=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.1 retrieving revision 1.138 diff -u -p -r1.1 -r1.138 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2009/03/13 07:46:10 1.1 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2010/07/19 15:28:11 1.138 @@ -1,537 +1,2702 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.1 2009/03/13 07:46:10 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.138 2010/07/19 15:28:11 kristaps Exp $ .\" -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any -.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the -.\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all -.\" copies. +.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above +.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. .\" -.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL -.\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED -.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -.\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR -.\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER -.\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR -.\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. -.\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: March 13 2009 $ -.Dt mdoc 7 +.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES +.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR +.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES +.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN +.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF +.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. +.\" +.Dd $Mdocdate: July 19 2010 $ +.Dt MDOC 7 .Os -.\" SECTION .Sh NAME .Nm mdoc -.Nd mdoc macro reference -.\" SECTION +.Nd mdoc language reference .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm mdoc -language is used to format -.Bx +language is used to format +.Bx .Ux -manuals. An +manuals. +In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, and +usage. +Our reference implementation is mandoc; the +.Sx COMPATIBILITY +section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations. +.Pp +An .Nm -document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control +document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control character .Sq \. -are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of -prior macros. Macros are either two or three characters in length. -.\" SECTION -.Sh CHARACTER ENCODING +are parsed for macros. +Other lines are interpreted within the scope of +prior macros: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Sh Macro lines change control state. +Other lines are interpreted within the current state. +.Ed +.Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX .Nm -documents may contain only printable alphanumeric characters, the space -character -.Sq \ , -and, in certain circumstances, the tab character -.Sq \et . +documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space +character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character. All manuals must have -.Sq \en -line termination. -.\" SUB-SECTION -.Ss Special Characters -Within a macro line, the following characters are special: -.\" PARAGRAPH +.Ux +line terminators. +.Ss Comments +Text following a +.Sq \e\*q , +whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of +line. +A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, +.Sq \&.\e\*q , +is also ignored. +Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are +stripped from input. +.Ss Reserved Characters +Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: .Pp -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset XXXX -compact +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact .It \&. -period +.Pq period .It \&, -comma +.Pq comma .It \&: -colon +.Pq colon .It \&; -semicolon +.Pq semicolon .It \&( -left-parenthesis +.Pq left-parenthesis .It \&) -right-parenthesis +.Pq right-parenthesis .It \&[ -left-bracket +.Pq left-bracket .It \&] -right-bracket +.Pq right-bracket .It \&? -question +.Pq question .It \&! -exclmamation +.Pq exclamation +.It \&| +.Pq vertical bar .El .Pp -Use of these characters must either be escaped with a non-breaking space +Use of reserved characters is described in +.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . +For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped +with a non-breaking space .Pq Sq \e& -or, if applicable, an appropriate escape-sequence used. -.\" SUB-SECTION +or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used. .Ss Special Characters -Special character sequences begin with the escape character -.Sq \\ -and followed by either an open-parenthesis +Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. +Sequences begin with the escape character +.Sq \e +followed by either an open-parenthesis .Sq \&( for two-character sequences; an open-bracket .Sq \&[ for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket .Sq \&] ) ; or a single one-character sequence. +See +.Xr mandoc_char 7 +for a complete list. +Examples include +.Sq \e(em +.Pq em-dash +and +.Sq \ee +.Pq back-slash . +.Ss Text Decoration +Terms may be text-decorated using the +.Sq \ef +escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P +(revert to previous mode): .Pp -Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk, -.Sq \\* , -with the same combinations as described above. This form, however, is -deprecated. The following is a table of all available escapes, arranged -by classification. +.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP .Pp -Grammatic: +A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, +respectively) may be used instead. +A text decoration is valid within +the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside +its own scope, such as +.Sx \&Bf +.Cm \&Sy , +in-scope invocations of +.Sq \ef +are only valid within the font scope of the macro. +If +.Sq \ef +is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form +text, it will affect the remainder of the document. .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(em -.Pq em-dash -.It \\(en -.Pq en-dash -.It \e- -.Pq hyphen -.It \\\\ -.Pq back-slash -.It \e' -.Pq apostrophe -.It \e` -.Pq back-tick -.It \\ -.Pq space -.It \\. -.Pq period -.El -.\" PARAGRAPH +Note this form is +.Em not +recommended for +.Nm , +which encourages semantic annotation. +.Ss Predefined Strings +Historically, +.Xr groff 1 +also defined a set of package-specific +.Dq predefined strings , +which, like +.Sx Special Characters , +mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. +Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, +.Sq \e* : +single-character +.Sq \e*X , +two-character +.Sq \e*(XX , +and N-character +.Sq \e*[N] . +See +.Xr mandoc_char 7 +for a complete list. +Examples include +.Sq \e*(Am +.Pq ampersand +and +.Sq \e*(Ba +.Pq vertical bar . +.Ss Whitespace +Whitespace consists of the space character. +In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped +trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context). +Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted +within literal contexts. .Pp -Enclosures: +In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. +If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. +.Ss Quotation +Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group +space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. +A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. +The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote +terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(rC -.Pq right brace -.It \\(lC -.Pq left brace -.It \\(ra -.Pq right angle -.It \\(la -.Pq left angle -.It \\(rB -.Pq right bracket -.It \\(lB -.Pq left bracket -.It \\q -.Pq double-quote -.It \\(lq -.Pq left double-quote -.It \\(Lq -.Pq left double-quote, deprecated -.It \\(rq -.Pq right double-quote -.It \\(Rq -.Pq right double-quote, deprecated -.It \\(oq -.Pq left single-quote -.It \\(aq -.Pq right single-quote -.El -.\" PARAGRAPH +This produces tokens +.Sq a" , +.Sq b c , +.Sq de , +and +.Sq fg" . +Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately +considered literal text. +Thus, the following produces +.Sq \&Em a : +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Em "Em a" +.Ed .Pp -Indicatives: +In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. +.Ss Dates +There are several macros in +.Nm +that require a date argument. +The canonical form for dates is the American format: .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(<- -.Pq left arrow -.It \\(-> -.Pq right arrow -.It \\(ua -.Pq up arrow -.It \\(da -.Pq down arrow -.El -.\" PARAGRAPH +.D1 Cm Month Day , Year .Pp -Mathematical: +The +.Cm Day +value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. +The +.Cm Month +value is the full month name. +The +.Cm Year +value is the full four-digit year. .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(Gt -.Pq greater-than, deprecated -.It \\(Lt -.Pq less-than, deprecated -.It \\(<= -.Pq less-than-equal -.It \\(Le -.Pq less-than-equal, deprecated -.It \\(>= -.Pq greater-than-equal -.It \\(Ge -.Pq greater-than-equal -.It \\(== -.Pq equal -.It \\(!= -.Pq not equal -.It \\(Ne -.Pq not equal, deprecated -.It \\(if -.Pq infinity -.It \\(If -.Pq infinity, deprecated -.It \\(na -.Pq NaN , an extension -.It \\(Na -.Pq NaN, deprecated -.It \\(+- -.Pq plus-minus -.It \\(Pm -.Pq plus-minus, deprecated -.It \\(** -.Pq asterisk +Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates: +.Pp +.D1 Cm Month , Year +.D1 Cm Year +.Pp +Some examples of valid dates follow: +.Pp +.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form +.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form +.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form +.Ss Scaling Widths +Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as +stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bl -tag -width 2i +.Ed +.Pp +The syntax for scaled widths is +.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , +where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. +Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. +The following scaling units are accepted: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact +.It c +centimetre +.It i +inch +.It P +pica (~1/6 inch) +.It p +point (~1/72 inch) +.It f +synonym for +.Sq u +.It v +default vertical span +.It m +width of rendered +.Sq m +.Pq em +character +.It n +width of rendered +.Sq n +.Pq en +character +.It u +default horizontal span +.It M +mini-em (~1/100 em) .El -.\" PARAGRAPH .Pp -Diacritics: +Using anything other than +.Sq m , +.Sq n , +.Sq u , +or +.Sq v +is necessarily non-portable across output media. +See +.Sx COMPATIBILITY . +.Ss Sentence Spacing +When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of +a line. +By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of +spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark, +or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing +delimiters ( +.Ns Sq \&) , +.Sq \&] , +.Sq \&' , +.Sq \&" ) . .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(ga -.Pq accent grave -.It \\(aa -.Pq accent accute +The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at +the boundary of a macro line, e.g., +.Pp +.D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \. +.D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \. +.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE +A well-formed +.Nm +document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more +sections. +.Pp +The prologue, which consists of (in order) the +.Sx \&Dd , +.Sx \&Dt , +and +.Sx \&Os +macros, is required for every document. +.Pp +The first section (sections are denoted by +.Sx \&Sh ) +must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one +.Sx \&Nm +followed by +.Sx \&Nd . +.Pp +Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the +.Em SYNOPSIS +and +.Em DESCRIPTION +sections, although this varies between manual sections. +.Pp +The following is a well-formed skeleton +.Nm +file: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ +\&.Dt mdoc 7 +\&.Os +\&.Sh NAME +\&.Nm foo +\&.Nd a description goes here +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY +\&.Sh SYNOPSIS +\&.Nm foo +\&.Op Fl options +\&.Ar +\&.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +\&.Nm +utility processes files ... +\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT +\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS +\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS +\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO +\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1 +\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS +\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY +\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS +\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS +\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS +\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +.Ed +.Pp +The sections in a +.Nm +document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. +Sections should be composed as follows: +.Bl -ohang -offset Ds +.It Em NAME +The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. +The syntax for this as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Nm name0 +\&.Nm name1 +\&.Nm name2 +\&.Nd a short description +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Sx \&Nm +macro(s) must precede the +.Sx \&Nd +macro. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Nm +and +.Sx \&Nd . +.It Em LIBRARY +The name of the library containing the documented material, which is +assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. +The syntax for this is as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Lb libarm +.Ed +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Lb . +.It Em SYNOPSIS +Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device +configuration. +.Pp +For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is +generally structured as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Nm foo +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar +\&.Nm bar +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar +.Ed +.Pp +For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Vt extern const char *global; +\&.In header.h +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn foo "const char *src" +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn bar "const char *src" +.Ed +.Pp +And for the third, configurations (section 4): +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q +\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q +.Ed +.Pp +Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.Pp +Some macros are displayed differently in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, particularly +.Sx \&Nm , +.Sx \&Cd , +.Sx \&Fd , +.Sx \&Fn , +.Sx \&Fo , +.Sx \&In , +.Sx \&Vt , +and +.Sx \&Ft . +All of these macros are output on their own line. +If two such dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for +.Sx \&Ft +before +.Sx \&Fo +or +.Sx \&Fn ) , +they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of +.Sx \&Fo , +.Sx \&Fn , +and +.Sx \&Ft , +which are always separated by vertical space. +.Pp +When text and macros following an +.Sx \&Nm +macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, +all output lines but the first will be indented to align +with the text immediately following the +.Sx \&Nm +macro, up to the next +.Sx \&Nm , +.Sx \&Sx , +or +.Sx \&Ss +macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. +.It Em DESCRIPTION +This expands upon the brief, one-line description in +.Em NAME . +It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a +command), such as: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +The arguments are as follows: +\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds +\&.It Fl v +Print verbose information. +\&.El +.Ed +.Pp +Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. +.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. +This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side +effects or notable algorithmic implications. +.It Em RETURN VALUES +This section is the dual of +.Em EXIT STATUS , +which is used for commands. +It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Rv . +.It Em ENVIRONMENT +Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g., +.Xr environ 7 . +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Ev . +.It Em FILES +Documents files used. +It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how +the file is used (created, modified, etc.). +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Pa . +.It Em EXIT STATUS +Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. +This section is the dual of +.Em RETURN VALUES , +which is used for functions. +Historically, this information was described in +.Em DIAGNOSTICS , +a practise that is now discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Ex . +.It Em EXAMPLES +Example usages. +This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. +Make doubly sure that your examples work properly! +.It Em DIAGNOSTICS +Documents error conditions. +This is most useful in section 4 manuals. +Historically, this section was used in place of +.Em EXIT STATUS +for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is +discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Bl +.Fl diag . +.It Em ERRORS +Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Er . +.It Em SEE ALSO +References other manuals with related topics. +This section should exist for most manuals. +Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then +alphabetically. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Xr . +.It Em STANDARDS +References any standards implemented or used. +If not adhering to any standards, the +.Em HISTORY +section should be used instead. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&St . +.It Em HISTORY +The history of any manual without a +.Em STANDARDS +section should be described in this section. +.It Em AUTHORS +Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section. +Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&An . +.It Em CAVEATS +Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained +in this section. +.It Em BUGS +Extant bugs should be described in this section. +.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. .El -.\" PARAGRAPH +.Sh MACRO SYNTAX +Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a +control character , +.Sq \&. , +at the beginning of the line. +An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character +and the macro name. +Thus, the following are equivalent: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Pp +\&.\ \ \ \&Pp +.Ed .Pp -Special symbols: +The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. +In this section, +.Sq \-arg +refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more +.Sq parm +parameters; +.Sq \&Yo +opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, +.Sq \&Yc +closes it out. .Pp -.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact -.It \\(bu -.Pq bullet -.It \\(ba -.Pq bar -.It \\(Ba -.Pq bar, deprecated -.It \\(co -.Pq copyright -.It \\& -.Pq non-breaking space -.It \\e -.Pq escape -.It \\(Am -.Pq ampersand, deprecated -.El -.\" SECTION -.Sh CLASSIFICATION -Macros are classified in an ontology described by scope rules. -.Bl -tag -width "in-lineX" -.\" LIST-ITEM -.It Em Block -Block macros enclose other block macros, in-line macros or text, and -may span multiple lines. -.Qq Implicit -block scope is closed by a subsequent invocation of the same macro, -one of a set of corresponding closure macros or end-of-file. -.Qq Explicit -block scope is closed by a corresponding closure macro. -.Bl -tag -width "partial-blockX" -.\" LIST-ITEM -.It Em Full-block -Always spans multiple lines. Consists optionally of one or more -.Qq heads , -subsequent macros or text on the same line following invocation; a -.Qq body , -which spans subsequent lines of text or macros; and an optional -.Qq tail , -macros or text on the same line following closure. -.\" LIST-ITEM -.It Em Partial-block -May span multiple lines. Consists optionally of a -.Qq head , -text immediately following invocation; always a -.Qq body , -text or macros following the head on the same and subsequent lines; and -optionally a -.Qq tail , -text immediately following closure. +The +.Em Callable +column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial +line-macro. +If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line +macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that +.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh +produces +.Sq Fl \&Sh . +.Pp +The +.Em Parsable +column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further +(ostensibly callable) macros. +If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line +will be interpreted as opaque text. +.Pp +The +.Em Scope +column, if applicable, describes closure rules. +.Ss Block full-explicit +Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. +All macros contains bodies; only +.Sx \&Bf +contains a head. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc +.Ed +.Pp +.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope +.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed +.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef +.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek +.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El +.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd +.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf +.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk +.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl .El -.\" LIST-ITEM -.It Em In-line -In-line macros may only enclose text and span at most a single line. If -a macro is parsable, its scope may be closed by subsequent macros or -delimiting punctuation. In-line macros follow different conventions for -closure; see -.Sx MACROS -for per-macro details. -.El -.\" .\" SUB-SECTION -.\" .Ss Examples -.\" The following examples illustrate each macro classification. -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Implicit full-block. Has head, body and no tail. Scope closed by -.\" second -.\" .Sq \&Sh -.\" invocation. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Sh SECTION 1 -.\" body... -.\" \&.Sh SECTION 2 -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Nested implicit full-block, where the subsection -.\" .Sq \&Ss -.\" is within the scope of the parent section -.\" .Sq \&Sh -.\" and closed along with its parent by the subsequent -.\" .Sq \&Sh . -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Sh SECTION 1 -.\" \&.Ss Subsection 1 -.\" body... -.\" \&.Sh SECTION 2 -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Explicit full-block. Has a head, a body and no tail. Scope closed by -.\" .Sq \&Ef -.\" invocation. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Bf symbolic -.\" body... -.\" \&.Ef -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Nested explicit/implicit scope. -.\" .Sq \&It -.\" macro is an implicit block whose scope is closed by the explicit -.\" .Sq \&El -.\" closure. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Bl \-bullet -.\" \&.It head -.\" body... -.\" \&.El -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Explicit partial-block. Has head, body and tail. Scope closed by -.\" .Sq \&Ec -.\" invocation. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX -.\" \&.Eo head body... \&Ec tail -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Implicit partial-block. Has only body. Scope is closed by end-of-line. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX -.\" \&.Sq body... -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Explicit partial-block with only body and scope closed by -.\" .Sq \&Ac -.\" invocation. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Ao body... \&Ac -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Implicit partial-block enclosing explicit partial-block. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX -.\" \&.Sq body... \&Ao body... \&Ac -.\" .Ed -.\" .\" PARAGRAPH -.\" .Pp -.\" Inline macros, several in sequence. Scope is closed for -.\" .Sq \&Fl -.\" by the punctuation delimiter and -.\" .Sq \&Ar -.\" by the end-of-line. -.\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX -.\" \&.Fl text0 text1 ; Ar text0 text1 -.\" .Ed -.\" SECTION -.Sh MACROS -This section contains a complete list of all -.Nm -macros, arranged ontologically then alphanumerically by macro name. A -.Qq callable -macro is may be invoked subsequent to the initial macro-line macro. A -.Qq parsable -macro May be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros. -.\" SUB-SECTION .Ss Block full-implicit -The head of these macros follows invocation; the body is the content of -subsequent lines prior to closure. None of these macros have tails; -some +Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. +All macros have bodies; some .Po -.Sq \&It \-bullet , -.Sq \-hyphen , -.Sq \-dash , -.Sq \-enum +.Sx \&It Fl bullet , +.Fl hyphen , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl item .Pc -don't have heads. +don't have heads; only one +.Po +.Sx \&It Fl column +.Pc +has multiple heads. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +.Ed .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Closing" -compact -offset XXXX -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Closing -.It \&.Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta \&.Sh -.It \&.Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta \&.Sh, \&.Ss -.It \&.It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta \&.It, \&.El +.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope +.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El +.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh +.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss +.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh +.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss .El -.\" SUB-SECTION -.Ss Block full-explicit -None of these macros are callable or parsed. The last column indicates -the explicit scope rules. All contains bodies, some may contain heads -.Pq So \&Bf Sc . .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" -compact -offset XXXX +Note that the +.Sx \&Nm +macro is a +.Sx Block full-implicit +macro only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss Block partial-explicit +Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. +Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head +.Po +.Sx \&Fo , +.Sx \&Eo +.Pc +and/or tail +.Pq Sx \&Ec . +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +\&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ +\(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB +.Ed +.Pp +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope -.It \&.Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&.Ed -.It \&.Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&.Bd -.It \&.Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&.El -.It \&.El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&.Bl -.It \&.Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&.Ef -.It \&.Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&.Bf +.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao +.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac +.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo +.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc +.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro +.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc +.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do +.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc +.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo +.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec +.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo +.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc +.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo +.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc +.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po +.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc +.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo +.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc +.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs +.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re +.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So +.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc +.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo +.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc .El -.\" SUB-SECTION .Ss Block partial-implicit -All of these are callable and parsed for further macros. Their scopes -close at the invocation's end-of-line. +Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by +.Sx Reserved Characters +or end of line. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB +.Ed .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable -.It \&.Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Op Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes +.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes .El -.\" SUB-SECTION -.Ss Block partial-explicit -Each of these contains at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a -head -.Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc -and/or tail -.Pq So \&Ec Sc . .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset XXXX -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope -.It \&.Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Ac -.It \&.Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Ao -.It \&.Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Bo -.It \&.Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Bc -.It \&.Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Po -.It \&.Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Pc -.It \&.Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Dc -.It \&.Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Do -.It \&.Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Xc -.It \&.Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Xo -.It \&.Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Brc -.It \&.Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Bro -.It \&.Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Oo -.It \&.Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Oc -.It \&.So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Sc -.It \&.Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.So -.It \&.Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Fo -.It \&.Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&.Fc -.It \&.Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Eo -.It \&.Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Ec -.It \&.Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&.Oo -.It \&.Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&.Oc +Note that the +.Sx \&Vt +macro is a +.Sx Block partial-implicit +only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . +.Ss In-line +Closed by +.Sx Reserved Characters , +end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. +In-line macros have only text children. +If a number (or inequality) of arguments is +.Pq n , +then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc... + +\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN +.Ed +.Pp +.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments +.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 .El -.\" SUB-SECTION -.Ss General -.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX -.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable -.It \&.Dd Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Dt Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Os Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Pp Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.D1 Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Dl Ta \& Ta Yes -.It \&.Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.An Ta \& Ta Yes -.It \&.Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Cd Ta Yes Ta \& -.It \&.Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Er Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ex Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Fd Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ft Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.In Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Li Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Nd Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ot Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Rv Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.St Ta Yes Ta \& -.It \&.Va Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.%A Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%B Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%C Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%D Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%I Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%J Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%N Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%O Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%P Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%R Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%T Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.%V Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.At Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Db Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Em Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ms Ta \& Ta Yes -.It \&.No Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Pf Ta \& Ta Yes -.It \&.Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Re Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Rs Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Sm Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Bk Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Ek Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Bt Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Hf Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Fr Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Ud Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Lb Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It \&.Lp Ta \& Ta \& -.It \&.Lk Ta \& Ta Yes -.It \&.Mt Ta \& Ta Yes +.Sh REFERENCE +This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged +alphabetically. +For the scoping of individual macros, see +.Sx MACRO SYNTAX . +.Ss \&%A +Author name of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +Multiple authors should each be accorded their own +.Sx \%%A +line. +Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) +first, then full surname. +.Ss \&%B +Book title of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when +referring to book titles. +.Ss \&%C +Publication city or location of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +this macro is not implemented in +.Xr groff 1 . +.Ss \&%D +Publication date of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax described in +.Sx Dates . +.Ss \&%I +Publisher or issuer name of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%J +Journal name of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%N +Issue number (usually for journals) of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%O +Optional information of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%P +Book or journal page number of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%Q +Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own +.Sx \&%Q +line. +.Ss \&%R +Technical report name of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&%T +Article title of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when +referring to article titles. +.Ss \&%U +URI of reference document. +.Ss \&%V +Volume number of an +.Sx \&Rs +block. +.Ss \&Ac +Closes an +.Sx \&Ao +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Ss \&Ad +Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in +memory, not a physical (post) address. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ad [0,$] +.D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000 +.Ss \&An +Author name. +This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although +these may not be specified along with a parameter: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl split +Renders a line break before each author listing. +.It Fl nosplit +The opposite of +.Fl split . .El +.Pp +In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author +listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're +interspersed by other macros or text, are split. +Thus, specifying +.Fl split +will cause the first listing also to be split. +If not in the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.An -nosplit +.D1 \&.An J. D. Ullman . +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +the effects of +.Fl split +or +.Fl nosplit +are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies +.Sx \&An Fl nosplit +in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS +section. +.Ss \&Ao +Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Aq . +.Ss \&Ap +Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. +This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb +form of a function: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Fn execve Ap d +.Ed +.Ss \&Aq +Encloses its arguments in angled brackets. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use +.Sx \&Lk +or +.Sx \&Mt , +or to note pre-processor +.Dq Li #include +statements, which should use +.Sx \&In . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Ao . +.Ss \&Ar +Command arguments. +If an argument is not provided, the string +.Dq file ... +is used as a default. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1 +.D1 \&.Ar +.D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . +.Ss \&At +Formats an AT&T version. +Accepts at most one parameter: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v +A version of +.At . +.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? +A system version of +.At . +.El +.Pp +Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.At +.D1 \&.At V.1 +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Bc +Closes a +.Sx \&Bo +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Ss \&Bd +Begins a display block. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bd +.Fl type +.Op Fl offset Ar width +.Op Fl compact +.Ed +.Pp +A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively +offset or justified in a manner different from that +of the enclosing context. +By default, the block is preceded by a vertical space. +.Pp +Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the +following arguments: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl ragged +Only left-justify the block. +.It Fl unfilled +Do not justify the block at all. +.It Fl filled +Left- and right-justify the block. +.It Fl literal +Alias for +.Fl unfilled . +.It Fl centered +Centre-justify each line. +.El +.Pp +The type must be provided first. +Secondary arguments are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl offset Ar val +Offset by the value of +.Ar val , +which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order: +.Bl -item +.It +As one of the pre-defined strings +.Ar indent , +the width of standard indentation; +.Ar indent-two , +twice +.Ar indent ; +.Ar left , +which has no effect; +.Ar right , +which justifies to the right margin; and +.Ar center , +which aligns around an imagined centre axis. +.It +As a precalculated width for a named macro. +The most popular is the imaginary macro +.Ar \&Ds , +which resolves to +.Ar 6n . +.It +As a scaling unit following the syntax described in +.Sx Scaling Widths . +.It +As the calculated string length of the opaque string. +.El +.Pp +If not provided an argument, it will be ignored. +.It Fl compact +Do not assert a vertical space before the block. +.El +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact + Hello world. +\&.Ed +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&D1 +and +.Sx \&Dl . +.Ss \&Bf +Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bf +.Oo +.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | +.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +.Oc +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Fl emphasis +and +.Cm \&Em +argument are equivalent, as are +.Fl symbolic +and +.Cm \&Sy, +and +.Fl literal +and +.Cm \&Li . +Without an argument, this macro does nothing. +The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested +scope or +.Sx \&Ef +is encountered. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Li , +.Sx \&Ef , +and +.Sx \&Sy . +.Ss \&Bk +Begins a collection of macros or text not breaking the line. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words +.Pp +Subsequent arguments are ignored. +The +.Fl words +argument is required. +.Pp +Each line within a keep block is kept intact, so the following example +will not break within each +.Sx \&Op +macro line: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bk \-words +\&.Op Fl f Ar flags +\&.Op Fl o Ar output +\&.Ek +.Ed +.Pp +Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! +Doing so will clobber the right margin. +.Ss \&Bl +Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bl +.Fl type +.Op Fl width Ar val +.Op Fl offset Ar val +.Op Fl compact +.Op HEAD ... +.Ed +.Pp +A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument. +Other arguments are +.Fl width , +defined per-type as accepting a literal or +.Sx Scaling Widths +value; +.Fl offset , +also accepting a literal or +.Sx Scaling Widths +value setting the list's global offset; and +.Fl compact , +suppressing the default vertical space printed before each list entry. +A list entry is specified by the +.Sx \&It +macro, which consists of a head and optional body (depending on the list +type). +A list must specify one of the following list types: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl bullet +A list offset by a bullet. +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned after the bullet. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl column +A columnated list. +The +.Fl width +argument has no effect. +The number of columns is specified as parameters to the +.Sx \&Bl +macro. +These dictate the width of columns either as +.Sx Scaling Widths +or literal text. +If the initial macro of a +.Fl column +list is not an +.Sx \&It , +an +.Sx \&It +context spanning each line is implied until an +.Sx \&It +line macro is encountered, at which point list bodies are interpreted as +described in the +.Sx \&It +documentation. +.It Fl dash +A list offset by a dash (hyphen). +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned past the dash. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl diag +Like +.Fl inset , +but with additional formatting to the head. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl enum +An enumerated list offset by the enumeration from 1. +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned after the enumeration. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl hang +Like +.Fl tag , +but instead of list bodies positioned after the head, they trail the +head text. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl hyphen +Synonym for +.Fl dash . +.It Fl inset +List bodies follow the list head. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl item +This produces blocks of text. +The head of list entries must be empty. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl ohang +List bodies are positioned on the line following the head. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl tag +A list offset by list entry heads. +List entry bodies are positioned after the head as specified by the +.Fl width +argument. +.El +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&It . +.Ss \&Bo +Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bo 1 , +\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bq . +.Ss \&Bq +Encloses its arguments in square brackets. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for +commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are +.Sx \&Op , +.Sx \&Oo , +and +.Sx \&Oc . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bo . +.Ss \&Brc +Closes a +.Sx \&Bro +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Ss \&Bro +Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. +Does not have any head arguments. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bro 1 , ... , +\&.Va n \&Brc +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Brq . +.Ss \&Brq +Encloses its arguments in curly braces. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bro . +.Ss \&Bsx +Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if +no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Bsx 1.0 +.D1 \&.Bsx +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Bt +Prints +.Dq is currently in beta test. +.Ss \&Bx +Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no +argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Bx 4.4 +.D1 \&.Bx +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Cd +Configuration declaration. +This denotes strings accepted by +.Xr config 8 . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode? +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain +whitespace and align consecutive +.Sx \&Cd +declarations. +This practise is discouraged. +.Ss \&Cm +Command modifiers. +Useful when specifying configuration options or keys. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Cm ControlPath +.D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Fl . +.Ss \&D1 +One-line indented display. +This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented +statements. +It is followed by a newline. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bd +and +.Sx \&Dl . +.Ss \&Db +Start a debugging context. +This macro is parsed, but generally ignored. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off +.Ss \&Dc +Closes a +.Sx \&Do +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Ss \&Dd +Document date. +This is the mandatory first macro of any +.Nm +manual. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Cm date +.Pp +The +.Cm date +field may be either +.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ , +which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by +.Xr cvs 1 , +or instead a valid canonical date as specified by +.Sx Dates . +If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ +.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ +.D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007 +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dt +and +.Sx \&Os . +.Ss \&Dl +One-line intended display. +This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and +invocations. +It is followed by a newline. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bd +and +.Sx \&D1 . +.Ss \&Do +Begins a block enclosed by double quotes. +Does not have any head arguments. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.D1 \&Do April is the cruellest month \&Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dq . +.Ss \&Dq +Encloses its arguments in +.Dq typographic +double-quotes. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Dq April is the cruellest month +\e(em T.S. Eliot +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Ss \&Qq , +.Ss \&Sq , +and +.Sx \&Do . +Document title. +This is the mandatory second macro of any +.Nm +file. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Dt +.Oo +.Cm title +.Oo +.Cm section +.Op Cm volume | arch +.Oc +.Oc +.Ed +.Pp +Its arguments are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds +.It Cm title +The document's title (name), defaulting to +.Dq UNKNOWN +if unspecified. +It should be capitalised. +.It Cm section +The manual section. +This may be one of +.Ar 1 +.Pq utilities , +.Ar 2 +.Pq system calls , +.Ar 3 +.Pq libraries , +.Ar 3p +.Pq Perl libraries , +.Ar 4 +.Pq devices , +.Ar 5 +.Pq file formats , +.Ar 6 +.Pq games , +.Ar 7 +.Pq miscellaneous , +.Ar 8 +.Pq system utilities , +.Ar 9 +.Pq kernel functions , +.Ar X11 +.Pq X Window System , +.Ar X11R6 +.Pq X Window System , +.Ar unass +.Pq unassociated , +.Ar local +.Pq local system , +.Ar draft +.Pq draft manual , +or +.Ar paper +.Pq paper . +It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to +.Dq 1 +if unspecified. +.It Cm volume +This overrides the volume inferred from +.Ar section . +This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of +.Ar USD +.Pq users' supplementary documents , +.Ar PS1 +.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , +.Ar AMD +.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , +.Ar SMM +.Pq system managers' manuals , +.Ar URM +.Pq users' reference manuals , +.Ar PRM +.Pq programmers' reference manuals , +.Ar KM +.Pq kernel manuals , +.Ar IND +.Pq master index , +.Ar MMI +.Pq master index , +.Ar LOCAL +.Pq local manuals , +.Ar LOC +.Pq local manuals , +or +.Ar CON +.Pq contributed manuals . +.It Cm arch +This specifies a specific relevant architecture. +If +.Cm volume +is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used +subsequent that. +It, too, is optional. +It must be one of +.Ar alpha , +.Ar amd64 , +.Ar amiga , +.Ar arc , +.Ar arm , +.Ar armish , +.Ar aviion , +.Ar hp300 , +.Ar hppa , +.Ar hppa64 , +.Ar i386 , +.Ar landisk , +.Ar loongson , +.Ar luna88k , +.Ar mac68k , +.Ar macppc , +.Ar mvme68k , +.Ar mvme88k , +.Ar mvmeppc , +.Ar pmax , +.Ar sgi , +.Ar socppc , +.Ar sparc , +.Ar sparc64 , +.Ar sun3 , +.Ar vax , +or +.Ar zaurus . +.El +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 1 +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dd +and +.Sx \&Os . +.Ss \&Dv +Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ +.D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Er . +.Ss \&Dx +Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default +value if no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1 +.D1 \&.Dx +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Ec +Close a scope started by +.Sx \&Eo . +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Cm TERM +.Pp +The +.Cm TERM +argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq +will emulate +.Sx \&Dc . +.Ss \&Ed +End a display context started by +.Sx \&Bd . +.Ss \&Ef +Ends a font mode context started by +.Sx \&Bf . +.Ss \&Ek +Ends a keep context started by +.Sx \&Bk . +.Ss \&El +Ends a list context started by +.Sx \&Bl . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bl +and +.Sx \&It . +.Ss \&Em +Denotes text that should be emphasised. +Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for +stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Em Warnings! +.D1 \&.Em Remarks : +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bf , +.Sx \&Sy , +and +.Sx \&Li . +.Ss \&En +This macro is obsolete and not implemented. +.Ss \&Eo +An arbitrary enclosure. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Cm TERM +.Pp +The +.Cm TERM +argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq +will emulate +.Sx \&Do . +.Ss \&Er +Display error constants. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Er EPERM +.D1 \&.Er ENOENT +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dv . +.Ss \&Es +This macro is obsolete and not implemented. +.Ss \&Ev +Environmental variables such as those specified in +.Xr environ 7 . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY +.D1 \&.Ev PATH +.Ss \&Ex +Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. +This macro must have first the +.Fl std +argument specified, then an optional +.Ar utility . +If +.Ar utility +is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in +.Sx \&Nm +is provided. +.Ss \&Fa +Function argument. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Fa +.Op Cm argtype +.Cm argname +.Ed +.Pp +This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type. +It is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +Most often, the +.Sx \&Fa +macro is used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +within +.Sx \&Fo +section when documenting multi-line function prototypes. +If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a +comma. +Furthermore, if the following macro is another +.Sx \&Fa , +the last argument will also have a trailing comma. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq +.D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq +.D1 \&.Fa foo +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Fo . +.Ss \&Fc +Ends a function context started by +.Sx \&Fo . +.Ss \&Fd +Historically used to document include files. +This usage has been deprecated in favour of +.Sx \&In . +Do not use this macro. +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +and +.Sx \&In . +.Ss \&Fl +Command-line flag. +Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. +Prints a fixed-width hyphen +.Sq \- +directly followed by each argument. +If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space. +If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro +output. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl a b c +.D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b +.D1 \&.Fl +.D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Cm . +.Ss \&Fn +A function name. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn +.Op Cm functype +.Cm funcname +.Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname +.Ed +.Pp +Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and +are delimited by commas. +If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1" +.D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0" +.D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0 +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +and +.Sx \&Ft . +.Ss \&Fo +Begin a function block. +This is a multi-line version of +.Sx \&Fn . +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname +.Pp +Invocations usually occur in the following context: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname +.br +\.\.\. +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fc +.Ed +.Pp +A +.Sx \&Fo +scope is closed by +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Sx \&Fa , +.Sx \&Fc , +and +.Ss \&Ft +A function type. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ft int +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Sx \&Fn , +and +.Sx \&Fo . +.Ss \&Fx +Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value +if no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fx 7.1 +.D1 \&.Fx +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Nx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Hf +This macro is obsolete and not implemented. +.Ss \&Ic +Designate an internal or interactive command. +This is similar to +.Sx \&Cm +but used for instructions rather than values. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ic hash +.D1 \&.Ic alias +.Pp +Note that using +.Sx \&Bd No Fl literal +or +.Sx \&D1 +is preferred for displaying code; the +.Sx \&Ic +macro is used when referring to specific instructions. +.Ss \&In +An +.Dq include +file. +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is +preceded by +.Dq #include , +the arguments is enclosed in angled braces. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.In sys/types +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.Ss \&It +A list item. +The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. +.Pp +Lists +of type +.Fl hang , +.Fl ohang , +.Fl inset , +and +.Fl diag +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args +.Pp +Lists of type +.Fl bullet , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl hyphen +and +.Fl item +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It +.Pp +with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the +.Sx \&It +until either a closing +.Sx \&El +or another +.Sx \&It . +.Pp +The +.Fl tag +list has the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.Pp +Subsequent lines are interpreted as with +.Fl bullet +and family. +The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body +arguments correspond to the list's contents. +.Pp +The +.Fl column +list is the most complicated. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.Pp +The +.Cm args +are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column, +delimited by tabs or the special +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro. +Lines subsequent the +.Sx \&It +are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase. +Calling the pseudo-macro +.Sq \&Ta +will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be +interpreted as a macro). +Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the +.Sx \&It +line itself. +Subsequent this, only the +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases. +Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited +phrases on an +.Sx \&It , +for example, +.Pp +.D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; col2 ;\(dq \&; +.Pp +will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bl . +.Ss \&Lb +Specify a library. +The syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library +.Pp +The +.Cm library +parameter may be a system library, such as +.Cm libz +or +.Cm libpam , +in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker +invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is +printed in quotes. +This is most commonly used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section as described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Lb libz +.D1 \&.Lb mdoc +.Ss \&Li +Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode. +Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for +stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bf , +.Sx \&Sy , +and +.Sx \&Em . +.Ss \&Lk +Format a hyperlink. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" +.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Mt . +.Ss \&Lp +Synonym for +.Sx \&Pp . +.Ss \&Ms +Display a mathematical symbol. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ms sigma +.D1 \&.Ms aleph +.Ss \&Mt +Format a +.Dq mailto: +hyperlink. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv +.Ss \&Nd +A one-line description of the manual's content. +This may only be invoked in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section subsequent the +.Sx \&Nm +macro. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference +.D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals +.Pp +The +.Sx \&Nd +macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent +.Sx \&Sh +invocation. +Do not assume this behaviour: some +.Xr whatis 1 +database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line +arguments and will display macros verbatim. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Nm . +.Ss \&Nm +The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, +and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in +the manual page. +When first invoked, the +.Sx \&Nm +macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. +Usually, the first invocation happens in the +.Em NAME +section of the page. +The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is +called again without arguments later in the page. +The +.Sx \&Nm +macro uses +.Sx Block full-implicit +semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section; otherwise, it uses ordinary +.Sx In-line +semantics. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Sh SYNOPSIS +\&.Nm cat +\&.Op Fl benstuv +\&.Op Ar +.Ed +.Pp +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the +.Sx \&Fn +macro rather than +.Sx \&Nm +to mark up the name of the manual page. +.Ss \&No +A +.Dq noop +macro used to terminate prior macro contexts. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef +.Ss \&Ns +Suppress a space. +Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a +macro is encountered. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&No +and +.Sx \&Sm . +.Ss \&Nx +Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if +no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Nx 5.01 +.D1 \&.Nx +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Ox , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Oc +Closes multi-line +.Sx \&Oo +context. +.Ss \&Oo +Multi-line version of +.Sx \&Op . +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Oo +\&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value +\&.Oc +.Ed +.Ss \&Op +Command-line option. +Used when listing options to command-line utilities. +Prints the argument(s) in brackets. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b +.D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Oo . +.Ss \&Os +Document operating system version. +This is the mandatory third macro of +any +.Nm +file. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system +.Pp +The optional +.Cm system +parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. +Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. +This is the suggested form. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Os +.D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS +.D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3 +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dd +and +.Sx \&Dt . +.Ss \&Ot +Unknown usage. +.Pp +.Em Remarks : +this macro has been deprecated. +.Ss \&Ox +Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value +if no argument is provided. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ox 4.5 +.D1 \&.Ox +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +and +.Sx \&Ux . +.Ss \&Pa +A file-system path. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc +.D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Lk . +.Ss \&Pc +Close parenthesised context opened by +.Sx \&Po . +.Ss \&Pf +Removes the space +.Pq Dq prefix +between its arguments. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix +.Pp +The +.Cm suffix +argument may be a macro. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix +.Ss \&Po +Multi-line version of +.Sx \&Pq . +.Ss \&Pp +Break a paragraph. +This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros +and/or text. +.Ss \&Pq +Parenthesised enclosure. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Po . +.Ss \&Qc +Close quoted context opened by +.Sx \&Qo . +.Ss \&Ql +Format a single-quoted literal. +See also +.Sx \&Qq +and +.Sx \&Sq . +.Ss \&Qo +Multi-line version of +.Sx \&Qq . +.Ss \&Qq +Encloses its arguments in +.Dq typewriter +double-quotes. +Consider using +.Sx \&Dq . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dq , +.Sx \&Sq , +and +.Sx \&Qo . +.Ss \&Re +Closes a +.Sx \&Rs +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. +.Ss \&Rs +Begins a bibliographic +.Pq Dq reference +block. +Does not have any head arguments. +The block macro may only contain +.Sx \&%A , +.Sx \&%B , +.Sx \&%C , +.Sx \&%D , +.Sx \&%I , +.Sx \&%J , +.Sx \&%N , +.Sx \&%O , +.Sx \&%P , +.Sx \&%Q , +.Sx \&%R , +.Sx \&%T , +.Sx \&%U , +and +.Sx \&%V +child macros (at least one must be specified). +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Rs +\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft +\&.%A J. D. Ullman +\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation +\&.%I Addison-Wesley +\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes +\&.%D 1979 +\&.Re +.Ed +.Pp +If an +.Sx \&Rs +block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted +before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current +line. +.Ss \&Rv +.Ss \&Sc +Close single-quoted context opened by +.Sx \&So . +.Ss \&Sh +Begin a new section. +For a list of conventional manual sections, see +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that +custom sections be used. +.Pp +Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by +.Sx \&Sx . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Pp , +.Sx \&Ss , +and +.Sx \&Sx . +.Ss \&Sm +Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off +.Pp +By default, spacing is +.Cm on . +When switched +.Cm off , +no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the +output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines +still get normal spacing between words and sentences. +.Ss \&So +Multi-line version of +.Sx \&Sq . +.Ss \&Sq +Encloses its arguments in +.Dq typewriter +single-quotes. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Dq , +.Sx \&Qq , +and +.Sx \&So . +.Ss \&Ss +Begin a new sub-section. +Unlike with +.Sx \&Sh , +there's no convention for sub-sections. +Conventional sections, as described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +rarely have sub-sections. +.Pp +Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by +.Sx \&Sx . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Pp , +.Sx \&Sh , +and +.Sx \&Sx . +.Ss \&St +.Ss \&Sx +Reference a section or sub-section. +The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the +enclosed argument, including whitespace. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +.Ss \&Sy +Format enclosed arguments in symbolic +.Pq Dq boldface . +Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for +stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bf , +.Sx \&Li , +and +.Sx \&Em . +.Ss \&Tn +Format a tradename. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Tn IBM . +.Ss \&Ud +Prints out +.Dq currently under development. +.Ss \&Ux +Format the UNIX name. +Accepts no argument. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ux +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&At , +.Sx \&Bsx , +.Sx \&Bx , +.Sx \&Dx , +.Sx \&Fx , +.Sx \&Nx , +and +.Sx \&Ox . +.Ss \&Va +A variable name. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Va foo +.D1 \&.Va const char *bar ; +.Ss \&Vt +A variable type. +This is also used for indicating global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, in which case a variable name is also specified. +Note that it accepts +.Sx Block partial-implicit +syntax when invoked as the first macro in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, else it accepts ordinary +.Sx In-line +syntax. +.Pp +Note that this should not be confused with +.Sx \&Ft , +which is used for function return types. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Vt unsigned char +.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +and +.Sx \&Va . +.Ss \&Xc +Close a scope opened by +.Sx \&Xo . +.Ss \&Xo +Open an extension scope. +This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff; +since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated. +.Ss \&Xr +Link to another manual +.Pq Qq cross-reference . +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section +.Pp +The +.Cm name +and +.Cm section +are the name and section of the linked manual. +If +.Cm section +is followed by non-punctuation, an +.Sx \&Ns +is inserted into the token stream. +This behaviour is for compatibility with +.Xr groff 1 . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour +.Ss \&br +.Ss \&sp +.Sh COMPATIBILITY +This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other +troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff +.Pq Qq groff . +The term +.Qq historic groff +refers to groff versions before the +.Pa doc.tmac +file re-write +.Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . +.Pp +Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting +\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff. +.Pp +.Bl -dash -compact +.It +The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour) +font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc. +.It +Old groff fails to assert a newline before +.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact . +.It +groff behaves inconsistently when encountering +.Pf non- Sx \&Fa +children of +.Sx \&Fo +regarding spacing between arguments. +In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed +by a single space and the trailing +.Sq \&) +suppresses prior spacing. +.It +groff behaves inconsistently when encountering +.Sx \&Ft +and +.Sx \&Fn +in the +.Em SYNOPSIS : +at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior +.Sx \&Fn +has been invoked. +In mandoc, this is not the case. +See +.Sx \&Ft +and +.Sx \&Fn +for the normalised behaviour. +.It +Historic groff does not break before an +.Sx \&Fn +when not invoked as the line macro in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section. +.It +Historic groff formats the +.Sx \&In +badly: trailing arguments are trashed and +.Em SYNOPSIS +is not specially treated. +.It +groff does not accept the +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro as a line macro. +mandoc does. +.It +The comment syntax +.Sq \e\." +is no longer accepted. +.It +In groff, the +.Sx \&Pa +macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under +certain list types. +mandoc does. +.It +Historic groff does not print a dash for empty +.Sx \&Fl +arguments. +mandoc and newer groff implementations do. +.It +groff behaves irregularly when specifying +.Sq \ef +.Sx Text Decoration +within line-macro scopes. +mandoc follows a consistent system. +.It +In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would +move to prior lines. +Furthermore, the +.Sq f +scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. +.It +In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a +standalone double-quote in formatted output. +This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc. +.It +Display offsets +.Sx \&Bd +.Fl offset Ar center +and +.Fl offset Ar right +are disregarded in mandoc. +Furthermore, troff specifies a +.Fl file Ar file +argument that is not supported in mandoc. +Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff), +.Fl ragged +and +.Fl filled +are aliases, as are +.Fl literal +and +.Fl unfilled . +.It +Historic groff has many un-callable macros. +Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable. +.It +The vertical bar +.Sq \(ba +made historic groff +.Qq go orbital +but has been a proper delimiter since then. +.It +.Sx \&It Fl nested +is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be +nested and +.Fl enum +lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. +.It +Some manuals use +.Sx \&Li +incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the +delimiter to render. +This is not supported in mandoc. +.It +In groff, the +.Sx \&Cd , +.Sx \&Er , +.Sx \&Ex , +and +.Sx \&Rv +macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections. +mandoc does not have these restrictions. +.It +Newer groff and mandoc print +.Qq AT&T UNIX +prior to unknown arguments of +.Sx \&At ; +older groff did nothing. +.El +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr mandoc 1 , +.Xr mandoc_char 7 +.Sh AUTHORS +The +.Nm +reference was written by +.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .