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version 1.1, 2009/03/13 07:46:10 version 1.105, 2010/05/14 16:02:29
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 .\" $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 .\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all  .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 .\" copies.  
 .\"  .\"
 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL  .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 .\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED  .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE  .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 .\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL  .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 .\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR  .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER  .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR  .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.  .\"
 .\"  
 .Dd $Mdocdate$  .Dd $Mdocdate$
 .Dt mdoc 7  .Dt MDOC 7
 .Os  .Os
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc macro reference  .Nd mdoc language reference
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language is used to format
 .Bx  .Bx
 .Ux  .Ux
 manuals.  An  manuals.  In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure,
   and usage.  Our reference implementation is mandoc; the
   .Sx COMPATIBILITY
   section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
   .Pp
   An
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control
 character  character
 .Sq \.  .Sq \.
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
 prior macros.  Macros are either two or three characters in length.  prior macros:
 .\" SECTION  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Sh CHARACTER ENCODING  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
   Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
   .Ed
   .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only printable alphanumeric characters, the space  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
 character  character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  All
 .Sq \  ,  manuals must have
 and, in certain circumstances, the tab character  .Ux
 .Sq \et .  line terminators.
 All manuals must have  .Ss Comments
 .Sq \en  Text following a
 line termination.  .Sq \e" ,
 .\" SUB-SECTION  whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
 .Ss Special Characters  line.  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
 Within a macro line, the following characters are special:  .Sq \&.\e" ,
 .\" PARAGRAPH  is also ignored.  Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally
   whitespace are stripped from input.
   .Ss Reserved Characters
   Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset XXXX -compact  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.  .It \&.
 period  .Pq period
 .It \&,  .It \&,
 comma  .Pq comma
 .It \&:  .It \&:
 colon  .Pq colon
 .It \&;  .It \&;
 semicolon  .Pq semicolon
 .It \&(  .It \&(
 left-parenthesis  .Pq left-parenthesis
 .It \&)  .It \&)
 right-parenthesis  .Pq right-parenthesis
 .It \&[  .It \&[
 left-bracket  .Pq left-bracket
 .It \&]  .It \&]
 right-bracket  .Pq right-bracket
 .It \&?  .It \&?
 question  .Pq question
 .It \&!  .It \&!
 exclmamation  .Pq exclamation
   .It \&|
   .Pq vertical bar
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Use of these characters must either be escaped with a non-breaking space  Use of reserved characters is described in
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
   For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped
   with a non-breaking space
 .Pq Sq \e&  .Pq Sq \e&
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape-sequence used.  or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Special Characters  .Ss Special Characters
 Special character sequences begin with the escape character  Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.
 .Sq \\  Sequences begin with the escape character
 and followed by either an open-parenthesis  .Sq \e
   followed by either an open-parenthesis
 .Sq \&(  .Sq \&(
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
 .Sq \&[  .Sq \&[
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
 .Sq \&] ) ;  .Sq \&] ) ;
 or a single one-character sequence.  or a single one-character sequence.
   See
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   for a complete list.
   Examples include
   .Sq \e(em
   .Pq em-dash
   and
   .Sq \ee
   .Pq back-slash .
   .Ss Text Decoration
   Terms may be text-decorated using the
   .Sq \ef
   escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
   (revert to previous mode):
 .Pp  .Pp
 Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,  .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
 .Sq \\* ,  
 with the same combinations as described above.  This form, however, is  
 deprecated.  The following is a table of all available escapes, arranged  
 by classification.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Grammatic:  A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
   respectively) may be used instead.
   A text decoration is valid within
   the current font scope only:  if a macro opens a font scope alongside
   its own scope, such as
   .Sx \&Bf
   .Cm \&Sy ,
   in-scope invocations of
   .Sq \ef
   are only valid within the font scope of the macro.
   If
   .Sq \ef
   is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
   text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  Text may also be sized with the
 .It \\(em  .Sq \es
 .Pq em-dash  escape, whose syntax is one of
 .It \\(en  .Sq \es+-n
 .Pq en-dash  for one-digit numerals;
 .It \e-  .Sq \es(+-nn
 .Pq hyphen  or
 .It \\\\  .Sq \es+-(nn
 .Pq back-slash  for two-digit numerals; and
 .It \e'  .Sq \es[+-N] ,
 .Pq apostrophe  .Sq \es+-[N] ,
 .It \e`  .Sq \es'+-N' ,
 .Pq back-tick  or
 .It \\  .Sq \es+-'N'
 .Pq space  for arbitrary-digit numerals:
 .It \\.  
 .Pq period  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Enclosures:  .D1 \es+1bigger\es-1
   .D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10]
   .D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10
   .D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100'
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  Note these forms are
 .It \\(rC  .Em not
 .Pq right brace  recommended for
 .It \\(lC  .Nm ,
 .Pq left brace  which encourages semantic annotation.
 .It \\(ra  .Ss Predefined Strings
 .Pq right angle  Historically,
 .It \\(la  .Xr groff 1
 .Pq left angle  also defined a set of package-specific
 .It \\(rB  .Dq predefined strings ,
 .Pq right bracket  which, like
 .It \\(lB  .Sx Special Characters ,
 .Pq left bracket  demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
 .It \\q  Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
 .Pq double-quote  .Sq \e* :
 .It \\(lq  single-character
 .Pq left double-quote  .Sq \e*X ,
 .It \\(Lq  two-character
 .Pq left double-quote, deprecated  .Sq \e*(XX ,
 .It \\(rq  and N-character
 .Pq right double-quote  .Sq \e*[N] .
 .It \\(Rq  See
 .Pq right double-quote, deprecated  .Xr mandoc_char 7
 .It \\(oq  for a complete list.
 .Pq left single-quote  Examples include
 .It \\(aq  .Sq \e*(Am
 .Pq right single-quote  .Pq ampersand
 .El  and
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Sq \e*(Ba
   .Pq vertical bar .
   .Ss Whitespace
   Whitespace consists of the space character.
   In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped
   trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
   Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
   within literal contexts.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Indicatives:  In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
   If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.
   .Ss Quotation
   Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group
   space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.
   A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
   The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote
   terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  This produces tokens
 .It \\(<-  .Sq a" ,
 .Pq left arrow  .Sq b c ,
 .It \\(->  .Sq de ,
 .Pq right arrow  and
 .It \\(ua  .Sq fg" .
 .Pq up arrow  Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately
 .It \\(da  considered literal text.
 .Pq down arrow  Thus, the following produces
 .El  .Sq \&Em a :
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Em "Em a"
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Mathematical:  In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
   .Ss Dates
   There are several macros in
   .Nm
   that require a date argument.
   The canonical form for dates is the American format:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .D1 Cm Month Day , Year
 .It \\(Gt  .Pp
 .Pq greater-than, deprecated  The
 .It \\(Lt  .Cm Day
 .Pq less-than, deprecated  value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.
 .It \\(<=  The
 .Pq less-than-equal  .Cm Month
 .It \\(Le  value is the full month name.
 .Pq less-than-equal, deprecated  The
 .It \\(>=  .Cm Year
 .Pq greater-than-equal  value is the full four-digit year.
 .It \\(Ge  .Pp
 .Pq greater-than-equal  Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
 .It \\(==  .Pp
 .Pq equal  .D1 Cm Month , Year
 .It \\(!=  .D1 Cm Year
 .Pq not equal  .Pp
 .It \\(Ne  Some examples of valid dates follow:
 .Pq not equal, deprecated  .Pp
 .It \\(if  .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
 .Pq infinity  .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
 .It \\(If  .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
 .Pq infinity, deprecated  .Ss Scaling Widths
 .It \\(na  Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
 .Pq NaN , an extension  stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
 .It \\(Na  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Pq NaN, deprecated  \&.Bl -tag -width 2i
 .It \\(+-  .Ed
 .Pq plus-minus  .Pp
 .It \\(Pm  The syntax for scaled widths is
 .Pq plus-minus, deprecated  .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,
 .It \\(**  where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
 .Pq asterisk  Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.
   The following scaling units are accepted:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It c
   centimetre
   .It i
   inch
   .It P
   pica (~1/6 inch)
   .It p
   point (~1/72 inch)
   .It f
   synonym for
   .Sq u
   .It v
   default vertical span
   .It m
   width of rendered
   .Sq m
   .Pq em
   character
   .It n
   width of rendered
   .Sq n
   .Pq en
   character
   .It u
   default horizontal span
   .It M
   mini-em (~1/100 em)
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Diacritics:  Using anything other than
   .Sq m ,
   .Sq n ,
   .Sq u ,
   or
   .Sq v
   is necessarily non-portable across output media.
   See
   .Sx COMPATIBILITY .
   .Ss Sentence Spacing
   When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of
   a line.
   By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
   spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
   or question mark.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
 .It \\(ga  the boundary of a macro line.
 .Pq accent grave  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 .It \\(aa  A well-formed
 .Pq accent accute  .Nm
   document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
   sections.
   .Pp
   The prologue, which consists of (in order) the
   .Sx \&Dd ,
   .Sx \&Dt ,
   and
   .Sx \&Os
   macros, is required for every document.
   .Pp
   The first section (sections are denoted by
   .Sx \&Sh )
   must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
   .Sx \&Nm
   followed by
   .Sx \&Nd .
   .Pp
   Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and
   DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections.
   .Pp
   The following is a well-formed skeleton
   .Nm
   file:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   \&.Dt mdoc 7
   \&.Os
   \&.
   \&.Sh NAME
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Nd a description goes here
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl options
   \&.Ar
   \&.
   \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility processes files ...
   \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
   \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
   \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
   \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY
   \&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
   \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The sections in a
   .Nm
   document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
   Sections should be composed as follows:
   .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
   .It Em NAME
   The name(s) and a short description of the documented material.
   The syntax for this as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm name0
   \&.Nm name1
   \&.Nm name2
   \&.Nd a short description
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro(s) must precede the
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Nm
   and
   .Sx \&Nd .
   .It Em LIBRARY
   The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
   assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual.
   The syntax for this is as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Lb libarm
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Lb .
   .It Em SYNOPSIS
   Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
   configuration.
   .Pp
   For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
   generally structured as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   \&.Nm bar
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
   \&.In header.h
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
   .Ed
   .Pp
   And for the third, configurations (section 4):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
   \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Op ,
   .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   and
   .Sx \&Vt .
   .It Em DESCRIPTION
   This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
   .Em NAME .
   It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
   command), such as:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The arguments are as follows:
   \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
   \&.It Fl v
   Print verbose information.
   \&.El
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
   .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
   This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
   effects or notable algorithmic implications.
   .It Em RETURN VALUES
   This section is the dual of
   .Em EXIT STATUS ,
   which is used for commands.
   It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Rv .
   .It Em ENVIRONMENT
   Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,
   .Xr environ 7 .
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ev .
   .It Em FILES
   Documents files used.
   It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how
   the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Pa .
   .It Em EXIT STATUS
   Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.
   This section is the dual of
   .Em RETURN VALUES ,
   which is used for functions.
   Historically, this information was described in
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
   a practise that is now discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ex .
   .It Em EXAMPLES
   Example usages.
   This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
   Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!
   .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
   Documents error conditions.
   This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
   Historically, this section was used in place of
   .Em EXIT STATUS
   for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
   discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Bl
   .Fl diag .
   .It Em ERRORS
   Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Er .
   .It Em SEE ALSO
   References other manuals with related topics.
   This section should exist for most manuals.
   Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
   alphabetically.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Xr .
   .It Em STANDARDS
   References any standards implemented or used.
   If not adhering to any standards, the
   .Em HISTORY
   section should be used instead.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&St .
   .It Em HISTORY
   The history of any manual without a
   .Em STANDARDS
   section should be described in this section.
   .It Em AUTHORS
   Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
   Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&An .
   .It Em CAVEATS
   Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
   in this section.
   .It Em BUGS
   Extant bugs should be described in this section.
   .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
   control character ,
   .Sq \&. ,
   at the beginning of the line.
   An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character
   and the macro name.
   Thus, the following are equivalent:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Pp
   \&.\ \ \ \&Pp
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Special symbols:  The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
   In this section,
   .Sq \-arg
   refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
   .Sq parm
   parameters;
   .Sq \&Yo
   opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
   .Sq \&Yc
   closes it out.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  The
 .It \\(bu  .Em Callable
 .Pq bullet  column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial
 .It \\(ba  line-macro.
 .Pq bar  If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line
 .It \\(Ba  macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that
 .Pq bar, deprecated  .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
 .It \\(co  produces
 .Pq copyright  .Sq Fl \&Sh .
 .It \\&  .Pp
 .Pq non-breaking space  The
 .It \\e  .Em Parsable
 .Pq escape  column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further
 .It \\(Am  (ostensibly callable) macros.
 .Pq ampersand, deprecated  If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line
 .El  will be interpreted as opaque text.
 .\" SECTION  .Pp
 .Sh CLASSIFICATION  The
 Macros are classified in an ontology described by scope rules.  .Em Scope
 .Bl -tag -width "in-lineX"  column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Ss Block full-explicit
 .It Em Block  Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
 Block macros enclose other block macros, in-line macros or text, and  All macros contains bodies; only
 may span multiple lines.  .Sx \&Bf
 .Qq Implicit  contains a head.
 block scope is closed by a subsequent invocation of the same macro,  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 one of a set of corresponding closure macros or end-of-file.  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
 .Qq Explicit  \(lBbody...\(rB
 block scope is closed by a corresponding closure macro.  \&.Yc
 .Bl -tag -width "partial-blockX"  .Ed
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Pp
 .It Em Full-block  .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX"
 Always spans multiple lines.  Consists optionally of one or more  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
 .Qq heads ,  .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
 subsequent macros or text on the same line following invocation; a  .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
 .Qq body ,  .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
 which spans subsequent lines of text or macros; and an optional  .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
 .Qq tail ,  .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
 macros or text on the same line following closure.  .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
 .It Em Partial-block  .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
 May span multiple lines.  Consists optionally of a  
 .Qq head ,  
 text immediately following invocation; always a  
 .Qq body ,  
 text or macros following the head on the same and subsequent lines; and  
 optionally a  
 .Qq tail ,  
 text immediately following closure.  
 .El  .El
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It Em In-line  
 In-line macros may only enclose text and span at most a single line.  If  
 a macro is parsable, its scope may be closed by subsequent macros or  
 delimiting punctuation.  In-line macros follow different conventions for  
 closure; see  
 .Sx MACROS  
 for per-macro details.  
 .El  
 .\" .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .\" .Ss Examples  
 .\" The following examples illustrate each macro classification.  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit full-block.  Has head, body and no tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" second  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 1  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 2  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Nested implicit full-block, where the subsection  
 .\" .Sq \&Ss  
 .\" is within the scope of the parent section  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh  
 .\" and closed along with its parent by the subsequent  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh .  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 1  
 .\" \&.Ss Subsection 1  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 2  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit full-block.  Has a head, a body and no tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ef  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Bf symbolic  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Ef  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Nested explicit/implicit scope.  
 .\" .Sq \&It  
 .\" macro is an implicit block whose scope is closed by the explicit  
 .\" .Sq \&El  
 .\" closure.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Bl \-bullet  
 .\" \&.It head  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.El  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit partial-block.  Has head, body and tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ec  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Eo head body... \&Ec tail  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit partial-block.  Has only body.  Scope is closed by end-of-line.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Sq body...  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit partial-block with only body and scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ac  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Ao body... \&Ac  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit partial-block enclosing explicit partial-block.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Sq body... \&Ao body... \&Ac  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Inline macros, several in sequence.  Scope is closed for  
 .\" .Sq \&Fl  
 .\" by the punctuation delimiter and  
 .\" .Sq \&Ar  
 .\" by the end-of-line.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Fl text0 text1 ; Ar text0 text1  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh MACROS  
 This section contains a complete list of all  
 .Nm  
 macros, arranged ontologically then alphanumerically by macro name.  A  
 .Qq callable  
 macro is may be invoked subsequent to the initial macro-line macro.  A  
 .Qq parsable  
 macro May be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros.  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block full-implicit  .Ss Block full-implicit
 The head of these macros follows invocation; the body is the content of  Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
 subsequent lines prior to closure.  None of these macros have tails;  All macros have bodies; some
 some  
 .Po  .Po
 .Sq \&It \-bullet ,  .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
 .Sq \-hyphen ,  .Fl hyphen ,
 .Sq \-dash ,  .Fl dash ,
 .Sq \-enum  .Fl enum ,
   .Fl item
 .Pc  .Pc
 don't have heads.  don't have heads; only one
   .Po
   .Sx \&It Fl column
   .Pc
   has multiple heads.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Closing" -compact -offset XXXX  .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Closing  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
 .It \&.Sh    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh  .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
 .It \&.Ss    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh, \&.Ss  .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It \&.It    Ta    \&No    Ta    Yes     Ta    \&.It, \&.El  .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Ss Block partial-explicit
 .Ss Block full-explicit  Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
 None of these macros are callable or parsed.  The last column indicates  Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
 the explicit scope rules.  All contains bodies, some may contain heads  .Po
 .Pq So \&Bf Sc .  .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Eo
   .Pc
   and/or tail
   .Pq Sx \&Ec .
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
   \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" -compact -offset XXXX  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
 .It \&.Bd    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ed  .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
 .It \&.Ed    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bd  .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
 .It \&.Bl    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.El  .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
 .It \&.El    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bl  .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
 .It \&.Bf    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ef  .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
 .It \&.Ef    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bf  .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
   .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
   .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
   .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
   .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
   .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
   .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
   .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
   .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
   .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
   .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
   .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
   .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
   .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
   .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  .Ss Block partial-implicit
 All of these are callable and parsed for further macros.  Their scopes  Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by
 close at the invocation's end-of-line.  .Sx Reserved Characters
   or end of line.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable
 .It \&.Aq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Op    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Bq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Dq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
 .It \&.Pq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Qq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Sq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Brq   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  
 Each of these contains at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a  
 head  
 .Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc  
 and/or tail  
 .Pq So \&Ec Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset XXXX  Note that the
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Sx \&Vt
 .It \&.Ao    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ac  macro is a
 .It \&.Ac    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Ao  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 .It \&.Bc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Bo  only when invoked as the first macro
 .It \&.Bo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bc  in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is
 .It \&.Pc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Po  .Sx In-line .
 .It \&.Po    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Pc  .Ss In-line
 .It \&.Do    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Dc  Closed by
 .It \&.Dc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Do  .Sx Reserved Characters ,
 .It \&.Xo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Xc  end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.
 .It \&.Xc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Xo  In-line macros have only text children.
 .It \&.Bro   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Brc  If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
 .It \&.Brc   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bro  .Pq n ,
 .It \&.Oc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oo  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
 .It \&.Oo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oc  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .It \&.So    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Sc  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb
 .It \&.Sc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.So  
 .It \&.Fc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Fo  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
 .It \&.Fo    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Fc  
 .It \&.Ec    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Eo  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
 .It \&.Eo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ec  .Ed
 .It \&.Qc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oo  .Pp
 .It \&.Qo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oc  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments
   .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Sh REFERENCE
 .Ss General  This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX  alphabetically.
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  For the scoping of individual macros, see
 .It \&.Dd    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
 .It \&.Dt    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%A
 .It \&.Os    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Author name of an
 .It \&.Pp    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.D1    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.  Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
 .It \&.Dl    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  .Sx \%%A
 .It \&.Ad    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  line.  Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated
 .It \&.An    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  forename(s) first, then full surname.
 .It \&.Ar    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Ss \&%B
 .It \&.Cd    Ta    Yes   Ta    \&  Book title of an
 .It \&.Cm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Dv    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
 .It \&.Er    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  referring to book titles.
 .It \&.Ev    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Ss \&%C
 .It \&.Ex    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Publication city or location of an
 .It \&.Fa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Fd    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.
 .It \&.Fl    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Pp
 .It \&.Fn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Em Remarks :
 .It \&.Ft    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  this macro is not implemented in
 .It \&.Ic    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Xr groff 1 .
 .It \&.In    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%D
 .It \&.Li    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  Publication date of an
 .It \&.Nd    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Nm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.  This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax
 .It \&.Ot    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  described in
 .It \&.Pa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx Dates .
 .It \&.Rv    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%I
 .It \&.St    Ta    Yes   Ta    \&  Publisher or issuer name of an
 .It \&.Va    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Vt    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.
 .It \&.Xr    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Ss \&%J
 .It \&.%A    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Journal name of an
 .It \&.%B    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.%C    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.
 .It \&.%D    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%N
 .It \&.%I    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Issue number (usually for journals) of an
 .It \&.%J    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.%N    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.
 .It \&.%O    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%O
 .It \&.%P    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Optional information of an
 .It \&.%R    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.%T    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.
 .It \&.%V    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%P
 .It \&.At    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  Book or journal page number of an
 .It \&.Bsx   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Bx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.
 .It \&.Db    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%Q
 .It \&.Em    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
 .It \&.Fx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Ms    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  block.  Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
 .It \&.No    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sx \&%Q
 .It \&.Ns    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  line.
 .It \&.Nx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Ss \&%R
 .It \&.Ox    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  Technical report name of an
 .It \&.Pf    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Ql    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.
 .It \&.Re    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%T
 .It \&.Rs    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Article title of an
 .It \&.Sm    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Sx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context
 .It \&.Sy    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  when referring to article titles.
 .It \&.Tn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Ss \&%U
 .It \&.Ux    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  URI of reference document.
 .It \&.Bk    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&%V
 .It \&.Ek    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Volume number of an
 .It \&.Bt    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Rs
 .It \&.Hf    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  block.
 .It \&.Fr    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&Ac
 .It \&.Ud    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  Closes an
 .It \&.Lb    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Sx \&Ao
 .It \&.Ap    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
 .It \&.Lp    Ta    \&    Ta    \&  .Ss \&Ad
 .It \&.Lk    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in
 .It \&.Mt    Ta    \&    Ta    Yes  memory, not a physical (post) address.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]
   .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000
   .Ss \&An
   Author name.
   This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although
   these may not be specified along with a parameter:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl split
   Renders a line break before each author listing.
   .It Fl nosplit
   The opposite of
   .Fl split .
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author
   listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're
   interspersed by other macros or text, are split.
   Thus, specifying
   .Fl split
   will cause the first listing also to be split.
   If not in the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.An -nosplit
   .D1 \&.An J. D. Ullman .
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   the effects of
   .Fl split
   or
   .Fl nosplit
   are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies
   .Sx \&An Fl nosplit
   in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS
   section.
   .Ss \&Ao
   Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Aq .
   .Ss \&Ap
   Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space.
   This is generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb
   form of a function:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Fn execve Ap d
   .Ed
   .Ss \&Aq
   Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
   .Sx \&Lk
   or
   .Sx \&Mt ,
   or to note pre-processor
   .Dq Li #include
   statements, which should use
   .Sx \&In .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ao .
   .Ss \&Ar
   Command arguments.
   If an argument is not provided, the string
   .Dq file ...
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1
   .D1 \&.Ar
   .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
   .Ss \&At
   Formats an AT&T version.
   Accepts at most one parameter:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
   A version of
   .At .
   .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
   A system version of
   .At .
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.At
   .D1 \&.At V.1
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bc
   Closes a
   .Sx \&Bo
   block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bd
   Begins a display block.
   A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively
   offset or justified in a manner different from that
   of the enclosing context.
   By default, the block is preceded by a vertical space.
   .Pp
   Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the
   following arguments:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl ragged
   Only left-justify the block.
   .It Fl unfilled
   Do not justify the block at all.
   .It Fl filled
   Left- and right-justify the block.
   .It Fl literal
   Alias for
   .Fl unfilled .
   .It Fl centered
   Centre-justify each line.
   .El
   .Pp
   The type must be provided first.
   Secondary arguments are as follows:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl offset Ar width
   Offset by the value of
   .Ar width ,
   which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:
   .Bl -item
   .It
   As one of the pre-defined strings
   .Ar indent ,
   the width of standard indentation;
   .Ar indent-two ,
   twice
   .Ar indent ;
   .Ar left ,
   which has no effect ;
   .Ar right ,
   which justifies to the right margin; and
   .Ar center ,
   which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
   .It
   As a precalculated width for a named macro.
   The most popular is the imaginary macro
   .Ar \&Ds ,
   which resolves to
   .Ar 6n .
   .It
   As a scaling unit following the syntax described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   .It
   As the calculated string length of the opaque string.
   .El
   .Pp
   If unset, it will revert to the value of
   .Ar 8n
   as described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   .It Fl compact
   Do not assert a vertical space before the block.
   .It Fl file Ar file
   Prepend the file
   .Ar file
   before any text or macros within the block.
   .El
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact
      Hello       world.
   \&.Ed
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&D1
   and
   .Sx \&Dl .
   .Ss \&Bf
   .Ss \&Bk
   .Ss \&Bl
   Begins a list composed of one or more list entries.
   A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument.
   Other arguments are
   .Fl width ,
   defined per-type as accepting a literal or
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   value;
   .Fl offset ,
   also accepting a literal or
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   value setting the list's global offset; and
   .Fl compact ,
   suppressing the default vertical space printed before each list entry.
   A list entry is specified by the
   .Sx \&It
   macro, which consists of a head and optional body (depending on the list
   type).
   A list must specify one of the following list types:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl bullet
   A list offset by a bullet.
   The head of list entries must be empty.
   List entry bodies are positioned after the bullet.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
   .It Fl column
   A columnated list.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument has no effect.
   The number of columns is specified as parameters to the
   .Sx \&Bl
   macro.
   These dictate the width of columns either as
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   or literal text.
   List entry bodies must be left empty.
   Column bodies have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 .It col1 <TAB> ... coln
   .D1 .It col1 Ta ... coln
   .D1 .It col1 <TAB> col2 Ta coln
   .Pp
   where columns may be separated by tabs, the literal string
   .Qq Ta ,
   or a mixture of both.
   These are equivalent except that quoted sections propogate over tabs,
   for example,
   .Pp
   .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq ;
   .Pp
   will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
   .It Fl dash
   A list offset by a dash (hyphen).
   The head of list entries must be empty.
   List entry bodies are positioned past the dash.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
   .It Fl diag
   Like
   .Fl inset ,
   but with additional formatting to the head.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
   .It Fl enum
   An enumerated list offset by the enumeration from 1.
   The head of list entries must be empty.
   List entry bodies are positioned after the enumeration.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
   .It Fl hang
   Like
   .Fl tag ,
   but instead of list bodies positioned after the head, they trail the
   head text.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.
   .It Fl hyphen
   Synonym for
   .Fl dash .
   .It Fl inset
   List bodies follow the list head.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl item
   This produces blocks of text.
   The head of list entries must be empty.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl ohang
   List bodies are positioned on the line following the head.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl tag
   A list offset by list entry heads.  List entry bodies are positioned
   after the head as specified by the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   .El
   .Ss \&Bo
   Begins a block enclosed by square brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bo 1 ,
   \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bq .
   .Ss \&Bq
   Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
   commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
   .Sx \&Op ,
   .Sx \&Oo ,
   and
   .Sx \&Oc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bo .
   .Ss \&Brc
   Closes a
   .Sx \&Bro
   block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bro
   Begins a block enclosed by curly braces.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
   \&.Va n \&Brc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Brq .
   .Ss \&Brq
   Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bro .
   .Ss \&Bsx
   Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0
   .D1 \&.Bsx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bt
   Prints
   .Dq is currently in beta test.
   .Ss \&Bx
   Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
   argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Bx 4.4
   .D1 \&.Bx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Cd
   Configuration declaration.
   This denotes strings accepted by
   .Xr config 8 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
   white-space and align consecutive
   .Sx \&Cd
   declarations.
   This practise is discouraged.
   .Ss \&Cm
   Command modifiers.
   Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath
   .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fl .
   .Ss \&D1
   One-line indented display.
   This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
   statements.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bd
   and
   .Sx \&Dl .
   .Ss \&Db
   .Ss \&Dc
   Closes a
   .Sx \&Do
   block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Dd
   Document date.
   This is the mandatory first macro of any
   .Nm
   manual.
   Its calling syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm date
   field may be either
   .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
   which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
   .Xr cvs 1 ,
   or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
   .Sx Dates .
   If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
   .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dt
   and
   .Sx \&Os .
   .Ss \&Dl
   One-line intended display.
   This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
   invocations.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bd
   and
   .Sx \&D1 .
   .Ss \&Do
   Begins a block enclosed by double quotes.  Does not have any head
   arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.D1 \&Do April is the cruellest month \&Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Ss \&Dq
   Encloses its arguments in double quotes.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Do .
   .Ss \&Dt
   Document title.
   This is the mandatory second macro of any
   .Nm
   file.
   Its calling syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch
   .Pp
   Its arguments are as follows:
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
   .It Cm title
   The document's title (name).
   This should be capitalised and is required.
   .It Cm section
   The manual section.
   This may be one of
   .Ar 1
   .Pq utilities ,
   .Ar 2
   .Pq system calls ,
   .Ar 3
   .Pq libraries ,
   .Ar 3p
   .Pq Perl libraries ,
   .Ar 4
   .Pq devices ,
   .Ar 5
   .Pq file formats ,
   .Ar 6
   .Pq games ,
   .Ar 7
   .Pq miscellaneous ,
   .Ar 8
   .Pq system utilities ,
   .Ar 9
   .Pq kernel functions ,
   .Ar X11
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar X11R6
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar unass
   .Pq unassociated ,
   .Ar local
   .Pq local system ,
   .Ar draft
   .Pq draft manual ,
   or
   .Ar paper
   .Pq paper .
   It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename
   suffix.
   .It Cm volume
   This overrides the volume inferred from
   .Ar section .
   This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
   .Ar USD
   .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar PS1
   .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar AMD
   .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar SMM
   .Pq system managers' manuals ,
   .Ar URM
   .Pq users' reference manuals ,
   .Ar PRM
   .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
   .Ar KM
   .Pq kernel manuals ,
   .Ar IND
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar MMI
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar LOCAL
   .Pq local manuals ,
   .Ar LOC
   .Pq local manuals ,
   or
   .Ar CON
   .Pq contributed manuals .
   .It Cm arch
   This specifies a specific relevant architecture.
   If
   .Cm volume
   is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used
   subsequent that.
   It, too, is optional.
   It must be one of
   .Ar alpha ,
   .Ar amd64 ,
   .Ar amiga ,
   .Ar arc ,
   .Ar arm ,
   .Ar armish ,
   .Ar aviion ,
   .Ar hp300 ,
   .Ar hppa ,
   .Ar hppa64 ,
   .Ar i386 ,
   .Ar landisk ,
   .Ar loongson ,
   .Ar luna88k ,
   .Ar mac68k ,
   .Ar macppc ,
   .Ar mvme68k ,
   .Ar mvme88k ,
   .Ar mvmeppc ,
   .Ar pmax ,
   .Ar sgi ,
   .Ar socppc ,
   .Ar sparc ,
   .Ar sparc64 ,
   .Ar sun3 ,
   .Ar vax ,
   or
   .Ar zaurus .
   .El
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1
   .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
   .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
   .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dd
   and
   .Sx \&Os .
   .Ss \&Dv
   Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ
   .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Er .
   .Ss \&Dx
   Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
   value if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1
   .D1 \&.Dx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Ec
   .Ss \&Ed
   .Ss \&Ef
   .Ss \&Ek
   .Ss \&El
   .Ss \&Em
   Denotes text that should be emphasised.
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Em Warnings!
   .D1 \&.Em Remarks :
   .Ss \&En
   .Ss \&Eo
   .Ss \&Er
   Display error constants.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Er EPERM
   .D1 \&.Er ENOENT
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv .
   .Ss \&Es
   .Ss \&Ev
   Environmental variables such as those specified in
   .Xr environ 7 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY
   .D1 \&.Ev PATH
   .Ss \&Ex
   Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values.
   This macro must have first the
   .Fl std
   argument specified, then an optional
   .Ar utility .
   If
   .Ar utility
   is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in
   .Sx \&Nm
   is provided.
   .Ss \&Fa
   .Ss \&Fc
   .Ss \&Fd
   .Ss \&Fl
   Command-line flag.
   Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
   Prints a fixed-width hyphen
   .Sq \-
   directly followed by each argument.
   If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
   If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
   output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fl a b c
   .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b
   .D1 \&.Fl
   .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Cm .
   .Ss \&Fn
   .Ss \&Fo
   .Ss \&Fr
   .Ss \&Ft
   .Ss \&Fx
   Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fx 7.1
   .D1 \&.Fx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Hf
   .Ss \&Ic
   .Ss \&In
   .Ss \&It
   .Ss \&Lb
   .Ss \&Li
   .Ss \&Lk
   Format a hyperlink.
   The calling syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
   .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Mt .
   .Ss \&Lp
   .Ss \&Ms
   .Ss \&Mt
   .Ss \&Nd
   .Ss \&Nm
   .Ss \&No
   .Ss \&Ns
   .Ss \&Nx
   Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Nx 5.01
   .D1 \&.Nx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Oc
   .Ss \&Oo
   .Ss \&Op
   .Ss \&Os
   Document operating system version.
   This is the mandatory third macro of
   any
   .Nm
   file.  Its calling syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system
   .Pp
   The optional
   .Cm system
   parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
   Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
   This is the suggested form.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Os
   .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
   .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dd
   and
   .Sx \&Dt .
   .Ss \&Ot
   Unknown usage.
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro has been deprecated.
   .Ss \&Ox
   Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ox 4.5
   .D1 \&.Ox
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Pa
   .Ss \&Pc
   .Ss \&Pf
   .Ss \&Po
   .Ss \&Pp
   .Ss \&Pq
   .Ss \&Qc
   .Ss \&Ql
   .Ss \&Qo
   .Ss \&Qq
   .Ss \&Re
   Closes a
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Rs
   Begins a bibliographic
   .Pq Dq reference
   block.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   The block macro may only contain
   .Sx \&%A ,
   .Sx \&%B ,
   .Sx \&%C ,
   .Sx \&%D ,
   .Sx \&%I ,
   .Sx \&%J ,
   .Sx \&%N ,
   .Sx \&%O ,
   .Sx \&%P ,
   .Sx \&%Q ,
   .Sx \&%R ,
   .Sx \&%T ,
   and
   .Sx \&%V
   child macros (at least one must be specified).
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Rs
   \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
   \&.%A J. D. Ullman
   \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
   \&.%I Addison-Wesley
   \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
   \&.%D 1979
   \&.Re
   .Ed
   .Pp
   If an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
   before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
   line.
   .Ss \&Rv
   .Ss \&Sc
   .Ss \&Sh
   .Ss \&Sm
   .Ss \&So
   .Ss \&Sq
   .Ss \&Ss
   .Ss \&St
   .Ss \&Sx
   .Ss \&Sy
   .Ss \&Tn
   .Ss \&Ud
   .Ss \&Ux
   Format the UNIX name.
   Accepts no argument.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ux
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ox .
   .Ss \&Va
   .Ss \&Vt
   A variable type.
   This is also used for indicating global variables in the SYNOPSIS
   section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
   Note that it accepts
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it
   accepts ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   syntax.
   .Pp
   Note that this should not be confused with
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which is used for function return types.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char
   .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ;
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ft
   and
   .Sx \&Va .
   .Ss \&Xc
   Close a scope opened by
   .Sx \&Xo .
   .Ss \&Xo
   Open an extension scope.
   This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;
   since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.
   .Ss \&Xr
   Link to another manual
   .Pq Qq cross-reference .
   Its calling syntax is
   .Pp
   .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm name
   and
   .Cm section
   are the name and section of the linked manual.
   If
   .Cm section
   is followed by non-punctuation, an
   .Sx \&Ns
   is inserted into the token stream.
   This behaviour is for compatibility with
   .Xr groff 1 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 ;
   .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
   .Ss \&br
   .Ss \&sp
   .Sh COMPATIBILITY
   This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
   troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
   .Pq Qq groff .
   The term
   .Qq historic groff
   refers to groff versions before the
   .Pa doc.tmac
   file re-write
   .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .
   .Pp
   Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
   \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
   .It
   The comment syntax
   .Sq \e."
   is no longer accepted.
   .It
   In groff, the
   .Sx \&Pa
   macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
   certain list types.
   mandoc does.
   .It
   Historic groff does not print a dash for empty
   .Sx \&Fl
   arguments.
   mandoc and newer groff implementations do.
   .It
   groff behaves irregularly when specifying
   .Sq \ef
   .Sx Text Decoration
   within line-macro scopes.
   mandoc follows a consistent system.
   .It
   In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would
   move to prior lines.
   Furthermore, the
   .Sq f
   scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
   .It
   In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.
   .It
   Display types
   .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl center
   and
   .Fl right
   are aliases for
   .Fl left
   in manodc.  Furthermore, the
   .Fl file Ar file
   argument is ignored.
   Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),
   .Fl ragged
   and
   .Fl filled
   are aliases, as are
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Fl unfilled .
   .It
   Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
   Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.
   .It
   The vertical bar
   .Sq \(ba
   made historic groff
   .Qq go orbital
   but has been a proper delimiter since then.
   .It
   .Sx \&It Fl nested
   is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
   nested and
   .Fl enum
   lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
   .It
   Some manuals use
   .Sx \&Li
   incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
   delimiter to render.
   This is not supported in mandoc.
   .It
   In groff, the
   .Sx \&Fo
   macro only produces the first parameter.
   This is not the case in mandoc.
   .It
   In groff, the
   .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Er ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ex
   macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.
   mandoc does not have these restrictions.
   .It
   Newer groff and mandoc print
   .Qq AT&T UNIX
   prior to unknown arguments of
   .Sx \&At ;
   older groff did nothing.
   .El
   .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
   .Sh AUTHORS
   The
   .Nm
   reference was written by
   .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .
   .\"
   .\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats.
   .\" .
   .\" .
   .\" .Sh CAVEATS
   .\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.
   .\" .
   .\" .Pp
   .\" .Bl -dash -compact
   .\" .It
   .\" .Sq \&Fa
   .\" should be
   .\" .Sq \&Va
   .\" as function arguments are variables.
   .\" .It
   .\" .Sq \&Ft
   .\" should be
   .\" .Sq \&Vt
   .\" as function return types are still types.  Furthermore, the
   .\" .Sq \&Ft
   .\" should be removed and
   .\" .Sq \&Fo ,
   .\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as
   .\" .Sq \&Va .
   .\" .It
   .\" .Sq \&Va
   .\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a
   .\" variable name and optional, preceding type.
   .\" .It
   .\" .Sq \&Fd
   .\" is ambiguous.  It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the
   .\" synopsis section.
   .\" .Sq \&In
   .\" should be used, instead.
   .\" .It
   .\" Only the
   .\" .Sq \-literal
   .\" argument to
   .\" .Sq \&Bd
   .\" makes sense.  The remaining ones should be removed.
   .\" .It
   .\" The
   .\" .Sq \&Xo
   .\" and
   .\" .Sq \&Xc
   .\" macros should be deprecated.
   .\" .It
   .\" The
   .\" .Sq \&Dt
   .\" macro lacks clarity.  It should be absolutely clear which title will
   .\" render when formatting the manual page.
   .\" .It
   .\" A
   .\" .Sq \&Lx
   .\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la
   .\" .Sq \&Ox ,
   .\" .Sq \&Nx
   .\" etc.).
   .\" .It
   .\" There's no way to refer to references in
   .\" .Sq \&Rs/Re
   .\" blocks.
   .\" .It
   .\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via
   .\" .Sq \&An
   .\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section.
   .\" .El
   .\" .
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