=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.71 retrieving revision 1.292 diff -u -p -r1.71 -r1.292 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2009/10/31 06:50:25 1.71 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2024/06/17 15:37:37 1.292 @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.71 2009/10/31 06:50:25 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.292 2024/06/17 15:37:37 schwarze Exp $ .\" -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013-2020 Ingo Schwarze .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -14,1780 +15,3236 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: October 31 2009 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: June 17 2024 $ .Dt MDOC 7 .Os -. -. .Sh NAME .Nm mdoc -.Nd mdoc language reference -. -. +.Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm mdoc -language is used to format -.Bx -.Ux -manuals. In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, -and usage. Our reference implementation is -.Xr mandoc 1 . -The +language supports authoring of manual pages for the +.Xr man 1 +utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases, +page sections and complete manual pages. +Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform +presentation across all manuals written in +.Nm , +and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium. +.Pp +This reference document describes the structure of manual pages +and the syntax and usage of the +.Nm +language. +The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is +.Xr mandoc 1 ; +the .Sx COMPATIBILITY -section describes compatibility with -.Xr groff 1 . -. +section describes compatibility with other implementations. .Pp -An +In an .Nm -document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control -character -.Sq \. -are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of -prior macros: +document, lines beginning with the control character +.Sq \&. +are called +.Dq macro lines . +The first word is the macro name. +It consists of two or three letters. +Most macro names begin with a capital letter. +For a list of available macros, see +.Sx MACRO OVERVIEW . +The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally +including the names of other, callable macros; see +.Sx MACRO SYNTAX +for details. +.Pp +Lines not beginning with the control character are called +.Dq text lines . +They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text +depends on the respective processing context: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Sh Macro lines change control state. -Other lines are interpreted within the current state. +Text lines are interpreted within the current state. .Ed -. -. -.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX -.Nm -documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space -character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. All -manuals must have -.Ux -line terminators. -. -. -.Ss Comments -Text following a -.Sq \e" , -whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of -line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, -.Sq \&.\e" , -is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally -whitespace are stripped from input. -. -. -.Ss Reserved Characters -Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: .Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact -.It \&. -.Pq period -.It \&, -.Pq comma -.It \&: -.Pq colon -.It \&; -.Pq semicolon -.It \&( -.Pq left-parenthesis -.It \&) -.Pq right-parenthesis -.It \&[ -.Pq left-bracket -.It \&] -.Pq right-bracket -.It \&? -.Pq question -.It \&! -.Pq exclamation -.It \&| -.Pq vertical bar -.El -. -.Pp -Use of reserved characters is described in -.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped -with a non-breaking space -.Pq Sq \e& -or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used. -. -. -.Ss Special Characters -Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. -Sequences begin with the escape character -.Sq \e -followed by either an open-parenthesis -.Sq \&( -for two-character sequences; an open-bracket -.Sq \&[ -for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket -.Sq \&] ) ; -or a single one-character sequence. See -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. Examples include -.Sq \e(em -.Pq em-dash -and -.Sq \ee -.Pq back-slash . -. -. -.Ss Text Decoration -Terms may be text-decorated using the -.Sq \ef -escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R -(Roman, or reset). This form is not recommended for -.Nm , -which encourages semantic, not presentation, annotation. -. -. -.Ss Predefined Strings -Historically, -.Xr groff 1 -also defined a set of package-specific -.Dq predefined strings , -which, like -.Sx Special Characters , -demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. -Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, -.Sq \e* : -single-character -.Sq \e*X , -two-character -.Sq \e*(XX , -and N-character -.Sq \e*[N] . -See -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. Examples include -.Sq \e*(Am -.Pq ampersand -and -.Sq \e*(Ba -.Pq vertical bar . -. -. -.Ss Whitespace -In non-literal free-form lines, consecutive blocks of whitespace are -pruned from input and added later in the output filter, if applicable: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -These spaces are pruned from input. -\&.Bd \-literal -These are not. -\&.Ed -.Ed -. -.Pp -In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. If -arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. -. -.Pp -Blank lines are only permitted within literal contexts, as are lines -containing only whitespace. Tab characters are only acceptable when -delimiting -.Sq \&Bl \-column -or when in a literal context. -. -. -.Ss Quotation -Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group -space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. A quoted -argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. The next -double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote terminates -the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. -. -.Pp -This produces tokens -.Sq a" , -.Sq b c , -.Sq de , -and -.Sq fg" . -Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately -considered literal text. Thus, the following produces -.Sq \&Em a : -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Em "Em a" -.Ed -. -.Pp -In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. -. -.Ss Dates -There are several macros in +Many aspects of the basic syntax of the .Nm -that require a date argument. The -.Em canonical form -for dates is the American format: -.Pp -.D1 Cm Month Day , Year -.Pp -The -.Cm Day -value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. The -.Cm Month -value is the full month name. The -.Cm Year -value is the full four-digit year. -.Pp -The -.Em non-canonical form -is the same as the canonical form, but without the comma between the -.Cm Day +language are based on the +.Xr roff 7 +language; see the +.Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX and -.Cm Year -field. -.Pp -Lastly, -.Em reduced form -dates range from only a -.Cm Year -to the full canonical or non-canonical form. -.Pp -Some examples of valid dates follow: -.Pp -.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form -.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form -.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form -.D1 "May 20 2009" Pq non-canonical form -. -.Ss Scaling Widths -Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as -stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bl -tag -width 2i -.Ed -. -.Pp -The syntax for scaled widths is -.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , -where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. -Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. The following -scaling units are accepted: -.Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact -.It c -centimetre -.It i -inch -.It P -pica (~1/6 inch) -.It p -point (~1/72 inch) -.It f -synonym for -.Sq u -.It v -default vertical span -.It m -width of rendered -.Sq m -.Pq em -character -.It n -width of rendered -.Sq n -.Pq en -character -.It u -default horizontal span -.It M -mini-em (~1/100 em) -.El -.Pp -Using anything other than -.Sq m , -.Sq n , -.Sq u , -or -.Sq v -is necessarily non-portable across output media. See -.Sx COMPATIBILITY . -. -. +.Em MACRO SYNTAX +sections in the +.Xr roff 7 +manual for details, in particular regarding +comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting. +However, using +.Xr roff 7 +requests in +.Nm +documents is discouraged; +.Xr mandoc 1 +supports some of them merely for backward compatibility. .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE A well-formed .Nm document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more sections. .Pp -The prologue, which consists of (in order) the -.Sx \&Dd , -.Sx \&Dt , +The prologue, which consists of the +.Ic \&Dd , +.Ic \&Dt , and -.Sx \&Os -macros, is required for every document. +.Ic \&Os +macros in that order, is required for every document. .Pp -The first section (sections are denoted by -.Sx \&Sh ) +The first section (sections are denoted by +.Ic \&Sh ) must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm followed by -.Sx \&Nd . +.Ic \&Nd . .Pp -Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and -DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections. +Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the +.Em SYNOPSIS +and +.Em DESCRIPTION +sections, although this varies between manual sections. .Pp The following is a well-formed skeleton .Nm -file: +file for a utility +.Qq progname : .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ -\&.Dt mdoc 7 +\&.Dt PROGNAME section \&.Os -\&. \&.Sh NAME -\&.Nm foo -\&.Nd a description goes here -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY -\&. +\&.Nm progname +\&.Nd one line about what it does +\&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. \&.Sh SYNOPSIS -\&.Nm foo +\&.Nm progname \&.Op Fl options \&.Ar -\&. \&.Sh DESCRIPTION The \&.Nm utility processes files ... -\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT -\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES -\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS -\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO -\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1 -\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS -\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY -\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS -\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS -\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS -\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT +\&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES +\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES +\&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only. +\&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO +\&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1 +\&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY +\&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS +\&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. .Ed .Pp -The sections in a +The sections in an .Nm -document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections -should be composed as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds -.It NAME -Must contain at least one -.Sx \&Nm -followed by -.Sx \&Nd . -The name needs re-stating since one -.Nm -documents can be used for more than one utility or function, such as -.Xr grep 1 -also being referenced as -.Xr egrep 1 -and -.Xr fgrep 1 . -.It LIBRARY -.It SYNOPSIS -.It DESCRIPTION -.It IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -.It EXIT STATUS -.It RETURN VALUES -.It ENVIRONMENT -.It FILES -.It EXAMPLES -.It DIAGNOSTICS -.It ERRORS -.It SEE ALSO -.It STANDARDS -.It HISTORY -.It AUTHORS -.It CAVEATS -.It BUGS -.It SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS -.El -. -. -.Sh MACRO SYNTAX -Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a -control character , -.Sq \&. , -at the beginning of the line. An arbitrary amount of whitespace may -sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus, the -following are equivalent: +document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. +Sections should be composed as follows: +.Bl -ohang -offset Ds +.It Em NAME +The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material. +The syntax for this as follows: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Pp -\&.\ \ \ \&Pp +\&.Nm name0 , +\&.Nm name1 , +\&.Nm name2 +\&.Nd a one line description .Ed -. .Pp -The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, -.Sq \-arg -refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more -.Sq parm -parameters; -.Sq \&Yo -opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, -.Sq \&Yc -closes it out. -. +Multiple +.Sq \&Nm +names should be separated by commas. .Pp The -.Em Callable -column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial -line-macro. If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the -initial line macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that -.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh -produces -.Sq Fl \&Sh . -. +.Ic \&Nm +macro(s) must precede the +.Ic \&Nd +macro. .Pp -The -.Em Parsable -column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further -(ostensibly callable) macros. If a macro is not parsable, subsequent -macro invocations on the line will be interpreted as opaque text. -. +See +.Ic \&Nm +and +.Ic \&Nd . +.It Em LIBRARY +The name of the library containing the documented material, which is +assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. +The syntax for this is as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Lb libarm +.Ed .Pp -The -.Em Scope -column, if applicable, describes closure rules. -. -. -.Ss Block full-explicit -Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros -contains bodies; only -.Sx \&Bf -contains a head. +See +.Ic \&Lb . +.It Em SYNOPSIS +Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device +configuration. +.Pp +For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is +generally structured as follows: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -\&.Yc +\&.Nm bar +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar +\&.Nm foo +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar .Ed -. .Pp -.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed -.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef -.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek -.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd -.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf -.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk -.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl -.El -. -. -.Ss Block full-implicit -Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. -All macros have bodies; some -.Po -.Sx \&It Fl bullet , -.Fl hyphen , -.Fl dash , -.Fl enum , -.Fl item -.Pc -don't have heads; only one -.Po -.Sx \&It Fl column -.Pc -has multiple heads. +Commands should be ordered alphabetically. +.Pp +For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.In header.h +\&.Vt extern const char *global; +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn foo "const char *src" +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn bar "const char *src" .Ed -. .Pp -.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss -.El -. -. -.Ss Block partial-explicit -Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each -has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head -.Po -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&Eo -.Pc -and/or tail -.Pq Sx \&Ec . +Ordering of +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , +.Ic \&Fn , +and +.Ic \&Fo +macros should follow C header-file conventions. +.Pp +And for the third, configurations (section 4): .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ -\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB +\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq +\&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq .Ed -. .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao -.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac -.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo -.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc -.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro -.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc -.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do -.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc -.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo -.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec -.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo -.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc -.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po -.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc -.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs -.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re -.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So -.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc -.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo -.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc -.El -. -. -.Ss Block partial-implicit -Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by -.Sx Reserved Characters -or end of line. +Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.Pp +Some macros are displayed differently in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, particularly +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Cd , +.Ic \&Fd , +.Ic \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , +and +.Ic \&Ft . +All of these macros are output on their own line. +If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for +.Ic \&Ft +before +.Ic \&Fo +or +.Ic \&Fn ) , +they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Fn , +and +.Ic \&Ft , +which are always separated by vertical space. +.Pp +When text and macros following an +.Ic \&Nm +macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, +all output lines but the first will be indented to align +with the text immediately following the +.Ic \&Nm +macro, up to the next +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Sh , +or +.Ic \&Ss +macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. +.It Em DESCRIPTION +This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in +.Em NAME : .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB +The +\&.Nm +utility does this, that, and the other. .Ed -. .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable -.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes -.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.El -. -. -.Ss In-line -Closed by -.Sx Reserved Characters , -end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. In-line -macros have only text children. If a number (or inequality) of -arguments is -.Pq n , -then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. +It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a +command), such as: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... - -\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN +The options are as follows: +\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds +\&.It Fl v +Print verbose information. +\&.El .Ed -. .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments -.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3 -.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.El -. -. -.Sh REFERENCE +List the options in alphabetical order, +uppercase before lowercase for each letter and +with no regard to whether an option takes an argument. +Put digits in ascending order before all letter options. +.Pp +Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. +.Pp +Since the +.Em DESCRIPTION +section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals +often use the +.Ic \&Ss +macro to form subsections. +In very long manuals, the +.Em DESCRIPTION +may be split into multiple sections, each started by an +.Ic \&Sh +macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having +several subsections, like in the present +.Nm +manual. +.It Em CONTEXT +This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9. +The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt. +.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. +This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side +effects or notable algorithmic implications. +.It Em RETURN VALUES +This section documents the +return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Rv . +.It Em ENVIRONMENT +Lists the environment variables used by the utility, +and explains the syntax and semantics of their values. +The +.Xr environ 7 +manual provides examples of typical content and formatting. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Ev . +.It Em FILES +Documents files used. +It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how +the file is used (created, modified, etc.). +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Pa . +.It Em EXIT STATUS +This section documents the +command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities. +Historically, this information was described in +.Em DIAGNOSTICS , +a practise that is now discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Ex . +.It Em EXAMPLES +Example usages. +This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. +Make sure that examples work properly! +.It Em DIAGNOSTICS +Documents error messages. +In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the +kernel to the console and to the kernel log. +In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by +userland programs to the standard error output. +.Pp +Historically, this section was used in place of +.Em EXIT STATUS +for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is +discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Bl +.Fl diag . +.It Em ERRORS +Documents +.Xr errno 2 +settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Er . +.It Em SEE ALSO +References other manuals with related topics. +This section should exist for most manuals. +Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then +alphabetically (ignoring case). +.Pp +References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page, +for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be +provided in this section. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&Rs +and +.Ic \&Xr . +.It Em STANDARDS +References any standards implemented or used. +If not adhering to any standards, the +.Em HISTORY +section should be used instead. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&St . +.It Em HISTORY +A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented, +and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand. +.It Em AUTHORS +Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation. +Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. +.Pp +See +.Ic \&An . +.It Em CAVEATS +Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained +in this section. +.It Em BUGS +Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described +in this section. +.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. +.El +.Sh MACRO OVERVIEW +This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed +together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose. +Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below +in the alphabetical +.Sx MACRO REFERENCE . +.Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +.It Ic \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +.It Ic \&Os Ta operating system footer: Op Ar footer text +.It Ic \&Nm Ta document name (one argument) +.It Ic \&Nd Ta document description (one line) +.El +.Ss Sections and cross references +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Sh Ta section header (one line) +.It Ic \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line) +.It Ic \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection +.It Ic \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section +.It Ic \&Tg Ta tag the definition of a Ar term Pq <= 1 arguments +.It Ic \&Pp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments) +.El +.Ss Displays and lists +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block: +.Fl Ar type +.Op Fl offset Ar width +.Op Fl compact +.It Ic \&D1 Ta indented display (one line) +.It Ic \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line) +.It Ic \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text +.It Ic \&Bl , \&El Ta list block: +.Fl Ar type +.Op Fl width Ar val +.Op Fl offset Ar val +.Op Fl compact +.It Ic \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type ) +.It Ic \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Ic \&Bl Fl column No lists +.It Ic \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references) +.El +.Ss Spacing control +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument) +.It Ic \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off +.It Ic \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words +.El +.Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility +.It Ic \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure) +.It Ic \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments) +.El +.Ss Semantic markup for function libraries +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Lb Ta function library (one argument) +.It Ic \&In Ta include file (one argument) +.It Ic \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname +.It Ic \&Fn Ta function name: Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... +.It Ic \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.El +.Ss Various semantic markup +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar display_name +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain +.It Ic \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments) +.El +.Ss Physical markup +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +.El +.Ss Physical enclosures +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text +.It Ic \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text +.It Ic \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text +.It Ic \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text +.It Ic \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text +.It Ic \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text +.It Ic \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text +.It Ic \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure +.El +.Ss Text production +.Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ... +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ... +.It Ic \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument) +.It Ic \&At Ta At +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Bx +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Bsx +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Nx +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Fx +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Ox +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Dx +.El +.Sh MACRO REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged -alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see +alphabetically. +For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -. -.Ss \&%A +.Bl -tag -width 3n +.It Ic \&%A Ar first_name ... last_name Author name of an -.Sx \&Rs -block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \%%A -line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated -forename(s) first, then full surname. -. -.Ss \&%B +.Ic \&Rs +block. +Multiple authors should each be accorded their own +.Ic \%%A +line. +Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) +first, then full surname. +.It Ic \&%B Ar title Book title of an -.Sx \&Rs -block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when +.Ic \&Rs +block. +This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when referring to book titles. -. -.Ss \&%C +.It Ic \&%C Ar location Publication city or location of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro is not implemented in -.Xr groff 1 . -. -.Ss \&%D +.It Ic \&%D Oo Ar month day , Oc Ar year Publication date of an -.Sx \&Rs -block. This should follow the reduced syntax for -.Sx Dates . -Canonical or non-canonical form is not necessary since publications are -often referenced only by year, or month and year. -. -.Ss \&%I +.Ic \&Rs +block. +Provide the full English name of the +.Ar month +and all four digits of the +.Ar year . +.It Ic \&%I Ar name Publisher or issuer name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%J +.It Ic \&%J Ar name Journal name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%N +.It Ic \&%N Ar number Issue number (usually for journals) of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%O +.It Ic \&%O Ar line Optional information of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%P +.It Ic \&%P Ar number Book or journal page number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%Q +Conventionally, the argument starts with +.Ql p.\& +for a single page or +.Ql pp.\& +for a range of pages, for example: +.Pp +.Dl .%P pp. 42\e(en47 +.It Ic \&%Q Ar name Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an -.Sx \&Rs -block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \&%Q +.Ic \&Rs +block. +Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own +.Ic \&%Q line. -. -.Ss \&%R +.It Ic \&%R Ar name Technical report name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&%T +.It Ic \&%T Ar title Article title of an -.Sx \&Rs -block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context -when referring to article titles. -. -.Ss \&%U +.Ic \&Rs +block. +This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when +referring to article titles. +.It Ic \&%U Ar protocol Ns :// Ns Ar path URI of reference document. -. -.Ss \&%V +.It Ic \&%V Ar number Volume number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -. -.Ss \&Ac -Closes an -.Sx \&Ao -block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. -.Ss \&Ad -Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in -memory, not a physical (post) address. +.It Ic \&Ac +Close an +.Ic \&Ao +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Tg Ad +.It Ic \&Ad Ar address +Memory address. +Do not use this for postal addresses. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ad [0,$] -\&.Ad 0x00000000 -.Ed -. -.Ss \&An -Author name. This macro may alternatively accepts the following -arguments, although these may not be specified along with a parameter: -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.Dl \&.Ad [0,$] +.Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000 +.Tg An +.It Ic \&An Fl split | nosplit | Ar first_name ... last_name +Author name. +Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver +documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself. +Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact .It Fl split -Renders a line break before each author listing. +Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of +.Ic \&An . .It Fl nosplit The opposite of .Fl split . .El .Pp -In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author -listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're -interspersed by other macros or text, are split. Thus, specifying +The default is +.Fl nosplit . +The effect of selecting either of the .Fl split -will cause the first listing also to be split. If not in the AUTHORS -section, the default is not to split. +modes ends at the beginning of the +.Em AUTHORS +section. +In the +.Em AUTHORS +section, the default is +.Fl nosplit +for the first author listing and +.Fl split +for all other author listings. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.An -nosplit -\&.An J. E. Hopcraft , -\&.An J. D. Ullman . -.Ed +.Dl \&.An -nosplit +.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv +.It Ic \&Ao Ar block +Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. +This macro is almost never useful. +See +.Ic \&Aq +for more details. +.Tg Ap +.It Ic \&Ap +Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. +This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb +form of a function. .Pp -.Em Remarks : -the effects of -.Fl split -or -.Fl nosplit -are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies -.Sx \&An Fl nosplit -in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS -section. -. -.Ss \&Ao -Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. Does not have any head -arguments. -.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl -key= Ns Ao Ar val Ac -.Ed +.Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d +.Tg Aq +.It Ic \&Aq Ar line +Enclose the rest of the input line in angle brackets. +The only important use case is for email addresses. +See +.Ic \&Mt +for an example. .Pp -See also -.Sx \&Aq . -. -.Ss \&Ap -Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. This is -generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb form of -a function: +Occasionally, it is used for names of characters and keys, for example: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fn execve Ap d +Press the +\&.Aq escape +key to ... .Ed -. -.Ss \&Aq -Encloses its arguments in angled brackets. .Pp -Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl -key= Ns Aq Ar val -.Ed +For URIs, use +.Ic \&Lk +instead, and +.Ic \&In +for +.Dq #include +directives. +Never wrap +.Ic \&Ar +in +.Ic \&Aq . .Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use -.Sx \&Lk +Since +.Ic \&Aq +usually renders with non-ASCII characters in non-ASCII output modes, +do not use it where the ASCII characters +.Sq < +and +.Sq > +are required as syntax elements. +Instead, use these characters directly in such cases, combining them +with the macros +.Ic \&Pf , +.Ic \&Ns , or -.Sx \&Mt , -or to note pre-processor -.Dq Li #include -statements, which should use -.Sx \&In . +.Ic \&Eo +as needed. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ao . -. -.Ss \&Ar -Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string -.Dq file ... +.Ic \&Ao . +.Tg Ar +.It Ic \&Ar Op Ar placeholder ... +Command arguments. +If an argument is not provided, the string +.Dq file ...\& is used as a default. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl o Ns Ar file1 -\&.Ar -\&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . -.Ed -. -.Ss \&At -Formats an AT&T version. Accepts at most one parameter: -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.Dl ".Fl o Ar file" +.Dl ".Ar" +.Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ." +.Pp +The arguments to the +.Ic \&Ar +macro are names and placeholders for command arguments; +for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use +.Ic \&Fl +or +.Ic \&Cm . +.Tg At +.It Ic \&At Op Ar version +Formats an +.At +version. +Accepts one optional argument: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v A version of .At . -.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? -A system version of -.At . +.It Cm III +.At III . +.It Cm V | V.[1-4] +A version of +.At V . .El .Pp -Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen. +Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.At -\&.At V.1 -.Ed +.Dl \&.At +.Dl \&.At III +.Dl \&.At V.1 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Bc -Closes a -.Sx \&Bo -block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. -.Ss \&Bd -Begins a display block. A display is collection of macros or text which -may be collectively offset or justified in a manner different from that -of the enclosing context. By default, the block is preceded by a -vertical space. +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bc +Close a +.Ic \&Bo +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Tg Bd +.It Ic \&Bd Fl Ns Ar type Oo Fl offset Ar width Oc Op Fl compact +Begin a display block. +Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and +justification than the one used by the surrounding text. +They may contain both macro lines and text lines. +By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space. .Pp -Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the -following arguments: -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent -.It Fl ragged -Only left-justify the block. -.It Fl unfilled -Do not justify the block at all. +The +.Ar type +must be one of the following: +.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent +.It Fl centered +Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line. +Using this display type is not recommended; many +.Nm +implementations render it poorly. .It Fl filled -Left- and right-justify the block. +Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and +right-justify the resulting block. .It Fl literal -Alias for -.Fl unfilled . -.It Fl centered -Centre-justify each line. +Produce one output line from each input line, +and do not justify the block at all. +Preserve white space as it appears in the input. +Always use a constant-width font. +Use this for displaying source code. +.It Fl ragged +Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify +the resulting block. +.It Fl unfilled +The same as +.Fl literal , +but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font +if supported by the output device. .El .Pp -The type must be provided first. Secondary arguments are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +The +.Ar type +must be provided first. +Additional arguments may follow: +.Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent .It Fl offset Ar width -Offset by the value of +Indent the display by the .Ar width , -which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order: +which may be one of the following: .Bl -item .It -As one of the pre-defined strings -.Ar indent , -the width of standard indentation; -.Ar indent-two , +One of the pre-defined strings +.Cm indent , +the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters); +.Cm indent-two , twice -.Ar indent ; -.Ar left , -which has no effect ; -.Ar right , -which justifies to the right margin; and -.Ar center , -which aligns around an imagined centre axis. +.Cm indent ; +.Cm left , +which has no effect; +.Cm right , +which justifies to the right margin; or +.Cm center , +which aligns around an imagined center axis. .It -As a precalculated width for a named macro. The most popular is the -imaginary macro +A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width +associated with that macro. +The most popular is the imaginary macro .Ar \&Ds , which resolves to -.Ar 6n . +.Sy 6n . .It -As a scaling unit following the syntax described in -.Sx Scaling Widths . +A scaling width as described in +.Xr roff 7 . .It -As the calculated string length of the opaque string. +An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string. .El .Pp -If unset, it will revert to the value of -.Ar 8n -as described in -.Sx Scaling Widths . +When the argument is missing, +.Fl offset +is ignored. .It Fl compact -Do not assert a vertical space before the block. -.It Fl file Ar file -Prepend the file -.Ar file -before any text or macros within the block. +Do not assert vertical space before the display. .El .Pp Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact +\&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact Hello world. \&.Ed .