=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.188 retrieving revision 1.292 diff -u -p -r1.188 -r1.292 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2011/05/26 09:26:16 1.188 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2024/06/17 15:37:37 1.292 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.188 2011/05/26 09:26:16 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.292 2024/06/17 15:37:37 schwarze Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons -.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze +.\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013-2020 Ingo Schwarze .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -15,259 +15,78 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: May 26 2011 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: June 17 2024 $ .Dt MDOC 7 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm mdoc -.Nd mdoc language reference +.Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm mdoc -language is used to format -.Bx -.Ux -manuals. -This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and -usage. -The reference implementation is +language supports authoring of manual pages for the +.Xr man 1 +utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases, +page sections and complete manual pages. +Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform +presentation across all manuals written in +.Nm , +and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium. +.Pp +This reference document describes the structure of manual pages +and the syntax and usage of the +.Nm +language. +The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is .Xr mandoc 1 ; the .Sx COMPATIBILITY -section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations. +section describes compatibility with other implementations. .Pp -An +In an .Nm -document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control -character +document, lines beginning with the control character .Sq \&. -are parsed for macros. -Text lines, those not beginning with the control character, are -interpreted within the scope of prior macros: +are called +.Dq macro lines . +The first word is the macro name. +It consists of two or three letters. +Most macro names begin with a capital letter. +For a list of available macros, see +.Sx MACRO OVERVIEW . +The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally +including the names of other, callable macros; see +.Sx MACRO SYNTAX +for details. +.Pp +Lines not beginning with the control character are called +.Dq text lines . +They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text +depends on the respective processing context: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Sh Macro lines change control state. Text lines are interpreted within the current state. .Ed -.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX -.Nm -documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space -character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. .Pp -If the first character of a text line is a space, that line is printed -with a leading newline. -.Ss Comments -Text following a -.Sq \e\*q , -whether in a macro or text line, is ignored to the end of -line. -A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, -.Sq \&.\e\*q , -is also ignored. -Macro lines with only a control character and optional whitespace are -stripped from input. -.Ss Reserved Terms -Within a macro line, the following terms are reserved: -.Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact -.It \&. -.Pq period -.It \e. -.Pq escaped period -.It \&, -.Pq comma -.It \&: -.Pq colon -.It \&; -.Pq semicolon -.It \&( -.Pq left-parenthesis -.It \&) -.Pq right-parenthesis -.It \&[ -.Pq left-bracket -.It \&] -.Pq right-bracket -.It \&? -.Pq question -.It \&! -.Pq exclamation -.It \&| -.Pq vertical bar -.It \e*(Ba -.Pq reserved-word vertical bar -.El -.Pp -For general use in macro lines, these can be escaped with a non-breaking -space -.Pq Sq \e& . -In text lines, these may be used as normal punctuation. -.Ss Special Characters -Special characters may occur in both macro and text lines. -Sequences begin with the escape character -.Sq \e -followed by either an open-parenthesis -.Sq \&( -for two-character sequences; an open-bracket -.Sq \&[ -for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket -.Sq \&] ) ; -or a single one character sequence. -See -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. -Examples include -.Sq \e(em -.Pq em-dash +Many aspects of the basic syntax of the +.Nm +language are based on the +.Xr roff 7 +language; see the +.Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX and -.Sq \ee -.Pq back-slash . -.Ss Text Decoration -Terms may be text-decorated using the -.Sq \ef -escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I (italic), R (Roman), or P -(revert to previous mode): -.Pp -.Dl \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP -.Pp -A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, -respectively) may be used instead. -If a macro opens a font scope after calling -.Sq \ef , -such as with -.Sx \&Bf , -the -.Sq \ef -mode will be restored upon exiting the -.Sx \&Bf -scope. -.Pp -Note this form is -.Em not -recommended for -.Nm , -which encourages semantic annotation. -.Ss Predefined Strings -Historically, -troff -also defined a set of package-specific -.Dq predefined strings , -which, like -.Sx Special Characters , -mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. -Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, -.Sq \e* : -single-character -.Sq \e*X , -two-character -.Sq \e*(XX , -and N-character -.Sq \e*[N] . -See -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. -Examples include -.Sq \e*(Am -.Pq ampersand -and -.Sq \e*(Ba -.Pq vertical bar . -.Ss Whitespace -Whitespace consists of the space character. -In text lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; unescaped -trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context). -Blank text lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted -within literal contexts. -.Pp -In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. -If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. -.Ss Quotation -Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group -space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. -A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. -The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote -terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. -.Pp -Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation -when unquoted, is considered literal text. -Thus, the following produces -.Sq Op "Fl a" : -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Op "Fl a" -.Ed -.Pp -In text lines, quotes are regarded as opaque text. -.Ss Scaling Widths -Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as -stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bl -tag -width 2i -.Ed -.Pp -The syntax for scaled widths is -.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , -where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. -Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. -The following scaling units are accepted: -.Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact -.It c -centimetre -.It i -inch -.It P -pica (~1/6 inch) -.It p -point (~1/72 inch) -.It f -synonym for -.Sq u -.It v -default vertical span -.It m -width of rendered -.Sq m -.Pq em -character -.It n -width of rendered -.Sq n -.Pq en -character -.It u -default horizontal span -.It M -mini-em (~1/100 em) -.El -.Pp -Using anything other than -.Sq m , -.Sq n , -.Sq u , -or -.Sq v -is necessarily non-portable across output media. -See -.Sx COMPATIBILITY . -.Ss Sentence Spacing -When composing a manual, make sure that sentences end at the end of -a line. -By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of -spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark, -or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing -delimiters -.Po -.Sq \&) , -.Sq \&] , -.Sq \&' , -.Sq \&" -.Pc . -.Pp -The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at -the boundary of a macro line. -For example: -.Pp -.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&. -.Dl \&.Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \&. +.Em MACRO SYNTAX +sections in the +.Xr roff 7 +manual for details, in particular regarding +comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting. +However, using +.Xr roff 7 +requests in +.Nm +documents is discouraged; +.Xr mandoc 1 +supports some of them merely for backward compatibility. .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE A well-formed .Nm @@ -275,18 +94,18 @@ document consists of a document prologue followed by o sections. .Pp The prologue, which consists of the -.Sx \&Dd , -.Sx \&Dt , +.Ic \&Dd , +.Ic \&Dt , and -.Sx \&Os +.Ic \&Os macros in that order, is required for every document. .Pp The first section (sections are denoted by -.Sx \&Sh ) +.Ic \&Sh ) must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm followed by -.Sx \&Nd . +.Ic \&Nd . .Pp Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the .Em SYNOPSIS @@ -304,10 +123,10 @@ file for a utility \&.Os \&.Sh NAME \&.Nm progname -\&.Nd a description goes here -\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY -\&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD. +\&.Nd one line about what it does +\&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. \&.Sh SYNOPSIS \&.Nm progname \&.Op Fl options @@ -316,29 +135,31 @@ file for a utility The \&.Nm utility processes files ... -\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -\&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD. -\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES -\&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT -\&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES -\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS -\&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES -\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS -\&.\e\*q For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS -\&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO -\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1 -\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS -\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY -\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS -\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS -\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS -\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS -\&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT +\&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES +\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES +\&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO +\&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1 +\&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY +\&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. .Ed .Pp The sections in an @@ -361,15 +182,15 @@ Multiple names should be separated by commas. .Pp The -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro(s) must precede the -.Sx \&Nd +.Ic \&Nd macro. .Pp See -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm and -.Sx \&Nd . +.Ic \&Nd . .It Em LIBRARY The name of the library containing the documented material, which is assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. @@ -379,7 +200,7 @@ The syntax for this is as follows: .Ed .Pp See -.Sx \&Lb . +.Ic \&Lb . .It Em SYNOPSIS Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device configuration. @@ -410,17 +231,17 @@ For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): .Ed .Pp Ordering of -.Sx \&In , -.Sx \&Vt , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo macros should follow C header-file conventions. .Pp And for the third, configurations (section 4): .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q -\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q +\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq +\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq .Ed .Pp Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a @@ -429,40 +250,40 @@ Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a Some macros are displayed differently in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, particularly -.Sx \&Nm , -.Sx \&Cd , -.Sx \&Fd , -.Sx \&Fn , -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&In , -.Sx \&Vt , +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Cd , +.Ic \&Fd , +.Ic \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , and -.Sx \&Ft . +.Ic \&Ft . All of these macros are output on their own line. If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for -.Sx \&Ft +.Ic \&Ft before -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo or -.Sx \&Fn ) , +.Ic \&Fn ) , they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Ft , +.Ic \&Ft , which are always separated by vertical space. .Pp When text and macros following an -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, all output lines but the first will be indented to align with the text immediately following the -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro, up to the next -.Sx \&Nm , -.Sx \&Sh , +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Sh , or -.Sx \&Ss +.Ic \&Ss macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. .It Em DESCRIPTION This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in @@ -476,14 +297,37 @@ utility does this, that, and the other. It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a command), such as: .Bd -literal -offset indent -The arguments are as follows: +The options are as follows: \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds \&.It Fl v Print verbose information. \&.El .Ed .Pp +List the options in alphabetical order, +uppercase before lowercase for each letter and +with no regard to whether an option takes an argument. +Put digits in ascending order before all letter options. +.Pp Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. +.Pp +Since the +.Em DESCRIPTION +section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals +often use the +.Ic \&Ss +macro to form subsections. +In very long manuals, the +.Em DESCRIPTION +may be split into multiple sections, each started by an +.Ic \&Sh +macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having +several subsections, like in the present +.Nm +manual. +.It Em CONTEXT +This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9. +The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt. .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side @@ -493,7 +337,7 @@ This section documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. .Pp See -.Sx \&Rv . +.Ic \&Rv . .It Em ENVIRONMENT Lists the environment variables used by the utility, and explains the syntax and semantics of their values. @@ -502,14 +346,14 @@ The manual provides examples of typical content and formatting. .Pp See -.Sx \&Ev . +.Ic \&Ev . .It Em FILES Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.). .Pp See -.Sx \&Pa . +.Ic \&Pa . .It Em EXIT STATUS This section documents the command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities. @@ -518,35 +362,47 @@ Historically, this information was described in a practise that is now discouraged. .Pp See -.Sx \&Ex . +.Ic \&Ex . .It Em EXAMPLES Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. Make sure that examples work properly! .It Em DIAGNOSTICS -Documents error conditions. -This is most useful in section 4 manuals. +Documents error messages. +In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the +kernel to the console and to the kernel log. +In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by +userland programs to the standard error output. +.Pp Historically, this section was used in place of .Em EXIT STATUS for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is discouraged. .Pp See -.Sx \&Bl +.Ic \&Bl .Fl diag . .It Em ERRORS -Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. +Documents +.Xr errno 2 +settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9. .Pp See -.Sx \&Er . +.Ic \&Er . .It Em SEE ALSO References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then -alphabetically. +alphabetically (ignoring case). .Pp +References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page, +for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be +provided in this section. +.Pp See -.Sx \&Xr . +.Ic \&Rs +and +.Ic \&Xr . .It Em STANDARDS References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any standards, the @@ -554,15 +410,16 @@ If not adhering to any standards, the section should be used instead. .Pp See -.Sx \&St . +.Ic \&St . .It Em HISTORY -A brief history of the subject, including where support first appeared. +A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented, +and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand. .It Em AUTHORS Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation. Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. .Pp See -.Sx \&An . +.Ic \&An . .It Em CAVEATS Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained in this section. @@ -572,382 +429,228 @@ in this section. .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. .El -.Sh MACRO SYNTAX -Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a -control character, -.Sq \&. , -at the beginning of the line. -An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character -and the macro name. -Thus, the following are equivalent: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Pp -\&.\ \ \ \&Pp -.Ed -.Pp -The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. -In this section, -.Sq \-arg -refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more -.Sq parm -parameters; -.Sq \&Yo -opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, -.Sq \&Yc -closes it out. -.Pp -The -.Em Callable -column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name -as an argument to another macro. -If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument -to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text. -For example, -.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh -produces -.Sq Fl \&Sh . -.Pp -The -.Em Parsed -column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving -their names as arguments. -If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears -as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text. -.Pp -The -.Em Scope -column, if applicable, describes closure rules. -.Ss Block full-explicit -Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. -All macros contains bodies; only -.Sx \&Bf -and -.Pq optionally -.Sx \&Bl -contain a head. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -\&.Yc -.Ed -.Pp -.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed -.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef -.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek -.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd -.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf -.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk -.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl +.Sh MACRO OVERVIEW +This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed +together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose. +Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below +in the alphabetical +.Sx MACRO REFERENCE . +.Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +.It Ic \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +.It Ic \&Os Ta operating system footer: Op Ar footer text +.It Ic \&Nm Ta document name (one argument) +.It Ic \&Nd Ta document description (one line) .El -.Ss Block full-implicit -Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. -All macros have bodies; some -.Po -.Sx \&It Fl bullet , -.Fl hyphen , -.Fl dash , -.Fl enum , -.Fl item -.Pc -don't have heads; only one -.Po -.Sx \&It -in -.Sx \&Bl Fl column -.Pc -has multiple heads. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -.Ed -.Pp -.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss -.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss +.Ss Sections and cross references +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Sh Ta section header (one line) +.It Ic \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line) +.It Ic \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection +.It Ic \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section +.It Ic \&Tg Ta tag the definition of a Ar term Pq <= 1 arguments +.It Ic \&Pp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments) .El -.Pp -Note that the -.Sx \&Nm -macro is a -.Sx Block full-implicit -macro only when invoked as the first macro -in a -.Em SYNOPSIS -section line, else it is -.Sx In-line . -.Ss Block partial-explicit -Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. -Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head -.Po -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&Eo -.Pc -and/or tail -.Pq Sx \&Ec . -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ -\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB -.Ed -.Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao -.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac -.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo -.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc -.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro -.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc -.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do -.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc -.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo -.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec -.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo -.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc -.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po -.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc -.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs -.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re -.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So -.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc -.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo -.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc +.Ss Displays and lists +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block: +.Fl Ar type +.Op Fl offset Ar width +.Op Fl compact +.It Ic \&D1 Ta indented display (one line) +.It Ic \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line) +.It Ic \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text +.It Ic \&Bl , \&El Ta list block: +.Fl Ar type +.Op Fl width Ar val +.Op Fl offset Ar val +.Op Fl compact +.It Ic \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type ) +.It Ic \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Ic \&Bl Fl column No lists +.It Ic \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references) .El -.Ss Block partial-implicit -Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by -.Sx Reserved Terms -or end of line. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB -.Ed -.Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed -.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes -.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes +.Ss Spacing control +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument) +.It Ic \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off +.It Ic \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words .El -.Pp -Note that the -.Sx \&Vt -macro is a -.Sx Block partial-implicit -only when invoked as the first macro -in a -.Em SYNOPSIS -section line, else it is -.Sx In-line . -.Ss In-line -Closed by -.Sx Reserved Terms , -end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. -In-line macros have only text children. -If a number (or inequality) of arguments is -.Pq n , -then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN -.Ed -.Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments -.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility +.It Ic \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure) +.It Ic \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments) .El -.Sh REFERENCE +.Ss Semantic markup for function libraries +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Lb Ta function library (one argument) +.It Ic \&In Ta include file (one argument) +.It Ic \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname +.It Ic \&Fn Ta function name: Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... +.It Ic \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.El +.Ss Various semantic markup +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar display_name +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain +.It Ic \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments) +.El +.Ss Physical markup +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +.El +.Ss Physical enclosures +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text +.It Ic \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text +.It Ic \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text +.It Ic \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text +.It Ic \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text +.It Ic \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text +.It Ic \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text +.It Ic \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure +.El +.Ss Text production +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ... +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ... +.It Ic \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument) +.It Ic \&At Ta At +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Bx +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Bsx +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Nx +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Fx +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Ox +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Dx +.El +.Sh MACRO REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -.Ss \&%A +.Bl -tag -width 3n +.It Ic \&%A Ar first_name ... last_name Author name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \%%A +.Ic \%%A line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) first, then full surname. -.Ss \&%B +.It Ic \&%B Ar title Book title of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when referring to book titles. -.Ss \&%C +.It Ic \&%C Ar location Publication city or location of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%D +.It Ic \&%D Oo Ar month day , Oc Ar year Publication date of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -Recommended formats of arguments are -.Ar month day , year -or just +Provide the full English name of the +.Ar month +and all four digits of the .Ar year . -.Ss \&%I +.It Ic \&%I Ar name Publisher or issuer name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%J +.It Ic \&%J Ar name Journal name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%N +.It Ic \&%N Ar number Issue number (usually for journals) of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%O +.It Ic \&%O Ar line Optional information of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%P +.It Ic \&%P Ar number Book or journal page number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%Q +Conventionally, the argument starts with +.Ql p.\& +for a single page or +.Ql pp.\& +for a range of pages, for example: +.Pp +.Dl .%P pp. 42\e(en47 +.It Ic \&%Q Ar name Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \&%Q +.Ic \&%Q line. -.Ss \&%R +.It Ic \&%R Ar name Technical report name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%T +.It Ic \&%T Ar title Article title of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when referring to article titles. -.Ss \&%U +.It Ic \&%U Ar protocol Ns :// Ns Ar path URI of reference document. -.Ss \&%V +.It Ic \&%V Ar number Volume number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&Ac +.It Ic \&Ac Close an -.Sx \&Ao +.Ic \&Ao block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Ad +.Tg Ad +.It Ic \&Ad Ar address Memory address. Do not use this for postal addresses. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ad [0,$] .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000 -.Ss \&An +.Tg An +.It Ic \&An Fl split | nosplit | Ar first_name ... last_name Author name. +Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver +documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself. Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments: .Pp .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact .It Fl split Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of -.Sx \&An . +.Ic \&An . .It Fl nosplit The opposite of .Fl split . @@ -970,60 +673,100 @@ for all other author listings. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.An -nosplit -.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv -.Ss \&Ao +.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv +.It Ic \&Ao Ar block Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets. Does not have any head arguments. -.Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&Aq . -.Ss \&Ap +This macro is almost never useful. +See +.Ic \&Aq +for more details. +.Tg Ap +.It Ic \&Ap Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb form of a function. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d -.Ss \&Aq -Encloses its arguments in angle brackets. +.Tg Aq +.It Ic \&Aq Ar line +Enclose the rest of the input line in angle brackets. +The only important use case is for email addresses. +See +.Ic \&Mt +for an example. .Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val +Occasionally, it is used for names of characters and keys, for example: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +Press the +\&.Aq escape +key to ... +.Ed .Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use -.Sx \&Lk +For URIs, use +.Ic \&Lk +instead, and +.Ic \&In +for +.Dq #include +directives. +Never wrap +.Ic \&Ar +in +.Ic \&Aq . +.Pp +Since +.Ic \&Aq +usually renders with non-ASCII characters in non-ASCII output modes, +do not use it where the ASCII characters +.Sq < +and +.Sq > +are required as syntax elements. +Instead, use these characters directly in such cases, combining them +with the macros +.Ic \&Pf , +.Ic \&Ns , or -.Sx \&Mt , -or to note pre-processor -.Dq Li #include -statements, which should use -.Sx \&In . +.Ic \&Eo +as needed. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ao . -.Ss \&Ar +.Ic \&Ao . +.Tg Ar +.It Ic \&Ar Op Ar placeholder ... Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string .Dq file ...\& is used as a default. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1 -.Dl \&.Ar -.Dl \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . -.Ss \&At -Formats an AT&T version. +.Dl ".Fl o Ar file" +.Dl ".Ar" +.Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ." +.Pp +The arguments to the +.Ic \&Ar +macro are names and placeholders for command arguments; +for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use +.Ic \&Fl +or +.Ic \&Cm . +.Tg At +.It Ic \&At Op Ar version +Formats an +.At +version. Accepts one optional argument: .Pp .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v A version of .At . -.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? +.It Cm III +.At III . +.It Cm V | V.[1-4] A version of .At V . .El @@ -1032,32 +775,25 @@ Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.At +.Dl \&.At III .Dl \&.At V.1 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Bc +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bc Close a -.Sx \&Bo +.Ic \&Bo block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Bd +.Tg Bd +.It Ic \&Bd Fl Ns Ar type Oo Fl offset Ar width Oc Op Fl compact Begin a display block. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bd -.Fl Ns Ar type -.Op Fl offset Ar width -.Op Fl compact -.Ed -.Pp Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and justification than the one used by the surrounding text. They may contain both macro lines and text lines. @@ -1068,20 +804,27 @@ The must be one of the following: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent .It Fl centered -Centre-justify each line. +Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line. Using this display type is not recommended; many .Nm implementations render it poorly. .It Fl filled -Left- and right-justify the block. +Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and +right-justify the resulting block. .It Fl literal -Do not justify the block at all. +Produce one output line from each input line, +and do not justify the block at all. Preserve white space as it appears in the input. +Always use a constant-width font. +Use this for displaying source code. .It Fl ragged -Only left-justify the block. +Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify +the resulting block. .It Fl unfilled -An alias for -.Fl literal . +The same as +.Fl literal , +but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font +if supported by the output device. .El .Pp The @@ -1097,7 +840,7 @@ which may be one of the following: .It One of the pre-defined strings .Cm indent , -the width of standard indentation; +the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters); .Cm indent-two , twice .Cm indent ; @@ -1106,7 +849,7 @@ which has no effect; .Cm right , which justifies to the right margin; or .Cm center , -which aligns around an imagined centre axis. +which aligns around an imagined center axis. .It A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width associated with that macro. @@ -1115,8 +858,8 @@ The most popular is the imaginary macro which resolves to .Sy 6n . .It -A width using the syntax described in -.Sx Scaling Widths . +A scaling width as described in +.Xr roff 7 . .It An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string. .El @@ -1136,20 +879,12 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&D1 +.Ic \&D1 and -.Sx \&Dl . -.Ss \&Bf +.Ic \&Dl . +.Tg Bf +.It Ic \&Bf Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bf -.Oo -.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | -.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy -.Oc -.Ed -.Pp The .Fl emphasis and @@ -1165,30 +900,28 @@ and Without an argument, this macro does nothing. The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested scope or -.Sx \&Ef +.Ic \&Ef is encountered. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Li , -.Sx \&Ef , -.Sx \&Em , +.Ic \&Li , +.Ic \&Ef , +.Ic \&Em , and -.Sx \&Sy . -.Ss \&Bk +.Ic \&Sy . +.Tg Bk +.It Ic \&Bk Fl words For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line, until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached, whichever comes first. Line breaks in text lines are unaffected. -The syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words -.Pp The .Fl words argument is required; additional arguments are ignored. .Pp The following example will not break within each -.Sx \&Op +.Ic \&Op macro line: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Bk \-words @@ -1199,20 +932,19 @@ macro line: .Pp Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! Doing so will clobber the right margin. -.Ss \&Bl -Begin a list. -Lists consist of items specified using the -.Sx \&It -macro, containing a head or a body or both. -The list syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bl +.Tg Bl +.It Xo +.Ic \&Bl .Fl Ns Ar type .Op Fl width Ar val .Op Fl offset Ar val .Op Fl compact -.Op HEAD ... -.Ed +.Op Ar col ... +.Xc +Begin a list. +Lists consist of items specified using the +.Ic \&It +macro, containing a head or a body or both. .Pp The list .Ar type @@ -1221,8 +953,11 @@ The .Fl width and .Fl offset -arguments accept -.Sx Scaling Widths +arguments accept macro names as described for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset , +scaling widths as described in +.Xr roff 7 , or use the length of the given string. The .Fl offset @@ -1250,21 +985,19 @@ argument. A columnated list. The .Fl width -argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width -of one column, using either the -.Sx Scaling Widths -syntax or the string length of the argument. +argument has no effect; instead, the string length of each argument +specifies the width of one column. If the first line of the body of a .Fl column list is not an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro line, -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as described in the -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It documentation. .It Fl dash Like @@ -1274,12 +1007,15 @@ except that dashes are used in place of bullets. Like .Fl inset , except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations. -.\" but with additional formatting to the head. +Most often used in the +.Em DIAGNOSTICS +section with error constants in the item heads. .It Fl enum A numbered list. +No item heads can be specified. Formatted like .Fl bullet , -except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets, +except that ordinal numbers are used in place of bullets, starting at 1. .It Fl hang Like @@ -1316,11 +1052,18 @@ this head on the same output line. Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head. .El .Pp +Lists may be nested within lists and displays. +Nesting of +.Fl column +and +.Fl enum +lists may not be portable. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&El +.Ic \&El and -.Sx \&It . -.Ss \&Bo +.Ic \&It . +.It Ic \&Bo Ar block Begin a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1331,8 +1074,9 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bq . -.Ss \&Bq +.Ic \&Bq . +.Tg Bq +.It Ic \&Bq Ar line Encloses its arguments in square brackets. .Pp Examples: @@ -1341,19 +1085,19 @@ Examples: .Em Remarks : this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are -.Sx \&Op , -.Sx \&Oo , +.Ic \&Op , +.Ic \&Oo , and -.Sx \&Oc . +.Ic \&Oc . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bo . -.Ss \&Brc +.Ic \&Bo . +.It Ic \&Brc Close a -.Sx \&Bro +.Ic \&Bro block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Bro +.It Ic \&Bro Ar block Begin a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1364,17 +1108,21 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Brq . -.Ss \&Brq +.Ic \&Brq . +.Tg Brq +.It Ic \&Brq Ar line Encloses its arguments in curly braces. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bro . -.Ss \&Bsx -Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if +.Ic \&Bro . +.Tg Bsx +.It Ic \&Bsx Op Ar version +Format the +.Bsx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: @@ -1382,38 +1130,43 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Bsx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Bt +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bt +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. Prints -.Dq is currently in beta test . -.Ss \&Bx -Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no +.Dq is currently in beta test. +.Tg Bx +.It Ic \&Bx Op Ar version Op Ar variant +Format the +.Bx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: +.Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe .Dl \&.Bx 4.4 .Dl \&.Bx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Cd +.Ic \&Ox . +.Tg Cd +.It Ic \&Cd Ar line Kernel configuration declaration. This denotes strings accepted by .Xr config 8 . +It is most often used in section 4 manual pages. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode? @@ -1421,20 +1174,27 @@ Examples: .Em Remarks : this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain whitespace and align consecutive -.Sx \&Cd +.Ic \&Cd declarations. This practise is discouraged. -.Ss \&Cm +.Tg Cm +.It Ic \&Cm Ar keyword ... Command modifiers. -Useful when specifying configuration options or keys. +Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments to interactive +commands, to commands in interpreted scripts, or to configuration +file directives, unless +.Ic \&Fl +is more appropriate. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Cm ControlPath -.Dl \&.Cm ControlMaster -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&Fl . -.Ss \&D1 +.Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind" +.Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command" +.Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2" +.Dl ".Ic set Fl o Cm vi" +.Dl ".Ic lookup Cm file bind" +.Dl ".Ic permit Ar identity Op Cm as Ar target" +.Tg D1 +.It Ic \&D1 Ar line One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented statements. @@ -1444,36 +1204,34 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Bd and -.Sx \&Dl . -.Ss \&Db -Switch debugging mode. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off -.Pp -This macro is ignored by -.Xr mandoc 1 . -.Ss \&Dc +.Ic \&Dl . +.It Ic \&Db +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement is needed. +It is ignored by +.Xr mandoc 1 +and groff including its arguments. +It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode. +.It Ic \&Dc Close a -.Sx \&Do +.Ic \&Do block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Dd -Document date. +.Tg Dd +.It Ic \&Dd Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +Document date for display in the page footer, +by convention the date of the last change. This is the mandatory first macro of any .Nm manual. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year -.Pp The .Ar month is the full English month name, the .Ar day -is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the +is an integer number, and the .Ar year is the full four-digit year. .Pp @@ -1490,8 +1248,11 @@ the special string .Dq $\&Mdocdate$ can be given as an argument. .It -A few alternative date formats are accepted as well -and converted to the standard form. +The traditional, purely numeric +.Xr man 7 +format +.Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day +is accepted, too. .It If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim. .It @@ -1500,15 +1261,16 @@ If no date string is given, the current date is used. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ -.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ -.Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007 +.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 2 2018$ +.Dl \&.Dd July 2, 2018 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dt +.Ic \&Dt and -.Sx \&Os . -.Ss \&Dl -One-line intended display. +.Ic \&Os . +.Tg Dl +.It Ic \&Dl Ar line +One-line indented display. This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. @@ -1517,10 +1279,11 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal , and -.Sx \&D1 . -.Ss \&Do +.Ic \&D1 . +.It Ic \&Do Ar block Begin a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1533,8 +1296,9 @@ April is the cruellest month .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq . -.Ss \&Dq +.Ic \&Dq . +.Tg Dq +.It Ic \&Dq Ar line Encloses its arguments in .Dq typographic double-quotes. @@ -1546,161 +1310,95 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Qq , -.Sx \&Sq , +.Ic \&Qq , +.Ic \&Sq , and -.Sx \&Do . -.Ss \&Dt -Document title. +.Ic \&Do . +.Tg Dt +.It Ic \&Dt Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +Document title for display in the page header. This is the mandatory second macro of any .Nm file. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Dt -.Oo -.Ar title -.Oo -.Ar section -.Op Ar volume | arch -.Oc -.Oc -.Ed .Pp Its arguments are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds -.It Ar title +.Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n +.It Ar TITLE The document's title (name), defaulting to -.Dq UNKNOWN +.Dq UNTITLED if unspecified. -It should be capitalised. +To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines, +it should by convention be all caps. .It Ar section The manual section. This may be one of -.Ar 1 -.Pq utilities , -.Ar 2 -.Pq system calls , -.Ar 3 -.Pq libraries , -.Ar 3p -.Pq Perl libraries , -.Ar 4 -.Pq devices , -.Ar 5 -.Pq file formats , -.Ar 6 -.Pq games , -.Ar 7 -.Pq miscellaneous , -.Ar 8 -.Pq system utilities , -.Ar 9 -.Pq kernel functions , -.Ar X11 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar X11R6 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar unass -.Pq unassociated , -.Ar local -.Pq local system , -.Ar draft -.Pq draft manual , +.Cm 1 +.Pq General Commands , +.Cm 2 +.Pq System Calls , +.Cm 3 +.Pq Library Functions , +.Cm 3p +.Pq Perl Library , +.Cm 4 +.Pq Device Drivers , +.Cm 5 +.Pq File Formats , +.Cm 6 +.Pq Games , +.Cm 7 +.Pq Miscellaneous Information , +.Cm 8 +.Pq System Manager's Manual , or -.Ar paper -.Pq paper . +.Cm 9 +.Pq Kernel Developer's Manual . It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to -.Dq 1 -if unspecified. -.It Ar volume -This overrides the volume inferred from -.Ar section . -This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of -.Ar USD -.Pq users' supplementary documents , -.Ar PS1 -.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , -.Ar AMD -.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , -.Ar SMM -.Pq system managers' manuals , -.Ar URM -.Pq users' reference manuals , -.Ar PRM -.Pq programmers' reference manuals , -.Ar KM -.Pq kernel manuals , -.Ar IND -.Pq master index , -.Ar MMI -.Pq master index , -.Ar LOCAL -.Pq local manuals , -.Ar LOC -.Pq local manuals , -or -.Ar CON -.Pq contributed manuals . +the empty string if unspecified. .It Ar arch -This specifies a specific relevant architecture. -If -.Ar volume -is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used -subsequent that. -It, too, is optional. -It must be one of -.Ar alpha , -.Ar amd64 , -.Ar amiga , -.Ar arc , -.Ar arm , -.Ar armish , -.Ar aviion , -.Ar hp300 , -.Ar hppa , -.Ar hppa64 , -.Ar i386 , -.Ar landisk , -.Ar loongson , -.Ar luna88k , -.Ar mac68k , -.Ar macppc , -.Ar mips64 , -.Ar mvme68k , -.Ar mvme88k , -.Ar mvmeppc , -.Ar pmax , -.Ar sgi , -.Ar socppc , -.Ar sparc , -.Ar sparc64 , -.Ar sun3 , -.Ar vax , +This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to, +where relevant, for example +.Cm alpha , +.Cm amd64 , +.Cm i386 , or -.Ar zaurus . +.Cm sparc64 . +The list of valid architectures varies by operating system. .El .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1 -.Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Dd and -.Sx \&Os . -.Ss \&Dv -Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. +.Ic \&Os . +.Tg Dv +.It Ic \&Dv Ar identifier ... +Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols, +enumeration values, and so on. .Pp Examples: +.Dl \&.Dv NULL .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO .Pp See also -.Sx \&Er . -.Ss \&Dx -Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default +.Ic \&Er +and +.Ic \&Ev +for special-purpose constants, +.Ic \&Va +for variable symbols, and +.Ic \&Fd +for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.Tg Dx +.It Ic \&Dx Op Ar version +Format the +.Dx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: @@ -1708,231 +1406,292 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Dx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Ec +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Ec Op Ar closing_delimiter Close a scope started by -.Sx \&Eo . -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Eo . .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM -.Pp The -.Ar TERM +.Ar closing_delimiter argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq will emulate -.Sx \&Dc . -.Ss \&Ed +.Ic \&Dc . +.It Ic \&Ed End a display context started by -.Sx \&Bd . -.Ss \&Ef +.Ic \&Bd . +.It Ic \&Ef End a font mode context started by -.Sx \&Bf . -.Ss \&Ek +.Ic \&Bf . +.It Ic \&Ek End a keep context started by -.Sx \&Bk . -.Ss \&El +.Ic \&Bk . +.It Ic \&El End a list context started by -.Sx \&Bl . -.Pp +.Ic \&Bl . See also -.Sx \&Bl +.Ic \&It . +.Tg Em +.It Ic \&Em Ar word ... +Request an italic font. +If the output device does not provide that, underline. +.Pp +This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with +importance, see +.Ic \&Sy ) . +In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit, +it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except +that for syntax elements, +.Ic \&Sy and -.Sx \&It . -.Ss \&Em -Denotes text that should be emphasised. -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Ic \&Ar +are preferred, respectively. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Em Warnings! -.Dl \&.Em Remarks : +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +Selected lines are those +\&.Em not +matching any of the specified patterns. +Some of the functions use a +\&.Em hold space +to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval. +.Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Sy , +.Ic \&No , +.Ic \&Ql , and -.Sx \&Li . -.Ss \&En -This macro is obsolete and not implemented in -.Xr mandoc 1 . -.Ss \&Eo -An arbitrary enclosure. -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Sy . +.It Ic \&En Ar word ... +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM -.Pp +It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last +.Ic \&Es +macro. +.Tg Eo +.It Ic \&Eo Op Ar opening_delimiter +An arbitrary enclosure. The -.Ar TERM +.Ar opening_delimiter argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq will emulate -.Sx \&Do . -.Ss \&Er -Display error constants. +.Ic \&Do . +.Tg Er +.It Ic \&Er Ar identifier ... +Error constants for definitions of the +.Va errno +libc global variable. +This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Er EPERM .Dl \&.Er ENOENT .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dv . -.Ss \&Es -This macro is obsolete and not implemented. -.Ss \&Ev +.Ic \&Dv +for general constants. +.It Ic \&Es Ar opening_delimiter closing_delimiter +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. +.Pp +It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent +.Ic \&En +macros. +.Tg Ev +.It Ic \&Ev Ar identifier ... Environmental variables such as those specified in .Xr environ 7 . .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY .Dl \&.Ev PATH -.Ss \&Ex -Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility +See also +.Ic \&Dv +for general constants. +.Tg Ex +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ... +Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success +and >0 on failure. +This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages. .Pp -When +If .Ar utility is not specified, the document's name set by -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm is used. +Multiple +.Ar utility +arguments are treated as separate utilities. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Rv . -.Ss \&Fa -Function argument. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Fa -.Op Cm argtype -.Cm argname -.Ed +.Ic \&Rv . +.Tg Fa +.It Ic \&Fa Ar argument ... +Function argument or parameter. +Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section), a name alone (for function invocations), +or a type alone (for function prototypes). +If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple +words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be +given in a single argument to the +.Ic \&Fa +macro. .Pp -This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type. -It is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +.Pp Most often, the -.Sx \&Fa +.Ic \&Fa macro is used in the .Em SYNOPSIS within -.Sx \&Fo -section when documenting multi-line function prototypes. +.Ic \&Fo +blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes. If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a comma. Furthermore, if the following macro is another -.Sx \&Fa , +.Ic \&Fa , the last argument will also have a trailing comma. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq -.Dl \&.Fa foo +.Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t .Pp See also -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fc +.Ic \&Fo . +.It Ic \&Fc End a function context started by -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fd -Historically used to document include files. -This usage has been deprecated in favour of -.Sx \&In . -Do not use this macro. +.Ic \&Fo . +.Tg Fd +.It Ic \&Fd Pf # Ar directive Op Ar argument ... +Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the +.Em SYNOPSIS . +Historically, it was also used to document include files. +The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of +.Ic \&In . .Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler +.Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS +.Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG +.Dl \&.Ft void +.Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq +.Dl \&.Fd #endif +.Pp See also -.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&In , and -.Sx \&In . -.Ss \&Fl -Command-line flag. +.Ic \&Dv . +.Tg Fl +.It Ic \&Fl Op Ar word ... +Command-line flag or option. Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. -Prints a fixed-width hyphen -.Sq \- -directly followed by each argument. -If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space. -If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro -output. +For each argument, prints an ASCII hyphen-minus character +.Sq \- , +immediately followed by the argument. +If no arguments are provided, a hyphen-minus is printed followed by a space. +If the argument is a macro, a hyphen-minus is prefixed +to the subsequent macro output. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl a b c -.Dl \&.Fl \&Pf a b -.Dl \&.Fl -.Dl \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file +.Dl ".Nm du Op Fl H | L | P" +.Dl ".Nm ls Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux" +.Dl ".Nm route Cm add Fl inet Ar destination gateway" +.Dl ".Nm locate.updatedb Op Fl \e-fcodes Ns = Ns Ar dbfile" +.Dl ".Nm aucat Fl o Fl" +.Dl ".Nm kill Fl Ar signal_number" .Pp +For GNU-style long options, escaping the additional hyphen-minus is not +strictly required, but may be safer with future versions of GNU troff; see +.Xr mandoc_char 7 +for details. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Cm . -.Ss \&Fn +.Ic \&Cm . +.Tg Fn +.It Ic \&Fn Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... A function name. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn -.Op Ar functype -.Ar funcname -.Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname -.Ed .Pp Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and are delimited by commas. If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, this macro starts a new output line, +and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Fn \*qint funcname\*q \*qint arg0\*q \*qint arg1\*q -.Dl \&.Fn funcname \*qint arg0\*q +.Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq +.Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0 -.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +.Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Ft functype \&.Fn funcname .Ed .Pp When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use -.Sx \&Xr +.Ic \&Xr instead. See also -.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&Fo , and -.Sx \&Ft . -.Ss \&Fo +.Ic \&Ft . +.Tg Fo +.It Ic \&Fo Ar funcname Begin a function block. This is a multi-line version of -.Sx \&Fn . -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Fn . .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname -.Pp Invocations usually occur in the following context: .Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype +.Pf \. Ic \&Ft Ar functype .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname +.Pf \. Ic \&Fo Ar funcname .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname +.Pf \. Ic \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname .br \&.\.\. .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fc +.Pf \. Ic \&Fc .Ed .Pp A -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo scope is closed by +.Ic \&Fc . .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&Fa , -.Sx \&Fc , +.Ic \&Fa , +.Ic \&Fc , and -.Sx \&Ft . -.Ss \&Ft +.Ic \&Ft . +.It Ic \&Fr Ar number +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement markup is needed. +.Pp +It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font. +.Tg Ft +.It Ic \&Ft Ar functype A function type. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, a new output line is started after this macro. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ft int @@ -1943,10 +1702,11 @@ Examples: .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fx +.Ic \&Fo . +.Tg Fx +.It Ic \&Fx Op Ar version Format the .Fx version provided as an argument, or a default value @@ -1957,50 +1717,59 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Fx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Hf -This macro is obsolete and not implemented. -.Ss \&Ic -Designate an internal or interactive command. -This is similar to -.Sx \&Cm -but used for instructions rather than values. +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Hf Ar filename +This macro is not implemented in +.Xr mandoc 1 . +It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally. +.Tg Ic +.It Ic \&Ic Ar keyword ... +Internal or interactive command, or configuration instruction +in a configuration file. +See also +.Ic \&Cm . .Pp Examples: +.Dl \&.Ic :wq .Dl \&.Ic hash .Dl \&.Ic alias .Pp Note that using -.Sx \&Bd Fl literal +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Dl , or -.Sx \&D1 -is preferred for displaying code; the -.Sx \&Ic -macro is used when referring to specific instructions. -.Ss \&In -An -.Dq include -file. -In the +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal +is preferred for displaying code samples; the +.Ic \&Ic +macro is used when referring to an individual command name. +.Tg In +.It Ic \&In Ar filename +The name of an include file. +This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages. +.Pp +When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the .Em SYNOPSIS -section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is -preceded by -.Dq #include , -the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets. +section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets +and preceded by +.Qq #include , +and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding +function declaration. +In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets +and causes no line break. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.In sys/types +.Dl \&.In sys/types.h .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . -.Ss \&It +.Tg It +.It Ic \&It Op Ar head A list item. The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. .Pp @@ -2013,7 +1782,7 @@ and .Fl diag have the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar args .Pp Lists of type .Fl bullet , @@ -2024,20 +1793,20 @@ and .Fl item have the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It .Pp with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It until either a closing -.Sx \&El +.Ic \&El or another -.Sx \&It . +.Ic \&It . .Pp The .Fl tag list has the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Op Cm args .Pp Subsequent lines are interpreted as with .Fl bullet @@ -2050,50 +1819,56 @@ The list is the most complicated. Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ic \&Ta Ar cell ... +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ar cell ... .Pp -The -.Cm args -are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column, -delimited by tabs or the special -.Sq \&Ta -pseudo-macro. -Lines subsequent the -.Sx \&It -are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase. -Calling the pseudo-macro -.Sq \&Ta -will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be -interpreted as a macro). -Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the -.Sx \&It -line itself. -Subsequent this, only the -.Sq \&Ta -pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases. -Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited -phrases on an -.Sx \&It , -for example, +The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros +representing a complete table line. +Cells within the line are delimited by the special +.Ic \&Ta +block macro or by literal tab characters. .Pp -.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; col2 ;\(dq \&; +Using literal tabs is strongly discouraged because they are very +hard to use correctly and +.Nm +code using them is very hard to read. +In particular, a blank character is syntactically significant +before and after the literal tab character. +If a word precedes or follows the tab without an intervening blank, +that word is never interpreted as a macro call, but always output +literally. .Pp -will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last. +The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the +.Ic \&It +line itself; on following lines, only the +.Ic \&Ta +macro can be used to delimit cells, and portability requires that +.Ic \&Ta +is called by other macros: some parsers do not recognize it when +it appears as the first macro on a line. .Pp +Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an +.Ic \&It +line. +For example, +.Pp +.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ,\& col2 ,\(dq \&; +.Pp +will preserve the whitespace before both commas, +but not the whitespace before the semicolon. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Bl . -.Ss \&Lb +.Ic \&Bl . +.Tg Lb +.It Ic \&Lb Cm lib Ns Ar name Specify a library. -The syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library -.Pp The -.Ar library +.Ar name parameter may be a system library, such as -.Ar libz +.Cm z or -.Ar libpam , +.Cm pam , in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is printed in quotes. @@ -2104,67 +1879,62 @@ section as described in .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Lb libz -.Dl \&.Lb mdoc -.Ss \&Li -Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode. -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Sy , -and -.Sx \&Em . -.Ss \&Lk +.Dl \&.Lb libmandoc +.Tg Li +.It Ic \&Li Ar word ... +Request a typewriter (literal) font. +Deprecated because on terminal output devices, this is usually +indistinguishable from normal text. +For literal displays, use +.Ic \&Ql Pq in-line , +.Ic \&Dl Pq single line , +or +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal Pq multi-line +instead. +.Tg Lk +.It Ic \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar display_name Format a hyperlink. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name -.Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \*qThe BSD.lv Project\*q -.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv .Pp See also -.Sx \&Mt . -.Ss \&Lp -Synonym for -.Sx \&Pp . -.Ss \&Ms +.Ic \&Mt . +.It Ic \&Lp +Deprecated synonym for +.Ic \&Pp . +.Tg Ms +.It Ic \&Ms Ar name Display a mathematical symbol. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ms sigma .Dl \&.Ms aleph -.Ss \&Mt +.Tg Mt +.It Ic \&Mt Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain Format a .Dq mailto: hyperlink. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv -.Ss \&Nd +.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv +.Tg Nd +.It Ic \&Nd Ar line A one line description of the manual's content. -This may only be invoked in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -section subsequent the -.Sx \&Nm -macro. +This is the mandatory last macro of the +.Em NAME +section and not appropriate for other sections. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference -.Dl \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd mdoc language reference +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals .Pp The -.Sx \&Nd +.Ic \&Nd macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh invocation. Do not assume this behaviour: some .Xr whatis 1 @@ -2172,13 +1942,14 @@ database generators are not smart enough to parse more arguments and will display macros verbatim. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Nm . -.Ss \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm . +.Tg Nm +.It Ic \&Nm Op Ar name The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in the manual page. When first invoked, the -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. Usually, the first invocation happens in the .Em NAME @@ -2186,7 +1957,7 @@ section of the page. The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is called again without arguments later in the page. The -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro uses .Sx Block full-implicit semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the @@ -2206,32 +1977,57 @@ Examples: In the .Em SYNOPSIS of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the -.Sx \&Fn +.Ic \&Fn macro rather than -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm to mark up the name of the manual page. -.Ss \&No -A -.Dq noop -macro used to terminate prior macro contexts. +.Tg No +.It Ic \&No Ar word ... +Normal text. +Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro. +When used after physical formatting macros like +.Ic \&Em +or +.Ic \&Sy , +switches back to the standard font face and weight. +Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines +using semantic annotation macros. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef -.Ss \&Ns -Suppress a space. -Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a -macro is encountered. +.Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman" +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Sm off +\&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No / +\&.Sm on +.Ed .Pp +See also +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&Ql , +and +.Ic \&Sy . +.Tg Ns +.It Ic \&Ns +Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro +and the following text or macro. +Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text +just like after an +.Ic \&No +macro. +.Pp This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output +.Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value" +.Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern" +.Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output" .Pp See also -.Sx \&No +.Ic \&No and -.Sx \&Sm . -.Ss \&Nx +.Ic \&Sm . +.Tg Nx +.It Ic \&Nx Op Ar version Format the .Nx version provided as an argument, or a default value if @@ -2242,21 +2038,20 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Nx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Oc +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Oc Close multi-line -.Sx \&Oo +.Ic \&Oo context. -.Ss \&Oo +.It Ic \&Oo Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Op . +.Ic \&Op . .Pp Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact @@ -2264,48 +2059,62 @@ Examples: \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value \&.Oc .Ed -.Ss \&Op -Command-line option. -Used when listing options to command-line utilities. +.Tg Op +.It Ic \&Op Ar line +Optional part of a command line. Prints the argument(s) in brackets. +This is most often used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section of section 1 and 8 manual pages. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b .Pp See also -.Sx \&Oo . -.Ss \&Os -Document operating system version. -This is the mandatory third macro of -any +.Ic \&Oo . +.Tg Os +.It Ic \&Os Op Ar footer text +The mandatory third macro of every .Nm file. -Its syntax is as follows: +Usually, do not specify any arguments, +in particular not the operating system name and/or version. .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version +If no argument is given, +.Xr mandoc 1 +prints its +.Fl Ios +argument in the page footer, or +.Fa sysname +and +.Fa release +as returned by +.Xr uname 3 +by default. .Pp -The optional -.Ar system -parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. -Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. -This is the suggested form. +Manual pages that are part of a portable software project can override +the default by giving the project name and version number as arguments, +but leaving it blank is never a bad choice. .Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Os -.Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS -.Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3 -.Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Dd and -.Sx \&Dt . -.Ss \&Ot -Unknown usage. +.Ic \&Dt . +.It Ic \&Ot Ar functype +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Ft +instead; with +.Xr mandoc 1 , +both have the same effect. .Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro has been deprecated. -.Ss \&Ox +Historical +.Nm +packages described it as +.Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" . +.Tg Ox +.It Ic \&Ox Op Ar version Format the .Ox version provided as an argument, or a default value @@ -2316,18 +2125,18 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Ox .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Pa -A file-system path. -If an argument is not provided, the string -.Dq \(ti +.Ic \&Nx . +.Tg Pa +.It Ic \&Pa Ar name ... +An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name. +If an argument is not provided, the character +.Sq \(ti is used as a default. .Pp Examples: @@ -2335,86 +2144,114 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Lk . -.Ss \&Pc +.Ic \&Lk . +.It Ic \&Pc Close parenthesised context opened by -.Sx \&Po . -.Ss \&Pf -Removes the space -.Pq Dq prefix -between its arguments. -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Po . +.Tg Pf +.It Ic \&Pf Ar prefix macro Op Ar argument ... +Removes the space between its argument and the following macro. +It is equivalent to: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. \&Pf Ar prefix suffix +.D1 Ic \&No Pf \e& Ar prefix Ic \&Ns Ar macro Op Ar argument ... .Pp The -.Ar suffix -argument may be a macro. +.Ar prefix +argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters, +but used verbatim as if it were escaped. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Ar prefix suffix -.Ss \&Po +.Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name" +.Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name" +.Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits" +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Ns +and +.Ic \&Sm . +.It Ic \&Po Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Pq . -.Ss \&Pp +.Ic \&Pq . +.Tg Pp +.It Ic \&Pp Break a paragraph. This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros and/or text. -.Ss \&Pq +.Pp +Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after +.Ic \&Sh +or +.Ic \&Ss +macros or before displays +.Pq Ic \&Bd Ar line +or lists +.Pq Ic \&Bl +unless the +.Fl compact +flag is given. +.Tg Pq +.It Ic \&Pq Ar line Parenthesised enclosure. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Po . -.Ss \&Qc +.Ic \&Po . +.It Ic \&Qc Close quoted context opened by -.Sx \&Qo . -.Ss \&Ql -Format a single-quoted literal. +.Ic \&Qo . +.Tg Ql +.It Ic \&Ql Ar line +In-line literal display. +This can be used for complete command invocations and for multi-word +code examples when an indented display is not desired. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Qq +.Ic \&Dl and -.Sx \&Sq . -.Ss \&Qo +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal . +.It Ic \&Qo Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Qq . -.Ss \&Qq +.Ic \&Qq . +.Tg Qq +.It Ic \&Qq Ar line Encloses its arguments in -.Dq typewriter +.Qq typewriter double-quotes. Consider using -.Sx \&Dq . +.Ic \&Dq . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq , -.Sx \&Sq , +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Sq , and -.Sx \&Qo . -.Ss \&Re +.Ic \&Qo . +.It Ic \&Re Close an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Rs +.Tg Rs +.It Ic \&Rs Begin a bibliographic .Pq Dq reference block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only contain -.Sx \&%A , -.Sx \&%B , -.Sx \&%C , -.Sx \&%D , -.Sx \&%I , -.Sx \&%J , -.Sx \&%N , -.Sx \&%O , -.Sx \&%P , -.Sx \&%Q , -.Sx \&%R , -.Sx \&%T , -.Sx \&%U , +.Ic \&%A , +.Ic \&%B , +.Ic \&%C , +.Ic \&%D , +.Ic \&%I , +.Ic \&%J , +.Ic \&%N , +.Ic \&%O , +.Ic \&%P , +.Ic \&%Q , +.Ic \&%R , +.Ic \&%T , +.Ic \&%U , and -.Sx \&%V +.Ic \&%V child macros (at least one must be specified). .Pp Examples: @@ -2424,34 +2261,39 @@ Examples: \&.%A J. D. Ullman \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation \&.%I Addison-Wesley -\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes +\&.%C Reading, Massachusetts \&.%D 1979 \&.Re .Ed .Pp If an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current line. -.Ss \&Rv -Inserts text regarding a function call's return value. -This macro must consist of the -.Fl std -argument followed by an optional -.Ar function . +.Tg Rv +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ... +Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0 +on success and \-1 on error, with the +.Va errno +libc global variable set on error. +.Pp If .Ar function -is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first -.Sx \&Nm -is provided. +is not specified, the document's name set by +.Ic \&Nm +is used. +Multiple +.Ar function +arguments are treated as separate functions. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ex . -.Ss \&Sc +.Ic \&Ex . +.It Ic \&Sc Close single-quoted context opened by -.Sx \&So . -.Ss \&Sh +.Ic \&So . +.Tg Sh +.It Ic \&Sh Ar TITLE LINE Begin a new section. For a list of conventional manual sections, see .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . @@ -2459,419 +2301,882 @@ These sections should be used unless it's absolutely n custom sections be used. .Pp Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . +Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it +may not be linked with +.Ic \&Sx . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Pp , -.Sx \&Ss , +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Ss , and -.Sx \&Sx . -.Ss \&Sm +.Ic \&Sx . +.Tg Sm +.It Ic \&Sm Op Cm on | off Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off -.Pp By default, spacing is -.Ar on . +.Cm on . When switched -.Ar off , +.Cm off , no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines still get normal spacing between words and sentences. -.Ss \&So +.Pp +When called without an argument, the +.Ic \&Sm +macro toggles the spacing mode. +Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read. +.It Ic \&So Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Sq . -.Ss \&Sq +.Ic \&Sq . +.Tg Sq +.It Ic \&Sq Ar line Encloses its arguments in -.Dq typewriter +.Sq typewriter single-quotes. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq , -.Sx \&Qq , +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Qq , and -.Sx \&So . -.Ss \&Ss -Begin a new sub-section. +.Ic \&So . +.Tg Ss +.It Ic \&Ss Ar Title line +Begin a new subsection. Unlike with -.Sx \&Sh , -there's no convention for sub-sections. -Conventional sections, as described in -.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -rarely have sub-sections. +.Ic \&Sh , +there is no convention for the naming of subsections. +Except +.Em DESCRIPTION , +the conventional sections described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +rarely have subsections. .Pp Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . +Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it +may not be linked with +.Ic \&Sx . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Pp , -.Sx \&Sh , +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Sh , and -.Sx \&Sx . -.Ss \&St +.Ic \&Sx . +.Tg St +.It Ic \&St Fl Ns Ar abbreviation Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form. -The following standards are recognised: +The following standards are recognised. +Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between, +they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form +is recommended. +.Bl -tag -width 1n +.It C language standards .Pp -.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact -.It \-p1003.1-88 -.St -p1003.1-88 -.It \-p1003.1-90 -.St -p1003.1-90 -.It \-p1003.1-96 -.St -p1003.1-96 -.It \-p1003.1-2001 -.St -p1003.1-2001 -.It \-p1003.1-2004 -.St -p1003.1-2004 -.It \-p1003.1-2008 -.St -p1003.1-2008 -.It \-p1003.1 -.St -p1003.1 -.It \-p1003.1b -.St -p1003.1b -.It \-p1003.1b-93 -.St -p1003.1b-93 -.It \-p1003.1c-95 -.St -p1003.1c-95 -.It \-p1003.1g-2000 -.St -p1003.1g-2000 -.It \-p1003.1i-95 -.St -p1003.1i-95 -.It \-p1003.2-92 -.St -p1003.2-92 -.It \-p1003.2a-92 -.St -p1003.2a-92 -.It \-p1387.2-95 -.St -p1387.2-95 -.It \-p1003.2 -.St -p1003.2 -.It \-p1387.2 -.St -p1387.2 +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ansiC +.St -ansiC +.It \-ansiC-89 +.St -ansiC-89 .It \-isoC .St -isoC .It \-isoC-90 .St -isoC-90 +.br +The original C standard. +.Pp .It \-isoC-amd1 .St -isoC-amd1 +.Pp .It \-isoC-tcor1 .St -isoC-tcor1 +.Pp .It \-isoC-tcor2 .St -isoC-tcor2 +.Pp .It \-isoC-99 .St -isoC-99 +.br +The second major version of the C language standard. +.Pp +.It \-isoC-2011 +.St -isoC-2011 +.br +The third major version of the C language standard. +.El +.It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-88 +.St -p1003.1-88 +.It \-p1003.1 +.St -p1003.1 +.br +The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-90 +.St -p1003.1-90 .It \-iso9945-1-90 .St -iso9945-1-90 +.br +The first update of POSIX.1. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1b-93 +.St -p1003.1b-93 +.It \-p1003.1b +.St -p1003.1b +.br +Real-time extensions. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1c-95 +.St -p1003.1c-95 +.br +POSIX thread interfaces. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1i-95 +.St -p1003.1i-95 +.br +Technical Corrigendum. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-96 +.St -p1003.1-96 .It \-iso9945-1-96 .St -iso9945-1-96 -.It \-iso9945-2-93 -.St -iso9945-2-93 -.It \-ansiC -.St -ansiC -.It \-ansiC-89 -.St -ansiC-89 -.It \-ansiC-99 -.St -ansiC-99 -.It \-ieee754 -.St -ieee754 -.It \-iso8802-3 -.St -iso8802-3 -.It \-ieee1275-94 -.St -ieee1275-94 +.br +Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i. +.El +.It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact .It \-xpg3 .St -xpg3 +.br +An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2 +.St -p1003.2 +.It \-p1003.2-92 +.St -p1003.2-92 +.It \-iso9945-2-93 +.St -iso9945-2-93 +.br +An XCU4 precursor. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2a-92 +.St -p1003.2a-92 +.br +Updates to POSIX.2. +.Pp .It \-xpg4 .St -xpg4 +.br +Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv1 +.St -susv1 .It \-xpg4.2 .St -xpg4.2 -.St -xpg4.3 +.br +This standard was published in 1994. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification. +The following two refer to parts of it. +.Pp +.It \-xcurses4.2 +.St -xcurses4.2 +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1g-2000 +.St -p1003.1g-2000 +.br +Networking APIs, including sockets. +.Pp +.It \-svid4 +.St -svid4 , +.br +Published in 1995. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv2 +.St -susv2 +This Standard was published in 1997 +and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification. +The following refer to parts of it. +.Pp .It \-xbd5 .St -xbd5 -.It \-xcu5 -.St -xcu5 +.Pp .It \-xsh5 .St -xsh5 +.Pp +.It \-xcu5 +.St -xcu5 +.Pp .It \-xns5 .St -xns5 .It \-xns5.2 .St -xns5.2 -.It \-xns5.2d2.0 -.St -xns5.2d2.0 -.It \-xcurses4.2 -.St -xcurses4.2 -.It \-susv2 -.St -susv2 +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 3 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2001 +.St -p1003.1-2001 .It \-susv3 .St -susv3 -.It \-svid4 -.St -svid4 +.br +This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j. +It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6. +It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-2004 +.St -p1003.1-2004 +.br +The second and last Technical Corrigendum. .El -.Ss \&Sx -Reference a section or sub-section. -The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the +.It POSIX issues 7 and 8 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2008 +.St -p1003.1-2008 +.It \-susv4 +.St -susv4 +.br +This standard is based on C99. +It is also called the +Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 7. +.El +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2024 +.St -p1003.1-2024 +.br +This standard is based on C17. +It is also called the +Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 8. +.El +.It Other standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ieee754 +.St -ieee754 +.br +Floating-point arithmetic. +.Pp +.It \-iso8601 +.St -iso8601 +.br +Representation of dates and times, published in 1988. +.Pp +.It \-iso8802-3 +.St -iso8802-3 +.br +Ethernet local area networks. +.Pp +.It \-ieee1275-94 +.St -ieee1275-94 +.El +.El +.Tg Sx +.It Ic \&Sx Ar Title line +Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page. +The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the enclosed argument, including whitespace. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .Pp See also -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh and -.Sx \&Ss . -.Ss \&Sy -Format enclosed arguments in symbolic -.Pq Dq boldface . -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Ic \&Ss . +.Tg Sy +.It Ic \&Sy Ar word ... +Request a boldface font. .Pp -See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Li , -and -.Sx \&Em . -.Ss \&Tn -Format a tradename. +This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be +confused with stress emphasis, see +.Ic \&Em ) . +When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax +elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Tn IBM -.Ss \&Ud -Prints out -.Dq currently under development . -.Ss \&Ux -Format the UNIX name. -Accepts no argument. +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +\&.Sy Warning : +If +\&.Sy s +appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set. +This utility replaces the former +\&.Sy dumpdir +program. +.Ed .Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Ux -.Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&No , and -.Sx \&Ox . -.Ss \&Va +.Ic \&Ql . +.Tg Ta +.It Ic \&Ta +Table cell separator in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +lists; can only be used below +.Ic \&It . +.Tg Tg +.It Ic \&Tg Op Ar term +Announce that the next input line starts a definition of the +.Ar term . +This macro must appear alone on its own input line. +The argument defaults to the first argument of the first macro +on the next line. +The argument may not contain whitespace characters, not even when it is quoted. +This macro is a +.Xr mandoc 1 +extension and is typically ignored by other formatters. +.Pp +When viewing terminal output with +.Xr less 1 , +the interactive +.Ic :t +command can be used to go to the definition of the +.Ar term +as described for the +.Ev MANPAGER +variable in +.Xr man 1 ; +when producing HTML output, a fragment identifier +.Pq Ic id No attribute +is generated, to be used for deep linking to this place of the document. +.Pp +In most cases, adding a +.Ic \&Tg +macro would be redundant because +.Xr mandoc 1 +is able to automatically tag most definitions. +This macro is intended for cases where automatic tagging of a +.Ar term +is unsatisfactory, for example if a definition is not tagged +automatically (false negative) or if places are tagged that do +not define the +.Ar term +(false positives). +When there is at least one +.Ic \&Tg +macro for a +.Ar term , +no other places are automatically marked as definitions of that +.Ar term . +.It Ic \&Tn Ar word ... +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Even though the macro name +.Pq Dq tradename +suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly +using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font. +.It Ic \&Ud +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Prints out +.Dq currently under development. +.It Ic \&Ux +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Prints out +.Dq Ux . +.Tg Va +.It Ic \&Va Oo Ar type Oc Ar identifier ... A variable name. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Va foo .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ; -.Ss \&Vt +.Pp +For function arguments and parameters, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead. +For declarations of global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, use +.Ic \&Vt . +.Tg Vt +.It Ic \&Vt Ar type Op Ar identifier A variable type. +.Pp This is also used for indicating global variables in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. Note that it accepts .Sx Block partial-implicit -syntax when invoked as the first macro in the +syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, else it accepts ordinary .Sx In-line syntax. +In the former case, this macro starts a new output line, +and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding +function definition or include directive. .Pp -Note that this should not be confused with -.Sx \&Ft , -which is used for function return types. -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; .Pp +For parameters in function prototypes, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead, for function return types +.Ic \&Ft , +and for variable names outside the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section +.Ic \&Va , +even when including a type with the name. See also -.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE -and -.Sx \&Va . -.Ss \&Xc +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.It Ic \&Xc Close a scope opened by -.Sx \&Xo . -.Ss \&Xo +.Ic \&Xo . +.It Ic \&Xo Ar block Extend the header of an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro beyond the end of the input line. This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit of historic .Xr roff 7 . -.Ss \&Xr +.Tg Xr +.It Ic \&Xr Ar name section Link to another manual .Pq Qq cross-reference . -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section -.Pp -The +Cross reference the .Ar name and .Ar section -are the name and section of the linked manual. -If -.Ar section -is followed by non-punctuation, an -.Sx \&Ns -is inserted into the token stream. -This behaviour is for compatibility with -GNU troff. +number of another man page. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour -.Ss \&br -Emits a line-break. -This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with -historical manuals. +.El +.Sh MACRO SYNTAX +The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. +In this section, +.Sq \-arg +refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more +.Sq parm +parameters; +.Sq \&Yo +opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, +.Sq \&Yc +closes it out. .Pp -Consider using -.Sx \&Pp -in the event of natural paragraph breaks. -.Ss \&sp -Emits vertical space. -This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with -historical manuals. -Its syntax is as follows: +The +.Em Callable +column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name +as an argument to another macro. +For example, +.Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file +produces +.Sq Op Fl O Ar file . +To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally, +escape it by prepending a zero-width space, +.Sq \e& . +For example, +.Sq \&Op \e&Fl O +produces +.Sq Op \&Fl O . +If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument +to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text. +For example, +.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh +produces +.Sq Fl \&Sh . .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height +The +.Em Parsed +column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving +their names as arguments. +If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears +as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text. .Pp The -.Ar height -argument must be formatted as described in -.Sx Scaling Widths . -If unspecified, -.Sx \&sp -asserts a single vertical space. +.Em Scope +column, if applicable, describes closure rules. +.Ss Block full-explicit +Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. +All macros contains bodies; only +.Ic \&Bf +and +.Pq optionally +.Ic \&Bl +contain a head. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ed +.It Ic \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ef +.It Ic \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ek +.It Ic \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bd +.It Ic \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bf +.It Ic \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bk +.It Ic \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bl +.El +.Ss Block full-implicit +Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. +All macros have bodies; some +.Po +.Ic \&It Fl bullet , +.Fl hyphen , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl item +.Pc +don't have heads; only one +.Po +.Ic \&It +in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +.Pc +has multiple heads. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&It , Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Nm , Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss +.It Ic \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss +.El +.Pp +Note that the +.Ic \&Nm +macro is a +.Sx Block full-implicit +macro only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss Block partial-explicit +Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. +Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head +.Po +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Eo +.Pc +and/or tail +.Pq Ic \&Ec . +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ +\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Ao +.It Ic \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ac +.It Ic \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Bo +.It Ic \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bc +.It Ic \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bro +.It Ic \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Brc +.It Ic \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Do +.It Ic \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Dc +.It Ic \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Eo +.It Ic \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ec +.It Ic \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Fo +.It Ic \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Fc +.It Ic \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Po +.It Ic \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Pc +.It Ic \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Rs +.It Ic \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Re +.It Ic \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&So +.It Ic \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sc +.It Ic \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Xo +.It Ic \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Xc +.El +.Ss Block partial-implicit +Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the +end of the line. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed +.It Ic \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes +.It Ic \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&En Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes +.El +.Pp +Note that the +.Ic \&Vt +macro is a +.Sx Block partial-implicit +only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss Special block macro +The +.Ic \&Ta +macro can only be used below +.Ic \&It +in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +lists. +It delimits blocks representing table cells; +these blocks have bodies, but no heads. +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ta , Ic \&It +.El +.Ss In-line +Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths, +and/or subsequent macros. +In-line macros have only text children. +If a number (or inequality) of arguments is +.Pq n , +then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments +.It Ic \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Es Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 +.It Ic \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ot Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Tg Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 +.El +.Ss Delimiters +When a macro argument consists of one single input character +considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling. +This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing +more than one character. +Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it +like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending +a zero-width space +.Pq Sq \e& . +In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used +as normal punctuation. +.Pp +For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters, +these delimiters are put before the macro scope, +and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters, +these delimiters are put after the macro scope. +Spacing is suppressed after opening delimiters +and before closing delimiters. +For example, +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ." +.Pp +renders as: +.Pp +.D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) . +.Pp +Opening delimiters are: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&( +left parenthesis +.It \&[ +left bracket +.El +.Pp +Closing delimiters are: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&. +period +.It \&, +comma +.It \&: +colon +.It \&; +semicolon +.It \&) +right parenthesis +.It \&] +right bracket +.It \&? +question mark +.It \&! +exclamation mark +.El +.Pp +Note that even a period preceded by a backslash +.Pq Sq \e.\& +gets this special handling; use +.Sq \e&.\& +to prevent that. +.Pp +Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter +delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that +are not delimiters. +For example, +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e" +.Pp +renders as: +.Pp +.D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e +.Pp +This applies to both opening and closing delimiters, +and also to the middle delimiter, which does not suppress spacing: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&| +vertical bar +.El +.Pp +As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered +in the same way as a plain +.Sq \&| +character. +Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals. +.Pp +Appending a zero-width space +.Pq Sq \e& +to the end of an input line is also useful to prevent the interpretation +of a trailing period, exclamation or question mark as the end of a +sentence, for example when an abbreviation happens to occur +at the end of a text or macro input line. +.Ss Font handling +In +.Nm +documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have +proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup +is available, consider falling back to +.Sx Physical markup +macros. +Whenever any +.Nm +macro switches the +.Xr roff 7 +font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting +its scope. +Manually switching the font using the +.Xr roff 7 +.Ql \ef +font escape sequences is never required. .Sh COMPATIBILITY -This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other -troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff +This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues +between mandoc and GNU troff .Pq Qq groff . -The term -.Qq historic groff -refers to groff versions before 1.17, -which featured a significant update of the -.Pa doc.tmac -file. .Pp -Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting -\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff. -.Pp The following problematic behaviour is found in groff: -.ds hist (Historic groff only.) .Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -Display macros -.Po -.Sx \&Bd , -.Sx \&Dl , -and -.Sx \&D1 -.Pc -may not be nested. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&At -with unknown arguments produces no output at all. -\*[hist] -Newer groff and mandoc print -.Qq AT&T UNIX -and the arguments. -.It -.Sx \&Bd Fl column -does not recognize trailing punctuation characters when they immediately -precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and -outputs a space before them. -.It -.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact -does not start a new line. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Dd -with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely. -When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim. -Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date, -but without any arguments the string -.Dq Epoch -is printed. -.It -.Sx \&Fl -does not print a dash for an empty argument. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Fn -does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -section. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Fo -with -.Pf non- Sx \&Fa -children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments. -In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments. -.It -.Sx \&Ft -in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior -.Sx \&Fn -has been invoked. -See -.Sx \&Ft -and -.Sx \&Fn -for the normalised behaviour in mandoc. -.It -.Sx \&In -ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the -.Em SYNOPSIS . -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&It -sometimes requires a -.Fl nested -flag. -\*[hist] -In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and -.Fl enum -lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. -.It -.Sx \&Li -followed by a reserved character is incorrectly used in some manuals -instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with -historic groff. -.It -.Sx \&Lk -only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted. -.It -.Sx \&Pa +.Ic \&Pa does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under certain list types. .It -.Sx \&Ta +.Ic \&Ta can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line. .It -.Sx \&%C -is not implemented. -.It -Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input -line, depending on the exact situation. -Providing more arguments causes garbled output. -The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc. -.It -Historic groff has many un-callable macros. -Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable -in new groff and mandoc. -.It -.Sq \(ba -(vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter. -\*[hist] -.It .Sq \ef .Pq font face and -.Sq \ef +.Sq \eF .Pq font family face .Sx Text Decoration escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes. @@ -2884,54 +3189,49 @@ The following features are unimplemented in mandoc: .Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -.Sx \&Bd -.Fl file Ar file . +.Ic \&Bd Fl file Ar file +is unsupported for security reasons. .It -.Sx \&Bd -.Fl offset Ar center +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl filled +does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl ragged . +.It +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal +does not use a literal font, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl unfilled . +.It +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset Cm center and -.Fl offset Ar right . +.Fl offset Cm right +don't work. Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either, but produces large indentations. -.It -The -.Sq \eh -.Pq horizontal position , -.Sq \ev -.Pq vertical position , -.Sq \em -.Pq text colour , -.Sq \eM -.Pq text filling colour , -.Sq \ez -.Pq zero-length character , -.Sq \ew -.Pq string length , -.Sq \ek -.Pq horizontal position marker , -.Sq \eo -.Pq text overstrike , -and -.Sq \es -.Pq text size -escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc. -.It -The -.Sq \ef -scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit. -.It -In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a -standalone double-quote in formatted output. -This is not supported by mandoc. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr man 1 , .Xr mandoc 1 , .Xr eqn 7 , .Xr man 7 , -.Xr mandoc_char 7 +.Xr mandoc_char 7 , .Xr roff 7 , .Xr tbl 7 +.Pp +The web page +.Lk https://mandoc.bsd.lv/mdoc/ "extended documentation for the mdoc language" +provides a few tutorial-style pages for beginners, an extensive style +guide for advanced authors, and an alphabetic index helping to choose +the best macros for various kinds of content. +.Pp +The manual page +.Lk https://man.voidlinux.org/groff_mdoc "groff_mdoc(7)" +contained in the +.Dq groff +package documents exactly the same language in a somewhat different style. .Sh HISTORY The .Nm @@ -2947,4 +3247,4 @@ utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in The .Nm reference was written by -.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv . +.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .