
.Ar indent ; |
.Cm indent ; |
.Ar left , |
.Cm left , |
which has no effect ; |
which has no effect; |
.Ar right , |
.Cm right , |
which justifies to the right margin; and |
which justifies to the right margin; or |
.Ar center , |
.Cm center , |
which aligns around an imagined centre axis. |
which aligns around an imagined center axis. |
.It |
.It |
As a precalculated width for a named macro. The most popular is the |
A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width |
imaginary macro |
associated with that macro. |
|
The most popular is the imaginary macro |
.Ar \&Ds , |
.Ar \&Ds , |
which resolves to |
which resolves to |
.Ar 6n . |
.Sy 6n . |
.It |
.It |
As a scaling unit following the syntax described in |
A scaling width as described in |
.Sx Scaling Widths . |
.Xr roff 7 . |
.It |
.It |
As the calculated string length of the opaque string. |
An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string. |
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
If unset, it will revert to the value of |
When the argument is missing, |
.Ar 8n |
.Fl offset |
as described in |
is ignored. |
.Sx Scaling Widths . |
|
.It Fl compact |
.It Fl compact |
Do not assert a vertical space before the block. |
Do not assert vertical space before the display. |
.It Fl file Ar file |
|
Prepend the file |
|
.Ar file |
|
before any text or macros within the block. |
|
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
\&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact |
\&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact |
Hello world. |
Hello world. |
\&.Ed |
\&.Ed |
.Ed |
.Ed |
|
|
.Sx \&D1 |
.Sx \&D1 |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Dl . |
.Sx \&Dl . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bf |
.Ss \&Bf |
|
Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Bf |
|
.Oo |
|
.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | |
|
.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy |
|
.Oc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl emphasis |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Em |
|
argument are equivalent, as are |
|
.Fl symbolic |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Sy , |
|
and |
|
.Fl literal |
|
and |
|
.Cm \&Li . |
|
Without an argument, this macro does nothing. |
|
The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested |
|
scope or |
|
.Sx \&Ef |
|
is encountered. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Li , |
|
.Sx \&Ef , |
|
.Sx \&Em , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sy . |
.Ss \&Bk |
.Ss \&Bk |
|
For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line, |
|
until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached, |
|
whichever comes first. |
|
Line breaks in text lines are unaffected. |
|
The syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl words |
|
argument is required; additional arguments are ignored. |
|
.Pp |
|
The following example will not break within each |
|
.Sx \&Op |
|
macro line: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Bk \-words |
|
\&.Op Fl f Ar flags |
|
\&.Op Fl o Ar output |
|
\&.Ek |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! |
|
Doing so will clobber the right margin. |
.Ss \&Bl |
.Ss \&Bl |
. |
Begin a list. |
|
Lists consist of items specified using the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro, containing a head or a body or both. |
|
The list syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Bl |
|
.Fl Ns Ar type |
|
.Op Fl width Ar val |
|
.Op Fl offset Ar val |
|
.Op Fl compact |
|
.Op HEAD ... |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
The list |
|
.Ar type |
|
is mandatory and must be specified first. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
and |
|
.Fl offset |
|
arguments accept macro names as described for |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl offset , |
|
scaling widths as described in |
|
.Xr roff 7 , |
|
or use the length of the given string. |
|
The |
|
.Fl offset |
|
is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads |
|
and bodies. |
|
For those list types supporting it, the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies, |
|
to be added to the |
|
.Fl offset . |
|
Unless the |
|
.Fl compact |
|
argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space. |
|
.Pp |
|
A list must specify one of the following list types: |
|
.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent |
|
.It Fl bullet |
|
No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head |
|
of each item. |
|
Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet |
|
and are indented according to the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument. |
|
.It Fl column |
|
A columnated list. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width |
|
of one column, using either the scaling width syntax described in |
|
.Xr roff 7 |
|
or the string length of the argument. |
|
If the first line of the body of a |
|
.Fl column |
|
list is not an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro line, |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as |
|
described in the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
documentation. |
|
.It Fl dash |
|
Like |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
except that dashes are used in place of bullets. |
|
.It Fl diag |
|
Like |
|
.Fl inset , |
|
except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations. |
|
Most often used in the |
|
.Em DIAGNOSTICS |
|
section with error constants in the item heads. |
|
.It Fl enum |
|
A numbered list. |
|
No item heads can be specified. |
|
Formatted like |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets, |
|
starting at 1. |
|
.It Fl hang |
|
Like |
|
.Fl tag , |
|
except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow |
|
the item heads like in |
|
.Fl inset |
|
lists. |
|
.It Fl hyphen |
|
Synonym for |
|
.Fl dash . |
|
.It Fl inset |
|
Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word |
|
spacing. |
|
Bodies are not indented, and the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl item |
|
No item heads can be specified, and none are printed. |
|
Bodies are not indented, and the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl ohang |
|
Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented. |
|
The |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument is ignored. |
|
.It Fl tag |
|
Item bodies are indented according to the |
|
.Fl width |
|
argument. |
|
When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows |
|
this head on the same output line. |
|
Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head. |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Lists may be nested within lists and displays. |
|
Nesting of |
|
.Fl column |
|
and |
|
.Fl enum |
|
lists may not be portable. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&El |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&It . |
.Ss \&Bo |
.Ss \&Bo |
Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head |
Begin a block enclosed by square brackets. |
arguments. |
Does not have any head arguments. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
\&.Bo 1 , |
\&.Bo 1 , |
\&.Dv BUFSIZ Bc |
\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Bq . |
.Sx \&Bq . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bq |
.Ss \&Bq |
Encloses its arguments in square brackets. |
Encloses its arguments in square brackets. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ |
\&.Bq 1 , Dv BUFSIZ |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Em Remarks : |
.Em Remarks : |
this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for |
this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for |
|
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Bo . |
.Sx \&Bo . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Brc |
.Ss \&Brc |
Closes a |
Close a |
.Sx \&Bro |
.Sx \&Bro |
block. Does not have any tail arguments. |
block. |
. |
Does not have any tail arguments. |
.Ss \&Bro |
.Ss \&Bro |
Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head |
Begin a block enclosed by curly braces. |
arguments. |
Does not have any head arguments. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
\&.Bro 1 , ... , |
\&.Bro 1 , ... , |
\&.Va n Brc |
\&.Va n \&Brc |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Brq . |
.Sx \&Brq . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Brq |
.Ss \&Brq |
Encloses its arguments in curly braces. |
Encloses its arguments in curly braces. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n |
\&.Brq 1 , ... , Va n |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Bro . |
.Sx \&Bro . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bsx |
.Ss \&Bsx |
Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
Format the |
|
.Bsx |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
no argument is provided. |
no argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Bsx 1.0 |
\&.Bsx 1.0 |
.Dl \&.Bsx |
\&.Bsx |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bt |
.Ss \&Bt |
|
Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. |
Prints |
Prints |
.Dq is currently in beta test. |
.Dq is currently in beta test. |
. |
|
.Ss \&Bx |
.Ss \&Bx |
Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no |
Format the |
|
.Bx |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default value if no |
argument is provided. |
argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe |
\&.Bx 4.4 |
.Dl \&.Bx 4.4 |
\&.Bx |
.Dl \&.Bx |
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Cd |
.Ss \&Cd |
Configuration declaration (suggested for use only in section four |
Kernel configuration declaration. |
manuals). This denotes strings accepted by |
This denotes strings accepted by |
.Xr config 8 . |
.Xr config 8 . |
|
It is most often used in section 4 manual pages. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode? |
\&.Cd device le0 at scode? |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Em Remarks : |
.Em Remarks : |
this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain |
this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain |
white-space and align consecutive |
whitespace and align consecutive |
.Sx \&Cd |
.Sx \&Cd |
declarations. This practise is discouraged. |
declarations. |
. |
This practise is discouraged. |
.Ss \&Cm |
.Ss \&Cm |
Command modifiers. Useful when specifying configuration options or |
Command modifiers. |
keys. |
Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless |
|
.Sx \&Fl |
|
is more appropriate. |
|
Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind" |
\&.Cm ControlPath |
.Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command" |
\&.Cm ControlMaster |
.Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2" |
.Ed |
.Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa" |
.Pp |
.Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG" |
See also |
|
.Sx \&Fl . |
|
. |
|
.Ss \&D1 |
.Ss \&D1 |
One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and |
One-line indented display. |
is useful for simple indented statements. It is followed by a newline. |
This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented |
|
statements. |
|
It is followed by a newline. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh |
\&.D1 Fl abcdefgh |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Bd |
.Sx \&Bd |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Dl . |
.Sx \&Dl . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Db |
.Ss \&Db |
|
This macro is obsolete. |
|
No replacement is needed. |
|
It is ignored by |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
and groff including its arguments. |
|
It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode. |
.Ss \&Dc |
.Ss \&Dc |
Closes a |
Close a |
.Sx \&Do |
.Sx \&Do |
block. Does not have any tail arguments. |
block. |
. |
Does not have any tail arguments. |
.Ss \&Dd |
.Ss \&Dd |
Document date. This is the mandatory first macro of any |
Document date for display in the page footer. |
|
This is the mandatory first macro of any |
.Nm |
.Nm |
manual. Its calling syntax is as follows: |
manual. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
.Pp |
.Pp |
.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date |
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The |
The |
.Cm date |
.Ar month |
field may be either |
is the full English month name, the |
.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ , |
.Ar day |
which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by |
is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the |
|
.Ar year |
|
is the full four-digit year. |
|
.Pp |
|
Other arguments are not portable; the |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
utility handles them as follows: |
|
.Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact |
|
.It |
|
To have the date automatically filled in by the |
|
.Ox |
|
version of |
.Xr cvs 1 , |
.Xr cvs 1 , |
or instead a valid canonical date as specified by |
the special string |
.Sx Dates . |
.Dq $\&Mdocdate$ |
If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead. |
can be given as an argument. |
|
.It |
|
The traditional, purely numeric |
|
.Xr man 7 |
|
format |
|
.Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day |
|
is accepted, too. |
|
.It |
|
If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim. |
|
.It |
|
If no date string is given, the current date is used. |
|
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ |
.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ |
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ |
.Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007 |
\&.Dd July 21, 2007 |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Dt |
.Sx \&Dt |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Os . |
.Sx \&Os . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Dl |
.Ss \&Dl |
One-line intended display. This is formatted as literal text and is |
One-line indented display. |
useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. |
This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and |
|
invocations. |
|
It is followed by a newline. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less |
\&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
|
.Sx \&Ql , |
.Sx \&Bd |
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl literal , |
and |
and |
.Sx \&D1 . |
.Sx \&D1 . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Do |
.Ss \&Do |
Begins a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head |
Begin a block enclosed by double quotes. |
arguments. |
Does not have any head arguments. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
\&.D1 Do April is the cruellest month Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot |
\&.Do |
|
April is the cruellest month |
|
\&.Dc |
|
\e(em T.S. Eliot |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Dq . |
.Sx \&Dq . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Dq |
.Ss \&Dq |
Encloses its arguments in double quotes. |
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Dq typographic |
|
double-quotes. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
\&.Dq April is the cruellest month |
\&.Dq April is the cruellest month |
\e(em T.S. Eliot |
\e(em T.S. Eliot |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
|
.Sx \&Qq , |
|
.Sx \&Sq , |
|
and |
.Sx \&Do . |
.Sx \&Do . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Dt |
.Ss \&Dt |
Document title. This is the mandatory second macro of any |
Document title for display in the page header. |
|
This is the mandatory second macro of any |
.Nm |
.Nm |
file. Its calling syntax is as follows: |
file. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Dt |
|
.Ar TITLE |
|
.Ar section |
|
.Op Ar arch |
|
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch |
|
.Pp |
|
Its arguments are as follows: |
Its arguments are as follows: |
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds |
.Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n |
.It Cm title |
.It Ar TITLE |
The document's title (name). This should be capitalised and is |
The document's title (name), defaulting to |
required. |
.Dq UNTITLED |
.It Cm section |
if unspecified. |
The manual section. This may be one of |
To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines, |
.Ar 1 |
it should by convention be all caps. |
.Pq utilities , |
.It Ar section |
.Ar 2 |
The manual section. |
.Pq system calls , |
This may be one of |
.Ar 3 |
.Cm 1 |
.Pq libraries , |
.Pq General Commands , |
.Ar 3p |
.Cm 2 |
.Pq Perl libraries , |
.Pq System Calls , |
.Ar 4 |
.Cm 3 |
.Pq devices , |
.Pq Library Functions , |
.Ar 5 |
.Cm 3p |
.Pq file formats , |
.Pq Perl Library , |
.Ar 6 |
.Cm 4 |
.Pq games , |
.Pq Device Drivers , |
.Ar 7 |
.Cm 5 |
.Pq miscellaneous , |
.Pq File Formats , |
.Ar 8 |
.Cm 6 |
.Pq system utilities , |
.Pq Games , |
.Ar 9 |
.Cm 7 |
.Pq kernel functions , |
.Pq Miscellaneous Information , |
.Ar X11 |
.Cm 8 |
.Pq X Window System , |
.Pq System Manager's Manual , |
.Ar X11R6 |
|
.Pq X Window System , |
|
.Ar unass |
|
.Pq unassociated , |
|
.Ar local |
|
.Pq local system , |
|
.Ar draft |
|
.Pq draft manual , |
|
or |
or |
.Ar paper |
.Cm 9 |
.Pq paper . |
.Pq Kernel Developer's Manual . |
It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename |
It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to |
suffix. |
the empty string if unspecified. |
.It Cm volume |
.It Ar arch |
This overrides the volume inferred from |
This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to, |
.Ar section . |
where relevant, for example |
This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of |
.Cm alpha , |
.Ar USD |
.Cm amd64 , |
.Pq users' supplementary documents , |
.Cm i386 , |
.Ar PS1 |
|
.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , |
|
.Ar AMD |
|
.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , |
|
.Ar SMM |
|
.Pq system managers' manuals , |
|
.Ar URM |
|
.Pq users' reference manuals , |
|
.Ar PRM |
|
.Pq programmers' reference manuals , |
|
.Ar KM |
|
.Pq kernel manuals , |
|
.Ar IND |
|
.Pq master index , |
|
.Ar MMI |
|
.Pq master index , |
|
.Ar LOCAL |
|
.Pq local manuals , |
|
.Ar LOC |
|
.Pq local manuals , |
|
or |
or |
.Ar CON |
.Cm sparc64 . |
.Pq contributed manuals . |
The list of valid architectures varies by operating system. |
.It Cm arch |
|
This specifies a specific relevant architecture. If |
|
.Cm volume |
|
is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used |
|
subsequent that. It, too, is optional. It must be one of |
|
.Ar alpha , |
|
.Ar amd64 , |
|
.Ar amiga , |
|
.Ar arc , |
|
.Ar arm , |
|
.Ar armish , |
|
.Ar aviion , |
|
.Ar hp300 , |
|
.Ar hppa , |
|
.Ar hppa64 , |
|
.Ar i386 , |
|
.Ar landisk , |
|
.Ar luna88k , |
|
.Ar mac68k , |
|
.Ar macppc , |
|
.Ar mvme68k , |
|
.Ar mvme88k , |
|
.Ar mvmeppc , |
|
.Ar pmax , |
|
.Ar sgi , |
|
.Ar socppc , |
|
.Ar sparc , |
|
.Ar sparc64 , |
|
.Ar sun3 , |
|
.Ar vax , |
|
or |
|
.Ar zaurus . |
|
.El |
.El |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Dt FOO 1 |
\&.Dt FOO 1 |
.Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 |
\&.Dt FOO 4 KM |
|
\&.Dt FOO 9 i386 |
|
\&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386 |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Dd |
.Sx \&Dd |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Os . |
.Sx \&Os . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Dv |
.Ss \&Dv |
Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. |
Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols, |
|
enumeration values, and so on. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Dv NULL |
\&.Dv BUFSIZ |
.Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ |
\&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO |
.Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO |
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Er . |
.Sx \&Er |
. |
and |
|
.Sx \&Ev |
|
for special-purpose constants, |
|
.Sx \&Va |
|
for variable symbols, and |
|
.Sx \&Fd |
|
for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS . |
.Ss \&Dx |
.Ss \&Dx |
Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default |
Format the |
|
.Dx |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default |
value if no argument is provided. |
value if no argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1 |
\&.Dx 2.4.1 |
.Dl \&.Dx |
\&.Dx |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Ec |
.Ss \&Ec |
|
Close a scope started by |
|
.Sx \&Eo . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar TERM |
|
argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq |
|
will emulate |
|
.Sx \&Dc . |
.Ss \&Ed |
.Ss \&Ed |
|
End a display context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bd . |
.Ss \&Ef |
.Ss \&Ef |
|
End a font mode context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bf . |
.Ss \&Ek |
.Ss \&Ek |
|
End a keep context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bk . |
.Ss \&El |
.Ss \&El |
|
End a list context started by |
|
.Sx \&Bl . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bl |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&It . |
.Ss \&Em |
.Ss \&Em |
Denotes text that should be emphasised. Note that this is a |
Request an italic font. |
presentation term and should not be used for stylistically decorating |
If the output device does not provide that, underline. |
technical terms. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with |
|
importance, see |
|
.Sx \&Sy ) . |
|
In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit, |
|
it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except |
|
that for syntax elements, |
|
.Sx \&Sy |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ar |
|
are preferred, respectively. |
|
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent |
\&.Ed Warnings! |
Selected lines are those |
\&.Ed Remarks : |
\&.Em not |
|
matching any of the specified patterns. |
|
Some of the functions use a |
|
\&.Em hold space |
|
to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval. |
.Ed |
.Ed |
. |
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bf , |
|
.Sx \&Li , |
|
.Sx \&No , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sy . |
.Ss \&En |
.Ss \&En |
|
This macro is obsolete. |
|
Use |
|
.Sx \&Eo |
|
or any of the other enclosure macros. |
|
.Pp |
|
It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last |
|
.Sx \&Es |
|
macro. |
.Ss \&Eo |
.Ss \&Eo |
|
An arbitrary enclosure. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar TERM |
|
argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq |
|
will emulate |
|
.Sx \&Do . |
.Ss \&Er |
.Ss \&Er |
Error constants (suggested for use only in section two manuals). |
Error constants for definitions of the |
|
.Va errno |
|
libc global variable. |
|
This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Er EPERM |
\&.Er EPERM |
.Dl \&.Er ENOENT |
\&.Er ENOENT |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Dv . |
.Sx \&Dv |
. |
for general constants. |
.Ss \&Es |
.Ss \&Es |
. |
This macro is obsolete. |
|
Use |
|
.Sx \&Eo |
|
or any of the other enclosure macros. |
|
.Pp |
|
It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent |
|
.Sx \&En |
|
macros. |
.Ss \&Ev |
.Ss \&Ev |
Environmental variables such as those specified in |
Environmental variables such as those specified in |
.Xr environ 7 . |
.Xr environ 7 . |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY |
\&.Ev DISPLAY |
.Dl \&.Ev PATH |
\&.Ev PATH |
.Pp |
.Ed |
See also |
. |
.Sx \&Dv |
|
for general constants. |
.Ss \&Ex |
.Ss \&Ex |
Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. This macro must have |
Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success |
first the |
and >0 on failure. |
.Fl std |
This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages. |
argument specified, then an optional |
Its syntax is as follows: |
.Ar utility . |
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ... |
|
.Pp |
If |
If |
.Ar utility |
.Ar utility |
is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in |
is not specified, the document's name set by |
.Sx \&Nm |
.Sx \&Nm |
is provided. |
is used. |
|
Multiple |
|
.Ar utility |
|
arguments are treated as separate utilities. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Rv . |
.Ss \&Fa |
.Ss \&Fa |
|
Function argument or parameter. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa |
|
.Qo |
|
.Op Ar argtype |
|
.Op Ar argname |
|
.Qc Ar \&... |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section), a name alone (for function invocations), |
|
or a type alone (for function prototypes). |
|
If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple |
|
words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be |
|
given in a single argument to the |
|
.Sx \&Fa |
|
macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure. |
|
.Pp |
|
Most often, the |
|
.Sx \&Fa |
|
macro is used in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
within |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes. |
|
If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a |
|
comma. |
|
Furthermore, if the following macro is another |
|
.Sx \&Fa , |
|
the last argument will also have a trailing comma. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq |
|
.Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq |
|
.Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
.Ss \&Fc |
.Ss \&Fc |
|
End a function context started by |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
.Ss \&Fd |
.Ss \&Fd |
|
Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS . |
|
Historically, it was also used to document include files. |
|
The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of |
|
.Sx \&In . |
|
.Pp |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fd |
|
.Li # Ns Ar directive |
|
.Op Ar argument ... |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler |
|
.Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS |
|
.Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG |
|
.Dl \&.Ft void |
|
.Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq |
|
.Dl \&.Fd #endif |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&In , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Dv . |
.Ss \&Fl |
.Ss \&Fl |
|
Command-line flag or option. |
|
Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. |
|
Prints a fixed-width hyphen |
|
.Sq \- |
|
directly followed by each argument. |
|
If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space. |
|
If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro |
|
output. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P" |
|
.Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux" |
|
.Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS" |
|
.Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number" |
|
.Dl ".Fl o Fl" |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Cm . |
.Ss \&Fn |
.Ss \&Fn |
|
A function name. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf . Sx \&Fn |
|
.Op Ar functype |
|
.Ar funcname |
|
.Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and |
|
are delimited by commas. |
|
If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. |
|
In the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, this macro starts a new output line, |
|
and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq |
|
.Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq |
|
.Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0 |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Ft functype |
|
\&.Fn funcname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use |
|
.Sx \&Xr |
|
instead. |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
.Ss \&Fo |
.Ss \&Fo |
|
Begin a function block. |
|
This is a multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Fn . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname |
|
.Pp |
|
Invocations usually occur in the following context: |
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname |
|
.br |
|
\&.\.\. |
|
.br |
|
.Pf \. Sx \&Fc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
A |
|
.Sx \&Fo |
|
scope is closed by |
|
.Sx \&Fc . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&Fa , |
|
.Sx \&Fc , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ft . |
.Ss \&Fr |
.Ss \&Fr |
|
This macro is obsolete. |
|
No replacement markup is needed. |
|
.Pp |
|
It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font. |
.Ss \&Ft |
.Ss \&Ft |
|
A function type. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype |
|
.Pp |
|
In the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, a new output line is started after this macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Ft int |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Ft functype |
|
\&.Fn funcname |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , |
|
.Sx \&Fn , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Fo . |
.Ss \&Fx |
.Ss \&Fx |
Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value |
Format the |
|
.Fx |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default value |
if no argument is provided. |
if no argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Fx 7.1 |
\&.Fx 7.1 |
.Dl \&.Fx |
\&.Fx |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Hf |
.Ss \&Hf |
|
This macro is not implemented in |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 . |
|
.Pp |
|
It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally. |
|
The syntax was: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename |
.Ss \&Ic |
.Ss \&Ic |
|
Designate an internal or interactive command. |
|
This is similar to |
|
.Sx \&Cm |
|
but used for instructions rather than values. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Ic :wq |
|
.Dl \&.Ic hash |
|
.Dl \&.Ic alias |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that using |
|
.Sx \&Bd Fl literal |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&D1 |
|
is preferred for displaying code; the |
|
.Sx \&Ic |
|
macro is used when referring to specific instructions. |
.Ss \&In |
.Ss \&In |
|
The name of an include file. |
|
This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages. |
|
.Pp |
|
When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets |
|
and preceded by |
|
.Qq #include , |
|
and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding |
|
function declaration. |
|
In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets |
|
and causes no line break. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.In sys/types.h |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
.Ss \&It |
.Ss \&It |
|
A list item. |
|
The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. |
|
.Pp |
|
Lists |
|
of type |
|
.Fl hang , |
|
.Fl ohang , |
|
.Fl inset , |
|
and |
|
.Fl diag |
|
have the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args |
|
.Pp |
|
Lists of type |
|
.Fl bullet , |
|
.Fl dash , |
|
.Fl enum , |
|
.Fl hyphen |
|
and |
|
.Fl item |
|
have the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It |
|
.Pp |
|
with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
until either a closing |
|
.Sx \&El |
|
or another |
|
.Sx \&It . |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl tag |
|
list has the following syntax: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args |
|
.Pp |
|
Subsequent lines are interpreted as with |
|
.Fl bullet |
|
and family. |
|
The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body |
|
arguments correspond to the list's contents. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Fl column |
|
list is the most complicated. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ... |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ... |
|
.Pp |
|
The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros |
|
representing a complete table line. |
|
Cells within the line are delimited by the special |
|
.Sx \&Ta |
|
block macro or by literal tab characters. |
|
.Pp |
|
Using literal tabs is strongly discouraged because they are very |
|
hard to use correctly and |
|
.Nm |
|
code using them is very hard to read. |
|
In particular, a blank character is syntactically significant |
|
before and after the literal tab character. |
|
If a word precedes or follows the tab without an intervening blank, |
|
that word is never interpreted as a macro call, but always output |
|
literally. |
|
.Pp |
|
The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
line itself; on following lines, only the |
|
.Sx \&Ta |
|
macro can be used to delimit cells, and |
|
.Sx \&Ta |
|
is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros, |
|
not as the first macro on a line. |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
line. |
|
For example, |
|
.Pp |
|
.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ,\& <TAB> col2 ,\(dq \&; |
|
.Pp |
|
will preserve the whitespace before both commas, |
|
but not the whitespace before the semicolon. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bl . |
.Ss \&Lb |
.Ss \&Lb |
|
Specify a library. |
|
The syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar library |
|
parameter may be a system library, such as |
|
.Cm libz |
|
or |
|
.Cm libpam , |
|
in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker |
|
invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is |
|
printed in quotes. |
|
This is most commonly used in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section as described in |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Lb libz |
|
.Dl \&.Lb libmandoc |
.Ss \&Li |
.Ss \&Li |
|
Denotes text that should be in a |
|
.Li literal |
|
font mode. |
|
Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for |
|
stylistically decorating technical terms. |
|
.Pp |
|
On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from |
|
normal text. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Bf , |
|
.Sx \&Em , |
|
.Sx \&No , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sy . |
.Ss \&Lk |
.Ss \&Lk |
Format a hyperlink. The calling syntax is as follows: |
Format a hyperlink. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
.Pp |
.Pp |
.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name |
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq |
\&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" |
.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv |
\&.Lk http://bsd.lv |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Mt . |
.Sx \&Mt . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Lp |
.Ss \&Lp |
|
Synonym for |
|
.Sx \&Pp . |
.Ss \&Ms |
.Ss \&Ms |
|
Display a mathematical symbol. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Ms sigma |
|
.Dl \&.Ms aleph |
.Ss \&Mt |
.Ss \&Mt |
|
Format a |
|
.Dq mailto: |
|
hyperlink. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv |
|
.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv |
.Ss \&Nd |
.Ss \&Nd |
|
A one line description of the manual's content. |
|
This is the mandatory last macro of the |
|
.Em NAME |
|
section and not appropriate for other sections. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference |
|
.Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Nd |
|
macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent |
|
.Sx \&Sh |
|
invocation. |
|
Do not assume this behaviour: some |
|
.Xr whatis 1 |
|
database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line |
|
arguments and will display macros verbatim. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Nm . |
.Ss \&Nm |
.Ss \&Nm |
|
The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, |
|
and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in |
|
the manual page. |
|
When first invoked, the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. |
|
Usually, the first invocation happens in the |
|
.Em NAME |
|
section of the page. |
|
The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is |
|
called again without arguments later in the page. |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro uses |
|
.Sx Block full-implicit |
|
semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section; otherwise, it uses ordinary |
|
.Sx In-line |
|
semantics. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Sh SYNOPSIS |
|
\&.Nm cat |
|
\&.Op Fl benstuv |
|
\&.Op Ar |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
In the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the |
|
.Sx \&Fn |
|
macro rather than |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
to mark up the name of the manual page. |
.Ss \&No |
.Ss \&No |
|
Normal text. |
|
Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro. |
|
When used after physical formatting macros like |
|
.Sx \&Em |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Sy , |
|
switches back to the standard font face and weight. |
|
Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines |
|
using semantic annotation macros. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman" |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Sm off |
|
\&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No / |
|
\&.Sm on |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Em , |
|
.Sx \&Li , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sy . |
.Ss \&Ns |
.Ss \&Ns |
|
Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro |
|
and the following text or macro. |
|
Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text |
|
just like after an |
|
.Sx \&No |
|
macro. |
|
.Pp |
|
This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value" |
|
.Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern" |
|
.Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output" |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&No |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sm . |
.Ss \&Nx |
.Ss \&Nx |
Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
Format the |
|
.Nx |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default value if |
no argument is provided. |
no argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Nx 5.01 |
\&.Nx 5.01 |
.Dl \&.Nx |
\&.Nx |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Ox , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Ox . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Oc |
.Ss \&Oc |
|
Close multi-line |
|
.Sx \&Oo |
|
context. |
.Ss \&Oo |
.Ss \&Oo |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Op . |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
|
\&.Oo |
|
\&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value |
|
\&.Oc |
|
.Ed |
.Ss \&Op |
.Ss \&Op |
|
Optional part of a command line. |
|
Prints the argument(s) in brackets. |
|
This is most often used in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section of section 1 and 8 manual pages. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b |
|
.Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Oo . |
.Ss \&Os |
.Ss \&Os |
Document operating system version. This is the mandatory third macro of |
Operating system version for display in the page footer. |
|
This is the mandatory third macro of |
any |
any |
.Nm |
.Nm |
file. Its calling syntax is as follows: |
file. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
.Pp |
.Pp |
.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system |
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version |
.Pp |
.Pp |
The optional |
The optional |
.Cm system |
.Ar system |
parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. Left |
parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. |
unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. This is |
It is suggested to leave it unspecified, in which case |
the suggested form. |
.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
uses its |
|
.Fl Ios |
|
argument or, if that isn't specified either, |
|
.Fa sysname |
|
and |
|
.Fa release |
|
as returned by |
|
.Xr uname 3 . |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Os |
\&.Os |
.Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS |
\&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS |
.Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3 |
\&.Os BSD 4.3 |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&Dd |
.Sx \&Dd |
and |
and |
.Sx \&Dt . |
.Sx \&Dt . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Ot |
.Ss \&Ot |
Unknown usage. |
This macro is obsolete. |
|
Use |
|
.Sx \&Ft |
|
instead; with |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 , |
|
both have the same effect. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
.Em Remarks : |
Historical |
this macro has been deprecated. |
.Nm |
. |
packages described it as |
|
.Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" . |
.Ss \&Ox |
.Ss \&Ox |
Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value |
Format the |
|
.Ox |
|
version provided as an argument, or a default value |
if no argument is provided. |
if no argument is provided. |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Dl \&.Ox 4.5 |
\&.Ox 4.5 |
.Dl \&.Ox |
\&.Ox |
|
.Ed |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&At , |
|
|
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Fx , |
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ux . |
.Sx \&Nx . |
. |
|
.Ss \&Pa |
.Ss \&Pa |
|
An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name. |
|
If an argument is not provided, the character |
|
.Sq \(ti |
|
is used as a default. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc |
|
.Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Lk . |
.Ss \&Pc |
.Ss \&Pc |
|
Close parenthesised context opened by |
|
.Sx \&Po . |
.Ss \&Pf |
.Ss \&Pf |
|
Removes the space between its argument and the following macro. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ... |
|
.Pp |
|
This is equivalent to: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 .No \e& Ns Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ... |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar prefix |
|
argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters, |
|
but used verbatim as if it were escaped. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name" |
|
.Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name" |
|
.Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits" |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Ns |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sm . |
.Ss \&Po |
.Ss \&Po |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Pq . |
.Ss \&Pp |
.Ss \&Pp |
|
Break a paragraph. |
|
This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros |
|
and/or text. |
|
.Pp |
|
Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after |
|
.Sx \&Sh |
|
or |
|
.Sx \&Ss |
|
macros or before displays |
|
.Pq Sx \&Bd |
|
or lists |
|
.Pq Sx \&Bl |
|
unless the |
|
.Fl compact |
|
flag is given. |
.Ss \&Pq |
.Ss \&Pq |
|
Parenthesised enclosure. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Po . |
.Ss \&Qc |
.Ss \&Qc |
|
Close quoted context opened by |
|
.Sx \&Qo . |
.Ss \&Ql |
.Ss \&Ql |
|
In-line literal display. |
|
This can for example be used for complete command invocations and |
|
for multi-word code fragments when more specific markup is not |
|
appropriate and an indented display is not desired. |
|
While |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
always encloses the arguments in single quotes, other formatters |
|
usually omit the quotes on non-terminal output devices when the |
|
arguments have three or more characters. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dl |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl literal . |
.Ss \&Qo |
.Ss \&Qo |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Qq . |
.Ss \&Qq |
.Ss \&Qq |
. |
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Qq typewriter |
|
double-quotes. |
|
Consider using |
|
.Sx \&Dq . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dq , |
|
.Sx \&Sq , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Qo . |
.Ss \&Re |
.Ss \&Re |
Closes a |
Close an |
.Sx \&Rs |
.Sx \&Rs |
block. Does not have any tail arguments. |
block. |
. |
Does not have any tail arguments. |
.Ss \&Rs |
.Ss \&Rs |
Begins a bibliographic |
Begin a bibliographic |
.Pq Dq reference |
.Pq Dq reference |
block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only |
block. |
contain |
Does not have any head arguments. |
|
The block macro may only contain |
.Sx \&%A , |
.Sx \&%A , |
.Sx \&%B , |
.Sx \&%B , |
.Sx \&%C , |
.Sx \&%C , |
|
|
.Sx \&%Q , |
.Sx \&%Q , |
.Sx \&%R , |
.Sx \&%R , |
.Sx \&%T , |
.Sx \&%T , |
|
.Sx \&%U , |
and |
and |
.Sx \&%V |
.Sx \&%V |
child macros (at least one must be specified). |
child macros (at least one must be specified). |
.Pp |
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact |
\&.Rs |
\&.Rs |
\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft |
\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft |
\&.%A J. D. Ullman |
\&.%A J. D. Ullman |
\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation |
\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation |
\&.%I Addison-Wesley |
\&.%I Addison-Wesley |
\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes |
\&.%C Reading, Massachusetts |
\&.%D 1979 |
\&.%D 1979 |
\&.Re |
\&.Re |
.Ed |
.Ed |
|
|
block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted |
block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted |
before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current |
before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current |
line. |
line. |
. |
|
.Ss \&Rv |
.Ss \&Rv |
|
Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0 |
|
on success and \-1 on error, with the |
|
.Va errno |
|
libc global variable set on error. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ... |
|
.Pp |
|
If |
|
.Ar function |
|
is not specified, the document's name set by |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
is used. |
|
Multiple |
|
.Ar function |
|
arguments are treated as separate functions. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Ex . |
.Ss \&Sc |
.Ss \&Sc |
|
Close single-quoted context opened by |
|
.Sx \&So . |
.Ss \&Sh |
.Ss \&Sh |
|
Begin a new section. |
|
For a list of conventional manual sections, see |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
|
These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that |
|
custom sections be used. |
|
.Pp |
|
Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it |
|
may not be linked with |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Pp , |
|
.Sx \&Ss , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
.Ss \&Sm |
.Ss \&Sm |
|
Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Op Cm on | off |
|
.Pp |
|
By default, spacing is |
|
.Cm on . |
|
When switched |
|
.Cm off , |
|
no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the |
|
output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines |
|
still get normal spacing between words and sentences. |
|
.Pp |
|
When called without an argument, the |
|
.Sx \&Sm |
|
macro toggles the spacing mode. |
|
Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read. |
.Ss \&So |
.Ss \&So |
|
Multi-line version of |
|
.Sx \&Sq . |
.Ss \&Sq |
.Ss \&Sq |
|
Encloses its arguments in |
|
.Sq typewriter |
|
single-quotes. |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Dq , |
|
.Sx \&Qq , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&So . |
.Ss \&Ss |
.Ss \&Ss |
|
Begin a new subsection. |
|
Unlike with |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
there is no convention for the naming of subsections. |
|
Except |
|
.Em DESCRIPTION , |
|
the conventional sections described in |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
rarely have subsections. |
|
.Pp |
|
Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it |
|
may not be linked with |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Pp , |
|
.Sx \&Sh , |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Sx . |
.Ss \&St |
.Ss \&St |
|
Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form. |
|
The following standards are recognised. |
|
Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between, |
|
they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form |
|
is recommended. |
|
.Bl -tag -width 1n |
|
.It C language standards |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-ansiC |
|
.St -ansiC |
|
.It \-ansiC-89 |
|
.St -ansiC-89 |
|
.It \-isoC |
|
.St -isoC |
|
.It \-isoC-90 |
|
.St -isoC-90 |
|
.br |
|
The original C standard. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-isoC-amd1 |
|
.St -isoC-amd1 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-isoC-tcor1 |
|
.St -isoC-tcor1 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-isoC-tcor2 |
|
.St -isoC-tcor2 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-isoC-99 |
|
.St -isoC-99 |
|
.br |
|
The second major version of the C language standard. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-isoC-2011 |
|
.St -isoC-2011 |
|
.br |
|
The third major version of the C language standard. |
|
.El |
|
.It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-p1003.1-88 |
|
.St -p1003.1-88 |
|
.It \-p1003.1 |
|
.St -p1003.1 |
|
.br |
|
The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1-90 |
|
.St -p1003.1-90 |
|
.It \-iso9945-1-90 |
|
.St -iso9945-1-90 |
|
.br |
|
The first update of POSIX.1. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1b-93 |
|
.St -p1003.1b-93 |
|
.It \-p1003.1b |
|
.St -p1003.1b |
|
.br |
|
Real-time extensions. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1c-95 |
|
.St -p1003.1c-95 |
|
.br |
|
POSIX thread interfaces. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1i-95 |
|
.St -p1003.1i-95 |
|
.br |
|
Technical Corrigendum. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1-96 |
|
.St -p1003.1-96 |
|
.It \-iso9945-1-96 |
|
.St -iso9945-1-96 |
|
.br |
|
Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i. |
|
.El |
|
.It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-xpg3 |
|
.St -xpg3 |
|
.br |
|
An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.2 |
|
.St -p1003.2 |
|
.It \-p1003.2-92 |
|
.St -p1003.2-92 |
|
.It \-iso9945-2-93 |
|
.St -iso9945-2-93 |
|
.br |
|
An XCU4 precursor. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.2a-92 |
|
.St -p1003.2a-92 |
|
.br |
|
Updates to POSIX.2. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xpg4 |
|
.St -xpg4 |
|
.br |
|
Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992. |
|
.El |
|
.It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-susv1 |
|
.St -susv1 |
|
.It \-xpg4.2 |
|
.St -xpg4.2 |
|
.br |
|
This standard was published in 1994. |
|
It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification. |
|
The following three refer to parts of it. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xsh4.2 |
|
.St -xsh4.2 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xcurses4.2 |
|
.St -xcurses4.2 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1g-2000 |
|
.St -p1003.1g-2000 |
|
.br |
|
Networking APIs, including sockets. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-svid4 |
|
.St -svid4 , |
|
.br |
|
Published in 1995. |
|
.El |
|
.It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-susv2 |
|
.St -susv2 |
|
This Standard was published in 1997 |
|
and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5. |
|
It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification. |
|
The following refer to parts of it. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xbd5 |
|
.St -xbd5 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xsh5 |
|
.St -xsh5 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xcu5 |
|
.St -xcu5 |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-xns5 |
|
.St -xns5 |
|
.It \-xns5.2 |
|
.St -xns5.2 |
|
.El |
|
.It Single UNIX Specification version 3 |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2001 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2001 |
|
.It \-susv3 |
|
.St -susv3 |
|
.br |
|
This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j. |
|
It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6. |
|
It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2004 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2004 |
|
.br |
|
The second and last Technical Corrigendum. |
|
.El |
|
.It Single UNIX Specification version 4 |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2008 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2008 |
|
.It \-susv4 |
|
.St -susv4 |
|
.br |
|
This standard is also called |
|
X/Open Portability Guide version 7. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-p1003.1-2013 |
|
.St -p1003.1-2013 |
|
.br |
|
This is the first Technical Corrigendum. |
|
.El |
|
.It Other standards |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact |
|
.It \-ieee754 |
|
.St -ieee754 |
|
.br |
|
Floating-point arithmetic. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-iso8601 |
|
.St -iso8601 |
|
.br |
|
Representation of dates and times, published in 1988. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-iso8802-3 |
|
.St -iso8802-3 |
|
.br |
|
Ethernet local area networks. |
|
.Pp |
|
.It \-ieee1275-94 |
|
.St -ieee1275-94 |
|
.El |
|
.El |
.Ss \&Sx |
.Ss \&Sx |
|
Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page. |
|
The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the |
|
enclosed argument, including whitespace. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE |
|
.Pp |
|
See also |
|
.Sx \&Sh |
|
and |
|
.Sx \&Ss . |
.Ss \&Sy |
.Ss \&Sy |
.Ss \&Tn |
Request a boldface font. |
.Ss \&Ud |
|
.Ss \&Ux |
|
Format the UNIX name. Accepts no argument. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be |
|
confused with stress emphasis, see |
|
.Sx \&Em ) . |
|
When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax |
|
elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim. |
|
.Pp |
Examples: |
Examples: |
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent |
\&.Ux |
\&.Sy Warning : |
|
If |
|
\&.Sy s |
|
appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set. |
|
This utility replaces the former |
|
\&.Sy dumpdir |
|
program. |
.Ed |
.Ed |
.Pp |
.Pp |
See also |
See also |
.Sx \&At , |
.Sx \&Bf , |
.Sx \&Bsx , |
.Sx \&Em , |
.Sx \&Bx , |
.Sx \&Li , |
.Sx \&Dx , |
|
.Sx \&Fx , |
|
.Sx \&Nx , |
|
and |
and |
.Sx \&Ox . |
.Sx \&No . |
. |
.Ss \&Ta |
|
Table cell separator in |
|
.Sx \&Bl Fl column |
|
lists; can only be used below |
|
.Sx \&It . |
|
.Ss \&Tn |
|
Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. |
|
Even though the macro name |
|
.Pq Dq tradename |
|
suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly |
|
using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font. |
|
.Ss \&Ud |
|
Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. |
|
Prints out |
|
.Dq currently under development. |
|
.Ss \&Ux |
|
Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. |
|
Prints out |
|
.Dq Ux . |
.Ss \&Va |
.Ss \&Va |
|
A variable name. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Va foo |
|
.Dl \&.Va const char *bar ; |
|
.Pp |
|
For function arguments and parameters, use |
|
.Sx \&Fa |
|
instead. |
|
For declarations of global variables in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, use |
|
.Sx \&Vt . |
.Ss \&Vt |
.Ss \&Vt |
|
A variable type. |
|
.Pp |
|
This is also used for indicating global variables in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, in which case a variable name is also specified. |
|
Note that it accepts |
|
.Sx Block partial-implicit |
|
syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section, else it accepts ordinary |
|
.Sx In-line |
|
syntax. |
|
In the former case, this macro starts a new output line, |
|
and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding |
|
function definition or include directive. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Vt unsigned char |
|
.Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; |
|
.Pp |
|
For parameters in function prototypes, use |
|
.Sx \&Fa |
|
instead, for function return types |
|
.Sx \&Ft , |
|
and for variable names outside the |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section |
|
.Sx \&Va , |
|
even when including a type with the name. |
|
See also |
|
.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . |
.Ss \&Xc |
.Ss \&Xc |
|
Close a scope opened by |
|
.Sx \&Xo . |
.Ss \&Xo |
.Ss \&Xo |
|
Extend the header of an |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro |
|
beyond the end of the input line. |
|
This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit |
|
of historic |
|
.Xr roff 7 . |
.Ss \&Xr |
.Ss \&Xr |
|
Link to another manual |
|
.Pq Qq cross-reference . |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section |
|
.Pp |
|
Cross reference the |
|
.Ar name |
|
and |
|
.Ar section |
|
number of another man page. |
|
.Pp |
|
Examples: |
|
.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; |
|
.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour |
.Ss \&br |
.Ss \&br |
|
Emits a line-break. |
|
This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with |
|
historical manuals. |
|
.Pp |
|
Consider using |
|
.Sx \&Pp |
|
in the event of natural paragraph breaks. |
.Ss \&sp |
.Ss \&sp |
. |
Emits vertical space. |
. |
This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with |
|
historical manuals. |
|
Its syntax is as follows: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Ar height |
|
argument is a scaling width as described in |
|
.Xr roff 7 . |
|
If unspecified, |
|
.Sx \&sp |
|
asserts a single vertical space. |
|
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX |
|
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. |
|
In this section, |
|
.Sq \-arg |
|
refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more |
|
.Sq parm |
|
parameters; |
|
.Sq \&Yo |
|
opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, |
|
.Sq \&Yc |
|
closes it out. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Callable |
|
column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name |
|
as an argument to another macro. |
|
For example, |
|
.Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file |
|
produces |
|
.Sq Op Fl O Ar file . |
|
To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally, |
|
escape it by prepending a zero-width space, |
|
.Sq \e& . |
|
For example, |
|
.Sq \&Op \e&Fl O |
|
produces |
|
.Sq Op \&Fl O . |
|
If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument |
|
to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text. |
|
For example, |
|
.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh |
|
produces |
|
.Sq Fl \&Sh . |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Parsed |
|
column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving |
|
their names as arguments. |
|
If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears |
|
as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text. |
|
.Pp |
|
The |
|
.Em Scope |
|
column, if applicable, describes closure rules. |
|
.Ss Block full-explicit |
|
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. |
|
All macros contains bodies; only |
|
.Sx \&Bf |
|
and |
|
.Pq optionally |
|
.Sx \&Bl |
|
contain a head. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB |
|
\&.Yc |
|
.Ed |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed |
|
.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef |
|
.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek |
|
.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El |
|
.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd |
|
.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf |
|
.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk |
|
.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl |
|
.El |
|
.Ss Block full-implicit |
|
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. |
|
All macros have bodies; some |
|
.Po |
|
.Sx \&It Fl bullet , |
|
.Fl hyphen , |
|
.Fl dash , |
|
.Fl enum , |
|
.Fl item |
|
.Pc |
|
don't have heads; only one |
|
.Po |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
in |
|
.Sx \&Bl Fl column |
|
.Pc |
|
has multiple heads. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB |
|
.Ed |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El |
|
.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
|
.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss |
|
.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh |
|
.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that the |
|
.Sx \&Nm |
|
macro is a |
|
.Sx Block full-implicit |
|
macro only when invoked as the first macro |
|
in a |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section line, else it is |
|
.Sx In-line . |
|
.Ss Block partial-explicit |
|
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. |
|
Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head |
|
.Po |
|
.Sx \&Fo , |
|
.Sx \&Eo |
|
.Pc |
|
and/or tail |
|
.Pq Sx \&Ec . |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB |
|
\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
|
|
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ |
|
\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB |
|
.Ed |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao |
|
.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac |
|
.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo |
|
.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc |
|
.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro |
|
.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc |
|
.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do |
|
.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc |
|
.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo |
|
.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec |
|
.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo |
|
.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc |
|
.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo |
|
.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc |
|
.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po |
|
.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc |
|
.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo |
|
.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc |
|
.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs |
|
.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re |
|
.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So |
|
.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc |
|
.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo |
|
.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc |
|
.El |
|
.Ss Block partial-implicit |
|
Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the |
|
end of the line. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB |
|
.Ed |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed |
|
.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&En Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that the |
|
.Sx \&Vt |
|
macro is a |
|
.Sx Block partial-implicit |
|
only when invoked as the first macro |
|
in a |
|
.Em SYNOPSIS |
|
section line, else it is |
|
.Sx In-line . |
|
.Ss Special block macro |
|
The |
|
.Sx \&Ta |
|
macro can only be used below |
|
.Sx \&It |
|
in |
|
.Sx \&Bl Fl column |
|
lists. |
|
It delimits blocks representing table cells; |
|
these blocks have bodies, but no heads. |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope |
|
.It Sx \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It |
|
.El |
|
.Ss In-line |
|
Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths, |
|
and/or subsequent macros. |
|
In-line macros have only text children. |
|
If a number (or inequality) of arguments is |
|
.Pq n , |
|
then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. |
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent |
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB |
|
|
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... |
|
|
|
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN |
|
.Ed |
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent |
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments |
|
.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Es Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 |
|
.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Fr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Ot Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 |
|
.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 |
|
.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n |
|
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 |
|
.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 |
|
.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 |
|
.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 |
|
.El |
|
.Ss Delimiters |
|
When a macro argument consists of one single input character |
|
considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling. |
|
This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing |
|
more than one character. |
|
Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it |
|
like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending |
|
a zero-width space |
|
.Pq Sq \e& . |
|
In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used |
|
as normal punctuation. |
|
.Pp |
|
For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters, |
|
these delimiters are put before the macro scope, |
|
and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters, |
|
these delimiters are put after the macro scope. |
|
Spacing is suppressed after opening delimiters |
|
and before closing delimiters. |
|
For example, |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ." |
|
.Pp |
|
renders as: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) . |
|
.Pp |
|
Opening delimiters are: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
|
.It \&( |
|
left parenthesis |
|
.It \&[ |
|
left bracket |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Closing delimiters are: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
|
.It \&. |
|
period |
|
.It \&, |
|
comma |
|
.It \&: |
|
colon |
|
.It \&; |
|
semicolon |
|
.It \&) |
|
right parenthesis |
|
.It \&] |
|
right bracket |
|
.It \&? |
|
question mark |
|
.It \&! |
|
exclamation mark |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
Note that even a period preceded by a backslash |
|
.Pq Sq \e.\& |
|
gets this special handling; use |
|
.Sq \e&. |
|
to prevent that. |
|
.Pp |
|
Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter |
|
delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that |
|
are not delimiters. |
|
For example, |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e" |
|
.Pp |
|
renders as: |
|
.Pp |
|
.D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e |
|
.Pp |
|
This applies to both opening and closing delimiters, |
|
and also to the middle delimiter, which does not suppress spacing: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact |
|
.It \&| |
|
vertical bar |
|
.El |
|
.Pp |
|
As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered |
|
in the same way as a plain |
|
.Sq \&| |
|
character. |
|
Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals. |
|
.Ss Font handling |
|
In |
|
.Nm |
|
documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have |
|
proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup |
|
is available, consider falling back to |
|
.Sx Physical markup |
|
macros. |
|
Whenever any |
|
.Nm |
|
macro switches the |
|
.Xr roff 7 |
|
font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting |
|
its scope. |
|
Manually switching the font using the |
|
.Xr roff 7 |
|
.Ql \ef |
|
font escape sequences is never required. |
.Sh COMPATIBILITY |
.Sh COMPATIBILITY |
This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at |
This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues |
this time limited to |
between mandoc and GNU troff |
.Xr groff 1 . |
.Pq Qq groff . |
The term |
|
.Qq historic groff |
|
refers to those versions before the |
|
.Pa doc.tmac |
|
file re-write |
|
.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . |
|
. |
|
.Pp |
.Pp |
|
The following problematic behaviour is found in groff: |
|
.Pp |
.Bl -dash -compact |
.Bl -dash -compact |
.It |
.It |
Negative scaling units are now truncated to zero instead of creating |
.Sx \&Dd |
interesting conditions, such as with |
with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely. |
.Sq \&sp -1i . |
When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim. |
Furthermore, the |
Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date, |
.Sq f |
but without any arguments the string |
scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. |
.Dq Epoch |
|
is printed. |
.It |
.It |
In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a |
.Sx \&Lk |
standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic |
only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted. |
behaviour is no longer applicable. |
|
.It |
.It |
Display types |
.Sx \&Pa |
.Sx \&Bd Fl center |
does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under |
and |
certain list types. |
.Fl right |
|
are aliases for |
|
.Fl left . |
|
The |
|
.Fl file Ar file |
|
argument is ignored. Since text is not right-justified, |
|
.Fl ragged |
|
and |
|
.Fl filled |
|
are aliases, as are |
|
.Fl literal |
|
and |
|
.Fl unfilled . |
|
.It |
.It |
Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text |
.Sx \&Ta |
lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace |
can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line. |
in free-form text lines. |
|
.It |
.It |
Historic groff has many un-callable macros. Most of these (excluding |
.Sx \&%C |
some block-level macros) are now callable, conforming to the |
is not implemented (up to and including groff-1.22.2). |
non-historic groff version. |
|
.It |
.It |
The vertical bar |
.Sq \ef |
.Sq \(ba |
.Pq font face |
made historic groff |
and |
.Qq go orbital |
.Sq \eF |
but is a proper delimiter in this implementation. |
.Pq font family face |
|
.Sx Text Decoration |
|
escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes. |
.It |
.It |
.Sx \&It Fl nested |
Negative scaling units return to prior lines. |
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be |
Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero. |
nested and |
.El |
.Fl enum |
.Pp |
lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. |
The following features are unimplemented in mandoc: |
|
.Pp |
|
.Bl -dash -compact |
.It |
.It |
Some manuals use |
.Sx \&Bd |
.Sx \&Li |
.Fl file Ar file |
incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the |
is unsupported for security reasons. |
delimiter to render. This is not supported. |
|
.It |
.It |
In groff, the |
.Sx \&Bd |
.Sx \&Fo |
.Fl filled |
macro only produces the first parameter. This is no longer the case. |
does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl ragged . |
|
.It |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl literal |
|
does not use a literal font, but is an alias for |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl unfilled . |
|
.It |
|
.Sx \&Bd |
|
.Fl offset Cm center |
|
and |
|
.Fl offset Cm right |
|
don't work. |
|
Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either, |
|
but produces large indentations. |
.El |
.El |
. |
|
. |
|
.Sh SEE ALSO |
.Sh SEE ALSO |
|
.Xr man 1 , |
.Xr mandoc 1 , |
.Xr mandoc 1 , |
.Xr mandoc_char 7 |
.Xr eqn 7 , |
. |
.Xr man 7 , |
. |
.Xr mandoc_char 7 , |
|
.Xr roff 7 , |
|
.Xr tbl 7 |
|
.Pp |
|
The web page |
|
.Lk http://mdocml.bsd.lv/mdoc/ "extended documentation for the mdoc language" |
|
provides a few tutorial-style pages for beginners, an extensive style |
|
guide for advanced authors, and an alphabetic index helping to choose |
|
the best macros for various kinds of content. |
|
.Sh HISTORY |
|
The |
|
.Nm |
|
language first appeared as a troff macro package in |
|
.Bx 4.4 . |
|
It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov |
|
in groff-1.17. |
|
The standalone implementation that is part of the |
|
.Xr mandoc 1 |
|
utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in |
|
.Ox 4.6 . |
.Sh AUTHORS |
.Sh AUTHORS |
The |
The |
.Nm |
.Nm |
reference was written by |
reference was written by |
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se . |
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . |
.\" |
|
.\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats. |
|
.\" . |
|
.\" . |
|
.\" .Sh CAVEATS |
|
.\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc. |
|
.\" . |
|
.\" .Pp |
|
.\" .Bl -dash -compact |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" .Sq \&Fa |
|
.\" should be |
|
.\" .Sq \&Va |
|
.\" as function arguments are variables. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" .Sq \&Ft |
|
.\" should be |
|
.\" .Sq \&Vt |
|
.\" as function return types are still types. Furthermore, the |
|
.\" .Sq \&Ft |
|
.\" should be removed and |
|
.\" .Sq \&Fo , |
|
.\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as |
|
.\" .Sq \&Va . |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" .Sq \&Va |
|
.\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a |
|
.\" variable name and optional, preceding type. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" .Sq \&Fd |
|
.\" is ambiguous. It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the |
|
.\" synopsis section. |
|
.\" .Sq \&In |
|
.\" should be used, instead. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" Only the |
|
.\" .Sq \-literal |
|
.\" argument to |
|
.\" .Sq \&Bd |
|
.\" makes sense. The remaining ones should be removed. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" The |
|
.\" .Sq \&Xo |
|
.\" and |
|
.\" .Sq \&Xc |
|
.\" macros should be deprecated. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" The |
|
.\" .Sq \&Dt |
|
.\" macro lacks clarity. It should be absolutely clear which title will |
|
.\" render when formatting the manual page. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" A |
|
.\" .Sq \&Lx |
|
.\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la |
|
.\" .Sq \&Ox , |
|
.\" .Sq \&Nx |
|
.\" etc.). |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" There's no way to refer to references in |
|
.\" .Sq \&Rs/Re |
|
.\" blocks. |
|
.\" .It |
|
.\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via |
|
.\" .Sq \&An |
|
.\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section. |
|
.\" .El |
|
.\" . |
|