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&D1 +.Ic \&D1 and -.Sx \&Dl . -. -.Ss \&Bf -.Ss \&Bk -.Ss \&Bl -. -.Ss \&Bo -Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head -arguments. +.Ic \&Dl . +.Tg Bf +.It Ic \&Bf Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. +The +.Fl emphasis +and +.Cm \&Em +argument are equivalent, as are +.Fl symbolic +and +.Cm \&Sy , +and +.Fl literal +and +.Cm \&Li . +Without an argument, this macro does nothing. +The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested +scope or +.Ic \&Ef +is encountered. .Pp -Examples: +See also +.Ic \&Li , +.Ic \&Ef , +.Ic \&Em , +and +.Ic \&Sy . +.Tg Bk +.It Ic \&Bk Fl words +For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line, +until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached, +whichever comes first. +Line breaks in text lines are unaffected. +.Pp +The +.Fl words +argument is required; additional arguments are ignored. +.Pp +The following example will not break within each +.Ic \&Op +macro line: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bo 1 , -\&.Dv BUFSIZ Bc +\&.Bk \-words +\&.Op Fl f Ar flags +\&.Op Fl o Ar output +\&.Ek .Ed .Pp +Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! +Doing so will clobber the right margin. +.Tg Bl +.It Xo +.Ic \&Bl +.Fl Ns Ar type +.Op Fl width Ar val +.Op Fl offset Ar val +.Op Fl compact +.Op Ar col ... +.Xc +Begin a list. +Lists consist of items specified using the +.Ic \&It +macro, containing a head or a body or both. +.Pp +The list +.Ar type +is mandatory and must be specified first. +The +.Fl width +and +.Fl offset +arguments accept macro names as described for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset , +scaling widths as described in +.Xr roff 7 , +or use the length of the given string. +The +.Fl offset +is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads +and bodies. +For those list types supporting it, the +.Fl width +argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies, +to be added to the +.Fl offset . +Unless the +.Fl compact +argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space. +.Pp +A list must specify one of the following list types: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl bullet +No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head +of each item. +Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet +and are indented according to the +.Fl width +argument. +.It Fl column +A columnated list. +The +.Fl width +argument has no effect; instead, the string length of each argument +specifies the width of one column. +If the first line of the body of a +.Fl column +list is not an +.Ic \&It +macro line, +.Ic \&It +contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an +.Ic \&It +macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as +described in the +.Ic \&It +documentation. +.It Fl dash +Like +.Fl bullet , +except that dashes are used in place of bullets. +.It Fl diag +Like +.Fl inset , +except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations. +Most often used in the +.Em DIAGNOSTICS +section with error constants in the item heads. +.It Fl enum +A numbered list. +No item heads can be specified. +Formatted like +.Fl bullet , +except that ordinal numbers are used in place of bullets, +starting at 1. +.It Fl hang +Like +.Fl tag , +except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow +the item heads like in +.Fl inset +lists. +.It Fl hyphen +Synonym for +.Fl dash . +.It Fl inset +Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word +spacing. +Bodies are not indented, and the +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl item +No item heads can be specified, and none are printed. +Bodies are not indented, and the +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl ohang +Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl tag +Item bodies are indented according to the +.Fl width +argument. +When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows +this head on the same output line. +Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head. +.El +.Pp +Lists may be nested within lists and displays. +Nesting of +.Fl column +and +.Fl enum +lists may not be portable. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Bq . -. -.Ss \&Bq -Encloses its arguments in square brackets. +.Ic \&El +and +.Ic \&It . +.It Ic \&Bo Ar block +Begin a block enclosed by square brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bq 1 , Dv BUFSIZ +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Bo 1 , +\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc .Ed .Pp +See also +.Ic \&Bq . +.Tg Bq +.It Ic \&Bq Ar line +Encloses its arguments in square brackets. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ +.Pp .Em Remarks : this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are -.Sx \&Op , -.Sx \&Oo , +.Ic \&Op , +.Ic \&Oo , and -.Sx \&Oc . +.Ic \&Oc . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bo . -. -.Ss \&Brc -Closes a -.Sx \&Bro -block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. -.Ss \&Bro -Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head -arguments. +.Ic \&Bo . +.It Ic \&Brc +Close a +.Ic \&Bro +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.It Ic \&Bro Ar block +Begin a block enclosed by curly braces. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&.Bro 1 , ... , -\&.Va n Brc +\&.Va n \&Brc .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Brq . -. -.Ss \&Brq +.Ic \&Brq . +.Tg Brq +.It Ic \&Brq Ar line Encloses its arguments in curly braces. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Brq 1 , ... , Va n -.Ed +.Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bro . -. -.Ss \&Bsx -Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if +.Ic \&Bro . +.Tg Bsx +.It Ic \&Bsx Op Ar version +Format the +.Bsx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bsx 1.0 -\&.Bsx -.Ed +.Dl \&.Bsx 1.0 +.Dl \&.Bsx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Bt +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bt +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. Prints .Dq is currently in beta test. -. -.Ss \&Bx -Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no +.Tg Bx +.It Ic \&Bx Op Ar version Op Ar variant +Format the +.Bx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bx 4.4 -\&.Bx -.Ed +.Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe +.Dl \&.Bx 4.4 +.Dl \&.Bx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Cd -Configuration declaration (suggested for use only in section four -manuals). This denotes strings accepted by +.Ic \&Ox . +.Tg Cd +.It Ic \&Cd Ar line +Kernel configuration declaration. +This denotes strings accepted by .Xr config 8 . +It is most often used in section 4 manual pages. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Cd device le0 at scode? -.Ed +.Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode? .Pp .Em Remarks : this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain -white-space and align consecutive -.Sx \&Cd -declarations. This practise is discouraged. -. -.Ss \&Cm -Command modifiers. Useful when specifying configuration options or -keys. +whitespace and align consecutive +.Ic \&Cd +declarations. +This practise is discouraged. +.Tg Cm +.It Ic \&Cm Ar keyword ... +Command modifiers. +Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments to interactive +commands, to commands in interpreted scripts, or to configuration +file directives, unless +.Ic \&Fl +is more appropriate. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Cm ControlPath -\&.Cm ControlMaster -.Ed +.Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind" +.Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command" +.Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2" +.Dl ".Ic set Fl o Cm vi" +.Dl ".Ic lookup Cm file bind" +.Dl ".Ic permit Ar identity Op Cm as Ar target" +.Tg D1 +.It Ic \&D1 Ar line +One-line indented display. +This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented +statements. +It is followed by a newline. .Pp -See also -.Sx \&Fl . -. -.Ss \&D1 -One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and -is useful for simple indented statements. It is followed by a newline. -.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.D1 Fl abcdefgh -.Ed +.Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Bd and -.Sx \&Dl . -. -.Ss \&Db -.Ss \&Dc -Closes a -.Sx \&Do -block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. -.Ss \&Dd -Document date. This is the mandatory first macro of any +.Ic \&Dl . +.It Ic \&Db +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement is needed. +It is ignored by +.Xr mandoc 1 +and groff including its arguments. +It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode. +.It Ic \&Dc +Close a +.Ic \&Do +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Tg Dd +.It Ic \&Dd Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +Document date for display in the page footer, +by convention the date of the last change. +This is the mandatory first macro of any .Nm -manual. Its calling syntax is as follows: +manual. .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date +The +.Ar month +is the full English month name, the +.Ar day +is an integer number, and the +.Ar year +is the full four-digit year. .Pp -The -.Cm date -field may be either -.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ , -which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by -.Xr cvs 1 -or instead a valid canonical date as specified by -.Sx Dates . +Other arguments are not portable; the +.Xr mandoc 1 +utility handles them as follows: +.Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact +.It +To have the date automatically filled in by the +.Ox +version of +.Xr cvs 1 , +the special string +.Dq $\&Mdocdate$ +can be given as an argument. +.It +The traditional, purely numeric +.Xr man 7 +format +.Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day +is accepted, too. +.It +If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim. +.It +If no date string is given, the current date is used. +.El .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ -\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ -\&.Dd July 21, 2007 -.Ed +.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ +.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 2 2018$ +.Dl \&.Dd July 2, 2018 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dt +.Ic \&Dt and -.Sx \&Os . -. -.Ss \&Dl -One-line intended display. This is formatted as literal text and is -useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. +.Ic \&Os . +.Tg Dl +.It Ic \&Dl Ar line +One-line indented display. +This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and +invocations. +It is followed by a newline. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less -.Ed +.Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal , and -.Sx \&D1 . -. -.Ss \&Do -Begins a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head -arguments. +.Ic \&D1 . +.It Ic \&Do Ar block +Begin a block enclosed by double quotes. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.D1 Do April is the cruellest month Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Do +April is the cruellest month +\&.Dc +\e(em T.S. Eliot .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq . -. -.Ss \&Dq -Encloses its arguments in double quotes. +.Ic \&Dq . +.Tg Dq +.It Ic \&Dq Ar line +Encloses its arguments in +.Dq typographic +double-quotes. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&.Dq April is the cruellest month \e(em T.S. Eliot .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Do . -. -.Ss \&Dt -Document title. This is the mandatory second macro of any +.Ic \&Qq , +.Ic \&Sq , +and +.Ic \&Do . +.Tg Dt +.It Ic \&Dt Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +Document title for display in the page header. +This is the mandatory second macro of any .Nm -file. Its calling syntax is as follows: +file. .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch -.Pp Its arguments are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds -.It Cm title -The document's title (name). This should be capitalised and is -required. -.It Cm section -The manual section. This may be one of -.Ar 1 -.Pq utilities , -.Ar 2 -.Pq system calls , -.Ar 3 -.Pq libraries , -.Ar 3p -.Pq Perl libraries , -.Ar 4 -.Pq devices , -.Ar 5 -.Pq file formats , -.Ar 6 -.Pq games , -.Ar 7 -.Pq miscellaneous , -.Ar 8 -.Pq system utilities , -.Ar 9 -.Pq kernel functions , -.Ar X11 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar X11R6 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar unass -.Pq unassociated , -.Ar local -.Pq local system , -.Ar draft -.Pq draft manual , +.Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n +.It Ar TITLE +The document's title (name), defaulting to +.Dq UNTITLED +if unspecified. +To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines, +it should by convention be all caps. +.It Ar section +The manual section. +This may be one of +.Cm 1 +.Pq General Commands , +.Cm 2 +.Pq System Calls , +.Cm 3 +.Pq Library Functions , +.Cm 3p +.Pq Perl Library , +.Cm 4 +.Pq Device Drivers , +.Cm 5 +.Pq File Formats , +.Cm 6 +.Pq Games , +.Cm 7 +.Pq Miscellaneous Information , +.Cm 8 +.Pq System Manager's Manual , or -.Ar paper -.Pq paper . -It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename -suffix. -.It Cm volume -This overrides the volume inferred from -.Ar section . -This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of -.Ar USD -.Pq users' supplementary documents , -.Ar PS1 -.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , -.Ar AMD -.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , -.Ar SMM -.Pq system managers' manuals , -.Ar URM -.Pq users' reference manuals , -.Ar PRM -.Pq programmers' reference manuals , -.Ar KM -.Pq kernel manuals , -.Ar IND -.Pq master index , -.Ar MMI -.Pq master index , -.Ar LOCAL -.Pq local manuals , -.Ar LOC -.Pq local manuals , +.Cm 9 +.Pq Kernel Developer's Manual . +It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to +the empty string if unspecified. +.It Ar arch +This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to, +where relevant, for example +.Cm alpha , +.Cm amd64 , +.Cm i386 , or -.Ar CON -.Pq contributed manuals . -.It Cm arch -This specifies a specific relevant architecture. If -.Cm volume -is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used -subsequent that. It, too, is optional. It must be one of -.Ar alpha , -.Ar amd64 , -.Ar amiga , -.Ar arc , -.Ar arm , -.Ar armish , -.Ar aviion , -.Ar hp300 , -.Ar hppa , -.Ar hppa64 , -.Ar i386 , -.Ar landisk , -.Ar luna88k , -.Ar mac68k , -.Ar macppc , -.Ar mvme68k , -.Ar mvme88k , -.Ar mvmeppc , -.Ar pmax , -.Ar sgi , -.Ar socppc , -.Ar sparc , -.Ar sparc64 , -.Ar sun3 , -.Ar vax , -or -.Ar zaurus . +.Cm sparc64 . +The list of valid architectures varies by operating system. .El .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dt FOO 1 -\&.Dt FOO 4 KM -\&.Dt FOO 9 i386 -\&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386 -.Ed +.Dl \&.Dt FOO 1 +.Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Dd and -.Sx \&Os . -. -.Ss \&Dv -Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. +.Ic \&Os . +.Tg Dv +.It Ic \&Dv Ar identifier ... +Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols, +enumeration values, and so on. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dv BUFSIZ -\&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO -.Ed +.Dl \&.Dv NULL +.Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ +.Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO .Pp See also -.Sx \&Er . -. -.Ss \&Dx -Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default +.Ic \&Er +and +.Ic \&Ev +for special-purpose constants, +.Ic \&Va +for variable symbols, and +.Ic \&Fd +for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.Tg Dx +.It Ic \&Dx Op Ar version +Format the +.Dx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dx 2.4.1 -\&.Dx -.Ed +.Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1 +.Dl \&.Dx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Ec -.Ss \&Ed -.Ss \&Ef -.Ss \&Ek -.Ss \&El -.Ss \&Em -Denotes text that should be emphasised. Note that this is a -presentation term and should not be used for stylistically decorating -technical terms. +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Ec Op Ar closing_delimiter +Close a scope started by +.Ic \&Eo . .Pp +The +.Ar closing_delimiter +argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq +will emulate +.Ic \&Dc . +.It Ic \&Ed +End a display context started by +.Ic \&Bd . +.It Ic \&Ef +End a font mode context started by +.Ic \&Bf . +.It Ic \&Ek +End a keep context started by +.Ic \&Bk . +.It Ic \&El +End a list context started by +.Ic \&Bl . +See also +.Ic \&It . +.Tg Em +.It Ic \&Em Ar word ... +Request an italic font. +If the output device does not provide that, underline. +.Pp +This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with +importance, see +.Ic \&Sy ) . +In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit, +it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except +that for syntax elements, +.Ic \&Sy +and +.Ic \&Ar +are preferred, respectively. +.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ed Warnings! -\&.Ed Remarks : +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +Selected lines are those +\&.Em not +matching any of the specified patterns. +Some of the functions use a +\&.Em hold space +to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval. .Ed -. -.Ss \&En -.Ss \&Eo -.Ss \&Er -Error constants (suggested for use only in section two manuals). .Pp +See also +.Ic \&No , +.Ic \&Ql , +and +.Ic \&Sy . +.It Ic \&En Ar word ... +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. +.Pp +It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last +.Ic \&Es +macro. +.Tg Eo +.It Ic \&Eo Op Ar opening_delimiter +An arbitrary enclosure. +The +.Ar opening_delimiter +argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq +will emulate +.Ic \&Do . +.Tg Er +.It Ic \&Er Ar identifier ... +Error constants for definitions of the +.Va errno +libc global variable. +This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages. +.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Er EPERM -\&.Er ENOENT -.Ed +.Dl \&.Er EPERM +.Dl \&.Er ENOENT .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dv . -. -.Ss \&Es -. -.Ss \&Ev +.Ic \&Dv +for general constants. +.It Ic \&Es Ar opening_delimiter closing_delimiter +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. +.Pp +It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent +.Ic \&En +macros. +.Tg Ev +.It Ic \&Ev Ar identifier ... Environmental variables such as those specified in .Xr environ 7 . .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ev DISPLAY -\&.Ev PATH -.Ed -. -.Ss \&Ex -Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. This macro must have -first the -.Fl std -argument specified, then an optional -.Ar utility . +.Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY +.Dl \&.Ev PATH +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Dv +for general constants. +.Tg Ex +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ... +Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success +and >0 on failure. +This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages. +.Pp If .Ar utility -is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in -.Sx \&Nm -is provided. -.Ss \&Fa -.Ss \&Fc -.Ss \&Fd -.Ss \&Fl -.Ss \&Fn -.Ss \&Fo -.Ss \&Fr -.Ss \&Ft -.Ss \&Fx -Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value -if no argument is provided. +is not specified, the document's name set by +.Ic \&Nm +is used. +Multiple +.Ar utility +arguments are treated as separate utilities. .Pp +See also +.Ic \&Rv . +.Tg Fa +.It Ic \&Fa Ar argument ... +Function argument or parameter. +Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section), a name alone (for function invocations), +or a type alone (for function prototypes). +If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple +words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be +given in a single argument to the +.Ic \&Fa +macro. +.Pp +This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +.Pp +Most often, the +.Ic \&Fa +macro is used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +within +.Ic \&Fo +blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes. +If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a +comma. +Furthermore, if the following macro is another +.Ic \&Fa , +the last argument will also have a trailing comma. +.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fx 7.1 -\&.Fx -.Ed +.Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq +.Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq +.Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&Fo . +.It Ic \&Fc +End a function context started by +.Ic \&Fo . +.Tg Fd +.It Ic \&Fd Pf # Ar directive Op Ar argument ... +Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the +.Em SYNOPSIS . +Historically, it was also used to document include files. +The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of +.Ic \&In . +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler +.Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS +.Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG +.Dl \&.Ft void +.Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq +.Dl \&.Fd #endif +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&In , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Hf -.Ss \&Ic -.Ss \&In -.Ss \&It -.Ss \&Lb -.Ss \&Li -.Ss \&Lk -Format a hyperlink. The calling syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Dv . +.Tg Fl +.It Ic \&Fl Op Ar word ... +Command-line flag or option. +Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. +For each argument, prints an ASCII hyphen-minus character +.Sq \- , +immediately followed by the argument. +If no arguments are provided, a hyphen-minus is printed followed by a space. +If the argument is a macro, a hyphen-minus is prefixed +to the subsequent macro output. .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name +Examples: +.Dl ".Nm du Op Fl H | L | P" +.Dl ".Nm ls Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux" +.Dl ".Nm route Cm add Fl inet Ar destination gateway" +.Dl ".Nm locate.updatedb Op Fl \e-fcodes Ns = Ns Ar dbfile" +.Dl ".Nm aucat Fl o Fl" +.Dl ".Nm kill Fl Ar signal_number" .Pp +For GNU-style long options, escaping the additional hyphen-minus is not +strictly required, but may be safer with future versions of GNU troff; see +.Xr mandoc_char 7 +for details. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Cm . +.Tg Fn +.It Ic \&Fn Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... +A function name. +.Pp +Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and +are delimited by commas. +If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, this macro starts a new output line, +and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions. +.Pp Examples: +.Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq +.Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq +.Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0 .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" -\&.Lk http://bsd.lv +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname .Ed .Pp +When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use +.Ic \&Xr +instead. See also -.Sx \&Mt . -. -.Ss \&Lp -.Ss \&Ms -.Ss \&Mt -.Ss \&Nd -.Ss \&Nm -.Ss \&No -.Ss \&Ns -.Ss \&Nx -Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if -no argument is provided. +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&Fo , +and +.Ic \&Ft . +.Tg Fo +.It Ic \&Fo Ar funcname +Begin a function block. +This is a multi-line version of +.Ic \&Fn . .Pp +Invocations usually occur in the following context: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Ic \&Ft Ar functype +.br +.Pf \. Ic \&Fo Ar funcname +.br +.Pf \. Ic \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname +.br +\&.\.\. +.br +.Pf \. Ic \&Fc +.Ed +.Pp +A +.Ic \&Fo +scope is closed by +.Ic \&Fc . +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&Fa , +.Ic \&Fc , +and +.Ic \&Ft . +.It Ic \&Fr Ar number +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement markup is needed. +.Pp +It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font. +.Tg Ft +.It Ic \&Ft Ar functype +A function type. +.Pp +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, a new output line is started after this macro. +.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Nx 5.01 -\&.Nx +.Dl \&.Ft int +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Oc -.Ss \&Oo -.Ss \&Op -.Ss \&Os -Document operating system version. This is the mandatory third macro of -any +.Ic \&Fo . +.Tg Fx +.It Ic \&Fx Op Ar version +Format the +.Fx +version provided as an argument, or a default value +if no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Fx 7.1 +.Dl \&.Fx +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Nx , +and +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Hf Ar filename +This macro is not implemented in +.Xr mandoc 1 . +It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally. +.Tg Ic +.It Ic \&Ic Ar keyword ... +Internal or interactive command, or configuration instruction +in a configuration file. +See also +.Ic \&Cm . +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Ic :wq +.Dl \&.Ic hash +.Dl \&.Ic alias +.Pp +Note that using +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Dl , +or +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal +is preferred for displaying code samples; the +.Ic \&Ic +macro is used when referring to an individual command name. +.Tg In +.It Ic \&In Ar filename +The name of an include file. +This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages. +.Pp +When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets +and preceded by +.Qq #include , +and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding +function declaration. +In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets +and causes no line break. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.In sys/types.h +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.Tg It +.It Ic \&It Op Ar head +A list item. +The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. +.Pp +Lists +of type +.Fl hang , +.Fl ohang , +.Fl inset , +and +.Fl diag +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar args +.Pp +Lists of type +.Fl bullet , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl hyphen +and +.Fl item +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It +.Pp +with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the +.Ic \&It +until either a closing +.Ic \&El +or another +.Ic \&It . +.Pp +The +.Fl tag +list has the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Op Cm args +.Pp +Subsequent lines are interpreted as with +.Fl bullet +and family. +The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body +arguments correspond to the list's contents. +.Pp +The +.Fl column +list is the most complicated. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ic \&Ta Ar cell ... +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ar cell ... +.Pp +The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros +representing a complete table line. +Cells within the line are delimited by the special +.Ic \&Ta +block macro or by literal tab characters. +.Pp +Using literal tabs is strongly discouraged because they are very +hard to use correctly and .Nm -file. Its calling syntax is as follows: +code using them is very hard to read. +In particular, a blank character is syntactically significant +before and after the literal tab character. +If a word precedes or follows the tab without an intervening blank, +that word is never interpreted as a macro call, but always output +literally. .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system +The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the +.Ic \&It +line itself; on following lines, only the +.Ic \&Ta +macro can be used to delimit cells, and portability requires that +.Ic \&Ta +is called by other macros: some parsers do not recognize it when +it appears as the first macro on a line. .Pp -The optional -.Cm system -parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. Left -unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. This is -the suggested form. +Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an +.Ic \&It +line. +For example, .Pp +.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ,\& col2 ,\(dq \&; +.Pp +will preserve the whitespace before both commas, +but not the whitespace before the semicolon. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Bl . +.Tg Lb +.It Ic \&Lb Cm lib Ns Ar name +Specify a library. +.Pp +The +.Ar name +parameter may be a system library, such as +.Cm z +or +.Cm pam , +in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker +invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is +printed in quotes. +This is most commonly used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section as described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.Pp Examples: +.Dl \&.Lb libz +.Dl \&.Lb libmandoc +.Tg Li +.It Ic \&Li Ar word ... +Request a typewriter (literal) font. +Deprecated because on terminal output devices, this is usually +indistinguishable from normal text. +For literal displays, use +.Ic \&Ql Pq in-line , +.Ic \&Dl Pq single line , +or +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal Pq multi-line +instead. +.Tg Lk +.It Ic \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar display_name +Format a hyperlink. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Mt . +.It Ic \&Lp +Deprecated synonym for +.Ic \&Pp . +.Tg Ms +.It Ic \&Ms Ar name +Display a mathematical symbol. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Ms sigma +.Dl \&.Ms aleph +.Tg Mt +.It Ic \&Mt Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain +Format a +.Dq mailto: +hyperlink. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv +.Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv +.Tg Nd +.It Ic \&Nd Ar line +A one line description of the manual's content. +This is the mandatory last macro of the +.Em NAME +section and not appropriate for other sections. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd mdoc language reference +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals +.Pp +The +.Ic \&Nd +macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent +.Ic \&Sh +invocation. +Do not assume this behaviour: some +.Xr whatis 1 +database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line +arguments and will display macros verbatim. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Nm . +.Tg Nm +.It Ic \&Nm Op Ar name +The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, +and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in +the manual page. +When first invoked, the +.Ic \&Nm +macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. +Usually, the first invocation happens in the +.Em NAME +section of the page. +The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is +called again without arguments later in the page. +The +.Ic \&Nm +macro uses +.Sx Block full-implicit +semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section; otherwise, it uses ordinary +.Sx In-line +semantics. +.Pp +Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Os -\&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS -\&.Os BSD 4.3 +\&.Sh SYNOPSIS +\&.Nm cat +\&.Op Fl benstuv +\&.Op Ar .Ed .Pp +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the +.Ic \&Fn +macro rather than +.Ic \&Nm +to mark up the name of the manual page. +.Tg No +.It Ic \&No Ar word ... +Normal text. +Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro. +When used after physical formatting macros like +.Ic \&Em +or +.Ic \&Sy , +switches back to the standard font face and weight. +Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines +using semantic annotation macros. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman" +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Sm off +\&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No / +\&.Sm on +.Ed +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&Ql , and -.Sx \&Dt . -. -.Ss \&Ot -Unknown usage. +.Ic \&Sy . +.Tg Ns +.It Ic \&Ns +Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro +and the following text or macro. +Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text +just like after an +.Ic \&No +macro. .Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro has been deprecated. -. -.Ss \&Ox -Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value -if no argument is provided. +This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ox 4.5 -\&.Ox +.Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value" +.Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern" +.Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output" +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&No +and +.Ic \&Sm . +.Tg Nx +.It Ic \&Nx Op Ar version +Format the +.Nx +version provided as an argument, or a default value if +no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Nx 5.01 +.Dl \&.Nx +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +and +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Oc +Close multi-line +.Ic \&Oo +context. +.It Ic \&Oo Ar block +Multi-line version of +.Ic \&Op . +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Oo +\&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value +\&.Oc .Ed +.Tg Op +.It Ic \&Op Ar line +Optional part of a command line. +Prints the argument(s) in brackets. +This is most often used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section of section 1 and 8 manual pages. .Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b +.Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b +.Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , +.Ic \&Oo . +.Tg Os +.It Ic \&Os Op Ar footer text +The mandatory third macro of every +.Nm +file. +Usually, do not specify any arguments, +in particular not the operating system name and/or version. +.Pp +If no argument is given, +.Xr mandoc 1 +prints its +.Fl Ios +argument in the page footer, or +.Fa sysname and -.Sx \&Ux . -. -.Ss \&Pa -.Ss \&Pc -.Ss \&Pf -.Ss \&Po -.Ss \&Pp -.Ss \&Pq -.Ss \&Qc -.Ss \&Ql -.Ss \&Qo -.Ss \&Qq -. -.Ss \&Re -Closes a -.Sx \&Rs -block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. -.Ss \&Rs -Begins a bibliographic +.Fa release +as returned by +.Xr uname 3 +by default. +.Pp +Manual pages that are part of a portable software project can override +the default by giving the project name and version number as arguments, +but leaving it blank is never a bad choice. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Dd +and +.Ic \&Dt . +.It Ic \&Ot Ar functype +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Ft +instead; with +.Xr mandoc 1 , +both have the same effect. +.Pp +Historical +.Nm +packages described it as +.Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" . +.Tg Ox +.It Ic \&Ox Op Ar version +Format the +.Ox +version provided as an argument, or a default value +if no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Ox 4.5 +.Dl \&.Ox +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +and +.Ic \&Nx . +.Tg Pa +.It Ic \&Pa Ar name ... +An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name. +If an argument is not provided, the character +.Sq \(ti +is used as a default. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc +.Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Lk . +.It Ic \&Pc +Close parenthesised context opened by +.Ic \&Po . +.Tg Pf +.It Ic \&Pf Ar prefix macro Op Ar argument ... +Removes the space between its argument and the following macro. +It is equivalent to: +.Pp +.D1 Ic \&No Pf \e& Ar prefix Ic \&Ns Ar macro Op Ar argument ... +.Pp +The +.Ar prefix +argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters, +but used verbatim as if it were escaped. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name" +.Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name" +.Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits" +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Ns +and +.Ic \&Sm . +.It Ic \&Po Ar block +Multi-line version of +.Ic \&Pq . +.Tg Pp +.It Ic \&Pp +Break a paragraph. +This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros +and/or text. +.Pp +Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after +.Ic \&Sh +or +.Ic \&Ss +macros or before displays +.Pq Ic \&Bd Ar line +or lists +.Pq Ic \&Bl +unless the +.Fl compact +flag is given. +.Tg Pq +.It Ic \&Pq Ar line +Parenthesised enclosure. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Po . +.It Ic \&Qc +Close quoted context opened by +.Ic \&Qo . +.Tg Ql +.It Ic \&Ql Ar line +In-line literal display. +This can be used for complete command invocations and for multi-word +code examples when an indented display is not desired. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Dl +and +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal . +.It Ic \&Qo Ar block +Multi-line version of +.Ic \&Qq . +.Tg Qq +.It Ic \&Qq Ar line +Encloses its arguments in +.Qq typewriter +double-quotes. +Consider using +.Ic \&Dq . +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Sq , +and +.Ic \&Qo . +.It Ic \&Re +Close an +.Ic \&Rs +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Tg Rs +.It Ic \&Rs +Begin a bibliographic .Pq Dq reference -block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only -contain -.Sx \&%A , -.Sx \&%B , -.Sx \&%C , -.Sx \&%D , -.Sx \&%I , -.Sx \&%J , -.Sx \&%N , -.Sx \&%O , -.Sx \&%P , -.Sx \&%Q , -.Sx \&%R , -.Sx \&%T , +block. +Does not have any head arguments. +The block macro may only contain +.Ic \&%A , +.Ic \&%B , +.Ic \&%C , +.Ic \&%D , +.Ic \&%I , +.Ic \&%J , +.Ic \&%N , +.Ic \&%O , +.Ic \&%P , +.Ic \&%Q , +.Ic \&%R , +.Ic \&%T , +.Ic \&%U , and -.Sx \&%V +.Ic \&%V child macros (at least one must be specified). .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&.Rs \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft \&.%A J. D. Ullman \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation \&.%I Addison-Wesley -\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes +\&.%C Reading, Massachusetts \&.%D 1979 \&.Re .Ed .Pp If an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current line. -. -.Ss \&Rv -.Ss \&Sc -.Ss \&Sh -.Ss \&Sm -.Ss \&So -.Ss \&Sq -.Ss \&Ss -.Ss \&St -.Ss \&Sx -.Ss \&Sy -.Ss \&Tn -.Ss \&Ud -.Ss \&Ux -Format the UNIX name. Accepts no argument. +.Tg Rv +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ... +Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0 +on success and \-1 on error, with the +.Va errno +libc global variable set on error. .Pp +If +.Ar function +is not specified, the document's name set by +.Ic \&Nm +is used. +Multiple +.Ar function +arguments are treated as separate functions. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Ex . +.It Ic \&Sc +Close single-quoted context opened by +.Ic \&So . +.Tg Sh +.It Ic \&Sh Ar TITLE LINE +Begin a new section. +For a list of conventional manual sections, see +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that +custom sections be used. +.Pp +Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by +.Ic \&Sx . +Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it +may not be linked with +.Ic \&Sx . +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Ss , +and +.Ic \&Sx . +.Tg Sm +.It Ic \&Sm Op Cm on | off +Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. +.Pp +By default, spacing is +.Cm on . +When switched +.Cm off , +no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the +output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines +still get normal spacing between words and sentences. +.Pp +When called without an argument, the +.Ic \&Sm +macro toggles the spacing mode. +Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read. +.It Ic \&So Ar block +Multi-line version of +.Ic \&Sq . +.Tg Sq +.It Ic \&Sq Ar line +Encloses its arguments in +.Sq typewriter +single-quotes. +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Qq , +and +.Ic \&So . +.Tg Ss +.It Ic \&Ss Ar Title line +Begin a new subsection. +Unlike with +.Ic \&Sh , +there is no convention for the naming of subsections. +Except +.Em DESCRIPTION , +the conventional sections described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +rarely have subsections. +.Pp +Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by +.Ic \&Sx . +Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it +may not be linked with +.Ic \&Sx . +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Sh , +and +.Ic \&Sx . +.Tg St +.It Ic \&St Fl Ns Ar abbreviation +Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form. +The following standards are recognised. +Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between, +they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form +is recommended. +.Bl -tag -width 1n +.It C language standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ansiC +.St -ansiC +.It \-ansiC-89 +.St -ansiC-89 +.It \-isoC +.St -isoC +.It \-isoC-90 +.St -isoC-90 +.br +The original C standard. +.Pp +.It \-isoC-amd1 +.St -isoC-amd1 +.Pp +.It \-isoC-tcor1 +.St -isoC-tcor1 +.Pp +.It \-isoC-tcor2 +.St -isoC-tcor2 +.Pp +.It \-isoC-99 +.St -isoC-99 +.br +The second major version of the C language standard. +.Pp +.It \-isoC-2011 +.St -isoC-2011 +.br +The third major version of the C language standard. +.El +.It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-88 +.St -p1003.1-88 +.It \-p1003.1 +.St -p1003.1 +.br +The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-90 +.St -p1003.1-90 +.It \-iso9945-1-90 +.St -iso9945-1-90 +.br +The first update of POSIX.1. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1b-93 +.St -p1003.1b-93 +.It \-p1003.1b +.St -p1003.1b +.br +Real-time extensions. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1c-95 +.St -p1003.1c-95 +.br +POSIX thread interfaces. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1i-95 +.St -p1003.1i-95 +.br +Technical Corrigendum. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-96 +.St -p1003.1-96 +.It \-iso9945-1-96 +.St -iso9945-1-96 +.br +Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i. +.El +.It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-xpg3 +.St -xpg3 +.br +An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2 +.St -p1003.2 +.It \-p1003.2-92 +.St -p1003.2-92 +.It \-iso9945-2-93 +.St -iso9945-2-93 +.br +An XCU4 precursor. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2a-92 +.St -p1003.2a-92 +.br +Updates to POSIX.2. +.Pp +.It \-xpg4 +.St -xpg4 +.br +Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv1 +.St -susv1 +.It \-xpg4.2 +.St -xpg4.2 +.br +This standard was published in 1994. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification. +The following two refer to parts of it. +.Pp +.It \-xcurses4.2 +.St -xcurses4.2 +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1g-2000 +.St -p1003.1g-2000 +.br +Networking APIs, including sockets. +.Pp +.It \-svid4 +.St -svid4 , +.br +Published in 1995. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv2 +.St -susv2 +This Standard was published in 1997 +and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification. +The following refer to parts of it. +.Pp +.It \-xbd5 +.St -xbd5 +.Pp +.It \-xsh5 +.St -xsh5 +.Pp +.It \-xcu5 +.St -xcu5 +.Pp +.It \-xns5 +.St -xns5 +.It \-xns5.2 +.St -xns5.2 +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 3 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2001 +.St -p1003.1-2001 +.It \-susv3 +.St -susv3 +.br +This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j. +It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6. +It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-2004 +.St -p1003.1-2004 +.br +The second and last Technical Corrigendum. +.El +.It POSIX issues 7 and 8 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2008 +.St -p1003.1-2008 +.It \-susv4 +.St -susv4 +.br +This standard is based on C99. +It is also called the +Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 7. +.El +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2024 +.St -p1003.1-2024 +.br +This standard is based on C17. +It is also called the +Open Group Standard Base Specifications, Issue 8. +.El +.It Other standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ieee754 +.St -ieee754 +.br +Floating-point arithmetic. +.Pp +.It \-iso8601 +.St -iso8601 +.br +Representation of dates and times, published in 1988. +.Pp +.It \-iso8802-3 +.St -iso8802-3 +.br +Ethernet local area networks. +.Pp +.It \-ieee1275-94 +.St -ieee1275-94 +.El +.El +.Tg Sx +.It Ic \&Sx Ar Title line +Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page. +The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the +enclosed argument, including whitespace. +.Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ux +.Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +.Pp +See also +.Ic \&Sh +and +.Ic \&Ss . +.Tg Sy +.It Ic \&Sy Ar word ... +Request a boldface font. +.Pp +This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be +confused with stress emphasis, see +.Ic \&Em ) . +When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax +elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +\&.Sy Warning : +If +\&.Sy s +appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set. +This utility replaces the former +\&.Sy dumpdir +program. .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&No , and -.Sx \&Ox . -. -.Ss \&Va -.Ss \&Vt -.Ss \&Xc -.Ss \&Xo -.Ss \&Xr -.Ss \&br -.Ss \&sp -. -. +.Ic \&Ql . +.Tg Ta +.It Ic \&Ta +Table cell separator in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +lists; can only be used below +.Ic \&It . +.Tg Tg +.It Ic \&Tg Op Ar term +Announce that the next input line starts a definition of the +.Ar term . +This macro must appear alone on its own input line. +The argument defaults to the first argument of the first macro +on the next line. +The argument may not contain whitespace characters, not even when it is quoted. +This macro is a +.Xr mandoc 1 +extension and is typically ignored by other formatters. +.Pp +When viewing terminal output with +.Xr less 1 , +the interactive +.Ic :t +command can be used to go to the definition of the +.Ar term +as described for the +.Ev MANPAGER +variable in +.Xr man 1 ; +when producing HTML output, a fragment identifier +.Pq Ic id No attribute +is generated, to be used for deep linking to this place of the document. +.Pp +In most cases, adding a +.Ic \&Tg +macro would be redundant because +.Xr mandoc 1 +is able to automatically tag most definitions. +This macro is intended for cases where automatic tagging of a +.Ar term +is unsatisfactory, for example if a definition is not tagged +automatically (false negative) or if places are tagged that do +not define the +.Ar term +(false positives). +When there is at least one +.Ic \&Tg +macro for a +.Ar term , +no other places are automatically marked as definitions of that +.Ar term . +.It Ic \&Tn Ar word ... +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Even though the macro name +.Pq Dq tradename +suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly +using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font. +.It Ic \&Ud +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Prints out +.Dq currently under development. +.It Ic \&Ux +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Prints out +.Dq Ux . +.Tg Va +.It Ic \&Va Oo Ar type Oc Ar identifier ... +A variable name. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Va foo +.Dl \&.Va const char *bar ; +.Pp +For function arguments and parameters, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead. +For declarations of global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, use +.Ic \&Vt . +.Tg Vt +.It Ic \&Vt Ar type Op Ar identifier +A variable type. +.Pp +This is also used for indicating global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, in which case a variable name is also specified. +Note that it accepts +.Sx Block partial-implicit +syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, else it accepts ordinary +.Sx In-line +syntax. +In the former case, this macro starts a new output line, +and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding +function definition or include directive. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Vt unsigned char +.Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; +.Pp +For parameters in function prototypes, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead, for function return types +.Ic \&Ft , +and for variable names outside the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section +.Ic \&Va , +even when including a type with the name. +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.It Ic \&Xc +Close a scope opened by +.Ic \&Xo . +.It Ic \&Xo Ar block +Extend the header of an +.Ic \&It +macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro +beyond the end of the input line. +This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit +of historic +.Xr roff 7 . +.Tg Xr +.It Ic \&Xr Ar name section +Link to another manual +.Pq Qq cross-reference . +.Pp +Cross reference the +.Ar name +and +.Ar section +number of another man page. +.Pp +Examples: +.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 +.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; +.Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour +.El +.Sh MACRO SYNTAX +The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. +In this section, +.Sq \-arg +refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more +.Sq parm +parameters; +.Sq \&Yo +opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, +.Sq \&Yc +closes it out. +.Pp +The +.Em Callable +column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name +as an argument to another macro. +For example, +.Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file +produces +.Sq Op Fl O Ar file . +To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally, +escape it by prepending a zero-width space, +.Sq \e& . +For example, +.Sq \&Op \e&Fl O +produces +.Sq Op \&Fl O . +If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument +to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text. +For example, +.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh +produces +.Sq Fl \&Sh . +.Pp +The +.Em Parsed +column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving +their names as arguments. +If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears +as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text. +.Pp +The +.Em Scope +column, if applicable, describes closure rules. +.Ss Block full-explicit +Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. +All macros contains bodies; only +.Ic \&Bf +and +.Pq optionally +.Ic \&Bl +contain a head. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ed +.It Ic \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ef +.It Ic \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ek +.It Ic \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bd +.It Ic \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bf +.It Ic \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bk +.It Ic \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bl +.El +.Ss Block full-implicit +Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. +All macros have bodies; some +.Po +.Ic \&It Fl bullet , +.Fl hyphen , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl item +.Pc +don't have heads; only one +.Po +.Ic \&It +in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +.Pc +has multiple heads. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&It , Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Nm , Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss +.It Ic \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss +.El +.Pp +Note that the +.Ic \&Nm +macro is a +.Sx Block full-implicit +macro only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss Block partial-explicit +Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. +Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head +.Po +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Eo +.Pc +and/or tail +.Pq Ic \&Ec . +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ +\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Ao +.It Ic \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ac +.It Ic \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Bo +.It Ic \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bc +.It Ic \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bro +.It Ic \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Brc +.It Ic \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Do +.It Ic \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Dc +.It Ic \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Eo +.It Ic \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ec +.It Ic \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Fo +.It Ic \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Fc +.It Ic \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Po +.It Ic \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Pc +.It Ic \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Rs +.It Ic \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Re +.It Ic \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&So +.It Ic \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sc +.It Ic \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Xo +.It Ic \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Xc +.El +.Ss Block partial-implicit +Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the +end of the line. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed +.It Ic \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes +.It Ic \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&En Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes +.El +.Pp +Note that the +.Ic \&Vt +macro is a +.Sx Block partial-implicit +only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss Special block macro +The +.Ic \&Ta +macro can only be used below +.Ic \&It +in +.Ic \&Bl Fl column +lists. +It delimits blocks representing table cells; +these blocks have bodies, but no heads. +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope +.It Ic \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ta , Ic \&It +.El +.Ss In-line +Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths, +and/or subsequent macros. +In-line macros have only text children. +If a number (or inequality) of arguments is +.Pq n , +then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments +.It Ic \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Es Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 +.It Ic \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ot Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Tg Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 +.El +.Ss Delimiters +When a macro argument consists of one single input character +considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling. +This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing +more than one character. +Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it +like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending +a zero-width space +.Pq Sq \e& . +In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used +as normal punctuation. +.Pp +For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters, +these delimiters are put before the macro scope, +and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters, +these delimiters are put after the macro scope. +Spacing is suppressed after opening delimiters +and before closing delimiters. +For example, +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ." +.Pp +renders as: +.Pp +.D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) . +.Pp +Opening delimiters are: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&( +left parenthesis +.It \&[ +left bracket +.El +.Pp +Closing delimiters are: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&. +period +.It \&, +comma +.It \&: +colon +.It \&; +semicolon +.It \&) +right parenthesis +.It \&] +right bracket +.It \&? +question mark +.It \&! +exclamation mark +.El +.Pp +Note that even a period preceded by a backslash +.Pq Sq \e.\& +gets this special handling; use +.Sq \e&.\& +to prevent that. +.Pp +Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter +delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that +are not delimiters. +For example, +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e" +.Pp +renders as: +.Pp +.D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e +.Pp +This applies to both opening and closing delimiters, +and also to the middle delimiter, which does not suppress spacing: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It \&| +vertical bar +.El +.Pp +As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered +in the same way as a plain +.Sq \&| +character. +Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals. +.Pp +Appending a zero-width space +.Pq Sq \e& +to the end of an input line is also useful to prevent the interpretation +of a trailing period, exclamation or question mark as the end of a +sentence, for example when an abbreviation happens to occur +at the end of a text or macro input line. +.Ss Font handling +In +.Nm +documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have +proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup +is available, consider falling back to +.Sx Physical markup +macros. +Whenever any +.Nm +macro switches the +.Xr roff 7 +font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting +its scope. +Manually switching the font using the +.Xr roff 7 +.Ql \ef +font escape sequences is never required. .Sh COMPATIBILITY -This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at -this time limited to -.Xr groff 1 . -The term -.Qq historic groff -refers to those versions before the -.Pa doc.tmac -file re-write -.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . -. +This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues +between mandoc and GNU troff +.Pq Qq groff . .Pp +The following problematic behaviour is found in groff: +.Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -Negative scaling units are now truncated to zero instead of creating -interesting conditions, such as with -.Sq \&sp -1i . -Furthermore, the -.Sq f -scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. +.Ic \&Pa +does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under +certain list types. .It -In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a -standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic -behaviour is no longer applicable. +.Ic \&Ta +can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line. .It -Display types -.Sx \&Bd Fl center +.Sq \ef +.Pq font face and -.Fl right -are aliases for -.Fl left . -The -.Fl file Ar file -argument is ignored. Since text is not right-justified, -.Fl ragged -and -.Fl filled -are aliases, as are -.Fl literal -and -.Fl unfilled . +.Sq \eF +.Pq font family face +.Sx Text Decoration +escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes. .It -Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text -lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace -in free-form text lines. +Negative scaling units return to prior lines. +Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero. +.El +.Pp +The following features are unimplemented in mandoc: +.Pp +.Bl -dash -compact .It -Historic groff has many un-callable macros. Most of these (excluding -some block-level macros) are now callable, conforming to the -non-historic groff version. +.Ic \&Bd Fl file Ar file +is unsupported for security reasons. .It -The vertical bar -.Sq \(ba -made historic groff -.Qq go orbital -but is a proper delimiter in this implementation. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl filled +does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl ragged . .It -.Sx \&It Fl nested -is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be -nested and -.Fl enum -lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal +does not use a literal font, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl unfilled . .It -Some manuals use -.Sx \&Li -incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the -delimiter to render. This is not supported. -.It -In groff, the -.Sx \&Fo -macro only produces the first parameter. This is no longer the case. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset Cm center +and +.Fl offset Cm right +don't work. +Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either, +but produces large indentations. .El -. -. .Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr man 1 , .Xr mandoc 1 , -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -. -. +.Xr eqn 7 , +.Xr man 7 , +.Xr mandoc_char 7 , +.Xr roff 7 , +.Xr tbl 7 +.Pp +The web page +.Lk https://mandoc.bsd.lv/mdoc/ "extended documentation for the mdoc language" +provides a few tutorial-style pages for beginners, an extensive style +guide for advanced authors, and an alphabetic index helping to choose +the best macros for various kinds of content. +.Pp +The manual page +.Lk https://man.voidlinux.org/groff_mdoc "groff_mdoc(7)" +contained in the +.Dq groff +package documents exactly the same language in a somewhat different style. +.Sh HISTORY +The +.Nm +language first appeared as a troff macro package in +.Bx 4.4 . +It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov +in groff-1.17. +The standalone implementation that is part of the +.Xr mandoc 1 +utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in +.Ox 4.6 . .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm reference was written by -.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se . -.\" -.\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats. -.\" . -.\" . -.\" .Sh CAVEATS -.\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc. -.\" . -.\" .Pp -.\" .Bl -dash -compact -.\" .It -.\" .Sq \&Fa -.\" should be -.\" .Sq \&Va -.\" as function arguments are variables. -.\" .It -.\" .Sq \&Ft -.\" should be -.\" .Sq \&Vt -.\" as function return types are still types. Furthermore, the -.\" .Sq \&Ft -.\" should be removed and -.\" .Sq \&Fo , -.\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as -.\" .Sq \&Va . -.\" .It -.\" .Sq \&Va -.\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a -.\" variable name and optional, preceding type. -.\" .It -.\" .Sq \&Fd -.\" is ambiguous. It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the -.\" synopsis section. -.\" .Sq \&In -.\" should be used, instead. -.\" .It -.\" Only the -.\" .Sq \-literal -.\" argument to -.\" .Sq \&Bd -.\" makes sense. The remaining ones should be removed. -.\" .It -.\" The -.\" .Sq \&Xo -.\" and -.\" .Sq \&Xc -.\" macros should be deprecated. -.\" .It -.\" The -.\" .Sq \&Dt -.\" macro lacks clarity. It should be absolutely clear which title will -.\" render when formatting the manual page. -.\" .It -.\" A -.\" .Sq \&Lx -.\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la -.\" .Sq \&Ox , -.\" .Sq \&Nx -.\" etc.). -.\" .It -.\" There's no way to refer to references in -.\" .Sq \&Rs/Re -.\" blocks. -.\" .It -.\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via -.\" .Sq \&An -.\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section. -.\" .El -.\" . +.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .