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Diff for /mandoc/mdoc.7 between version 1.142 and 1.180

version 1.142, 2010/07/26 13:45:49 version 1.180, 2011/02/09 10:03:02
Line 1 
Line 1 
 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
 .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>  .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
Line 28  language is used to format
Line 28  language is used to format
 .Bx  .Bx
 .Ux  .Ux
 manuals.  manuals.
 In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, and  This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and
 usage.  usage.
 Our reference implementation is mandoc; the  The reference implementation is
   .Xr mandoc 1 ;
   the
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.  section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 50  Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
Line 52  Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
 character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.
 All manuals must have  .Pp
 .Ux  If the first character of a line is a space, that line is printed
 line terminators.  with a leading newline.
 .Ss Comments  .Ss Comments
 Text following a  Text following a
 .Sq \e\*q ,  .Sq \e\*q ,
Line 61  line.
Line 63  line.
 A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
 .Sq \&.\e\*q ,  .Sq \&.\e\*q ,
 is also ignored.  is also ignored.
 Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are  Macro lines with only a control character and optional whitespace are
 stripped from input.  stripped from input.
 .Ss Reserved Characters  .Ss Reserved Characters
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
Line 107  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
Line 109  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
 .Sq \&[  .Sq \&[
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
 .Sq \&] ) ;  .Sq \&] ) ;
 or a single one-character sequence.  or a single one character sequence.
 See  See
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  .Xr mandoc_char 7
 for a complete list.  for a complete list.
Line 120  and
Line 122  and
 .Ss Text Decoration  .Ss Text Decoration
 Terms may be text-decorated using the  Terms may be text-decorated using the
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
 escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P  escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I (italic), R (Roman), or P
 (revert to previous mode):  (revert to previous mode):
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP  .Dl \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
 .Pp  .Pp
 A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,  A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
 respectively) may be used instead.  respectively) may be used instead.
Line 147  recommended for
Line 149  recommended for
 which encourages semantic annotation.  which encourages semantic annotation.
 .Ss Predefined Strings  .Ss Predefined Strings
 Historically,  Historically,
 .Xr groff 1  troff
 also defined a set of package-specific  also defined a set of package-specific
 .Dq predefined strings ,  .Dq predefined strings ,
 which, like  which, like
Line 172  and
Line 174  and
 .Pq vertical bar .  .Pq vertical bar .
 .Ss Whitespace  .Ss Whitespace
 Whitespace consists of the space character.  Whitespace consists of the space character.
 In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped  In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; unescaped
 trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).  trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
 Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted  Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
 within literal contexts.  within literal contexts.
Line 183  If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes 
Line 185  If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes 
 Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group  Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group
 space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.  space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.
 A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.  A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
 The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote  The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote
 terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.  terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation  Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation
Line 276  is necessarily non-portable across output media.
Line 278  is necessarily non-portable across output media.
 See  See
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY .  .Sx COMPATIBILITY .
 .Ss Sentence Spacing  .Ss Sentence Spacing
 When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of  When composing a manual, make sure that sentences end at the end of
 a line.  a line.
 By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of  By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
 spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,  spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
 or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing  or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
 delimiters (  delimiters
 .Ns Sq \&) ,  .Po
   .Sq \&) ,
 .Sq \&] ,  .Sq \&] ,
 .Sq \&' ,  .Sq \&' ,
 .Sq \&" ) .  .Sq \&"
   .Pc .
 .Pp  .Pp
 The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at  The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
 the boundary of a macro line, e.g.,  the boundary of a macro line.
   For example:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.  .Dl \&Xr mandoc 1 \.
 .D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.  .Dl \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.
 .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 A well-formed  A well-formed
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 328  file:
Line 333  file:
 \&.Sh NAME  \&.Sh NAME
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Nd a description goes here  \&.Nd a description goes here
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY  \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.Sh SYNOPSIS  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Op Fl options  \&.Op Fl options
Line 339  The
Line 345  The
 \&.Nm  \&.Nm
 utility processes files ...  utility processes files ...
 \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES  \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT  \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES  \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS  \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES  \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS  \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS  \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO  \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
 \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1  \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
 \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS  \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
Line 359  utility processes files ...
Line 366  utility processes files ...
 \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS  \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS  \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 The sections in a  The sections in an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.  document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
 Sections should be composed as follows:  Sections should be composed as follows:
 .Bl -ohang -offset Ds  .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
 .It Em NAME  .It Em NAME
 The name(s) and a one-line description of the documented material.  The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
 The syntax for this as follows:  The syntax for this as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Nm name0  \&.Nm name0 ,
 \&.Nm name1  \&.Nm name1 ,
 \&.Nm name2  \&.Nm name2
 \&.Nd a one-line description  \&.Nd a one line description
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
Line 415  generally structured as follows:
Line 423  generally structured as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):  For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Vt extern const char *global;  
 \&.In header.h  \&.In header.h
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
 \&.Fn foo "const char *src"  \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
Line 445  section, particularly
Line 453  section, particularly
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ft .  .Sx \&Ft .
 All of these macros are output on their own line.  All of these macros are output on their own line.
 If two such dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for  If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 before  before
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
Line 471  or
Line 479  or
 .Sx \&Ss  .Sx \&Ss
 macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.  macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
 .It Em DESCRIPTION  .It Em DESCRIPTION
 This expands upon the brief, one-line description in  This expands upon the brief, one line description in
 .Em NAME .  .Em NAME .
 It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a  It usually contains a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
 command), such as:  command), such as:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 The arguments are as follows:  The arguments are as follows:
Line 489  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
Line 497  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
 This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side  This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
 effects or notable algorithmic implications.  effects or notable algorithmic implications.
 .It Em RETURN VALUES  .It Em RETURN VALUES
 This section is the dual of  This section documents the
 .Em EXIT STATUS ,  return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
 which is used for commands.  
 It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Rv .  .Sx \&Rv .
Line 513  the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
Line 519  the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
 See  See
 .Sx \&Pa .  .Sx \&Pa .
 .It Em EXIT STATUS  .It Em EXIT STATUS
 Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.  This section documents the
 This section is the dual of  command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
 .Em RETURN VALUES ,  
 which is used for functions.  
 Historically, this information was described in  Historically, this information was described in
 .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,  .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
 a practise that is now discouraged.  a practise that is now discouraged.
Line 526  See
Line 530  See
 .It Em EXAMPLES  .It Em EXAMPLES
 Example usages.  Example usages.
 This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.  This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
 Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!  Make sure that examples work properly!
 .It Em DIAGNOSTICS  .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
 Documents error conditions.  Documents error conditions.
 This is most useful in section 4 manuals.  This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
Line 560  section should be used instead.
Line 564  section should be used instead.
 See  See
 .Sx \&St .  .Sx \&St .
 .It Em HISTORY  .It Em HISTORY
 The history of any manual without a  A brief history of the subject, including where support first appeared.
 .Em STANDARDS  
 section should be described in this section.  
 .It Em AUTHORS  .It Em AUTHORS
 Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.  Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
 Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.  Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
Line 573  See
Line 575  See
 Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained  Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
 in this section.  in this section.
 .It Em BUGS  .It Em BUGS
 Known bugs, limitations and work-arounds should be described  Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
 in this section.  in this section.
 .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
 Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.  Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
Line 604  closes it out.
Line 606  closes it out.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Callable  .Em Callable
 column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial  column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
 line-macro.  as an argument to another macro.
 If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line  If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
 macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that  to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
 .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh  .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
 produces  produces
 .Sq Fl \&Sh .  .Sq Fl \&Sh .
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Parsed  .Em Parsed
 column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further  column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
 (ostensibly callable) macros.  their names as arguments.
 If a macro is not parsed, subsequent macro invocations on the line  If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
 will be interpreted as opaque text.  as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Scope  .Em Scope
Line 771  If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
Line 774  If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
 .Pq n ,  .Pq n ,
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
Line 794  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
Line 797  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
 .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
Line 803  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
Line 806  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
 .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
Line 879  referring to book titles.
Line 882  referring to book titles.
 Publication city or location of an  Publication city or location of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 .Pp  
 .Em Remarks :  
 this macro is not implemented in  
 .Xr groff 1 .  
 .Ss \&%D  .Ss \&%D
 Publication date of an  Publication date of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
Line 942  Memory address.
Line 941  Memory address.
 Do not use this for postal addresses.  Do not use this for postal addresses.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]  .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
 .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000  .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
 .Ss \&An  .Ss \&An
 Author name.  Author name.
 Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:  Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
Line 973  for the first author listing and
Line 972  for the first author listing and
 for all other author listings.  for all other author listings.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.An -nosplit  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 .D1 \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Ao  .Ss \&Ao
 Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.  Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Aq .  .Sx \&Aq .
Line 990  This is generally used as a grammatical device when re
Line 989  This is generally used as a grammatical device when re
 form of a function.  form of a function.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fn execve \&Ap d  .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
 .Ss \&Aq  .Ss \&Aq
 Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.  Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use  this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
Line 1016  If an argument is not provided, the string
Line 1015  If an argument is not provided, the string
 is used as a default.  is used as a default.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1  .Dl \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1
 .D1 \&.Ar  .Dl \&.Ar
 .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .  .Dl \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
 .Ss \&At  .Ss \&At
 Formats an AT&T version.  Formats an AT&T version.
 Accepts one optional argument:  Accepts one optional argument:
Line 1035  A version of
Line 1034  A version of
 Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.  Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.At  .Dl \&.At
 .D1 \&.At V.1  .Dl \&.At V.1
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bsx ,  .Sx \&Bsx ,
Line 1161  and
Line 1160  and
 argument are equivalent, as are  argument are equivalent, as are
 .Fl symbolic  .Fl symbolic
 and  and
 .Cm \&Sy,  .Cm \&Sy ,
 and  and
 .Fl literal  .Fl literal
 and  and
Line 1204  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep bloc
Line 1203  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep bloc
 Doing so will clobber the right margin.  Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Ss \&Bl  .Ss \&Bl
 Begin a list.  Begin a list.
 Lists consist of items started by the  Lists consist of items specified using the
 .Sx \&It  .Sx \&It
 macro, containing a head or a body or both.  macro, containing a head or a body or both.
 The list syntax is as follows:  The list syntax is as follows:
Line 1339  See also
Line 1338  See also
 Encloses its arguments in square brackets.  Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for  this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
Line 1372  See also
Line 1371  See also
 Encloses its arguments in curly braces.  Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n  .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bro .  .Sx \&Bro .
Line 1381  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
Line 1380  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0  .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
 .D1 \&.Bsx  .Dl \&.Bsx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1395  and
Line 1394  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Bt  .Ss \&Bt
 Prints  Prints
 .Dq is currently in beta test.  .Dq is currently in beta test .
 .Ss \&Bx  .Ss \&Bx
 Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no  Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
 argument is provided.  argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bx 4.4  .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
 .D1 \&.Bx  .Dl \&.Bx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1419  This denotes strings accepted by
Line 1418  This denotes strings accepted by
 .Xr config 8 .  .Xr config 8 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?  .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain  this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
Line 1432  Command modifiers.
Line 1431  Command modifiers.
 Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.  Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath  .Dl \&.Cm ControlPath
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster  .Dl \&.Cm ControlMaster
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Fl .  .Sx \&Fl .
Line 1444  statements.
Line 1443  statements.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh  .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
Line 1483  or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
Line 1482  or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
 If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used.  If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
 .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007  .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dt  .Sx \&Dt
Line 1498  invocations.
Line 1497  invocations.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less  .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
Line 1650  It must be one of
Line 1649  It must be one of
 .Ar luna88k ,  .Ar luna88k ,
 .Ar mac68k ,  .Ar mac68k ,
 .Ar macppc ,  .Ar macppc ,
   .Ar mips64 ,
 .Ar mvme68k ,  .Ar mvme68k ,
 .Ar mvme88k ,  .Ar mvme88k ,
 .Ar mvmeppc ,  .Ar mvmeppc ,
Line 1665  or
Line 1665  or
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
Line 1677  and
Line 1677  and
 Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.  Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
 .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO  .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Er .  .Sx \&Er .
Line 1687  Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argume
Line 1687  Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argume
 value if no argument is provided.  value if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1  .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
 .D1 \&.Dx  .Dl \&.Dx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1734  Note that this is a presentation term and should not b
Line 1734  Note that this is a presentation term and should not b
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  stylistically decorating technical terms.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Em Warnings!  .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
 .D1 \&.Em Remarks :  .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
Line 1760  will emulate
Line 1760  will emulate
 Display error constants.  Display error constants.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Er EPERM  .Dl \&.Er EPERM
 .D1 \&.Er ENOENT  .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dv .  .Sx \&Dv .
Line 1772  Environmental variables such as those specified in
Line 1772  Environmental variables such as those specified in
 .Xr environ 7 .  .Xr environ 7 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY  .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
 .D1 \&.Ev PATH  .Dl \&.Ev PATH
 .Ss \&Ex  .Ss \&Ex
 Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.  Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 1813  Furthermore, if the following macro is another
Line 1813  Furthermore, if the following macro is another
 the last argument will also have a trailing comma.  the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
 .D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
 .D1 \&.Fa foo  .Dl \&.Fa foo
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
Line 1843  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
Line 1843  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
 output.  output.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl a b c  .Dl \&.Fl a b c
 .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b  .Dl \&.Fl \&Pf a b
 .D1 \&.Fl  .Dl \&.Fl
 .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file  .Dl \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Cm .  .Sx \&Cm .
Line 1865  are delimited by commas.
Line 1865  are delimited by commas.
 If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.  If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"  .Dl \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"
 .D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"  .Dl \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"
 .D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0  .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Ft functype  \&.Ft functype
 \&.Fn funcname  \&.Fn funcname
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
   .Sx \&Xr
   instead.
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
 and  and
Line 1915  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 1918  Its syntax is as follows:
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ft int  .Dl \&.Ft int
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Ft functype  \&.Ft functype
 \&.Fn funcname  \&.Fn funcname
Line 1927  See also
Line 1930  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fx  .Ss \&Fx
 Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Fx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fx 7.1  .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
 .D1 \&.Fx  .Dl \&.Fx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1952  This is similar to
Line 1957  This is similar to
 but used for instructions rather than values.  but used for instructions rather than values.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ic hash  .Dl \&.Ic hash
 .D1 \&.Ic alias  .Dl \&.Ic alias
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that using  Note that using
 .Sx \&Bd No Fl literal  .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
 or  or
 .Sx \&D1  .Sx \&D1
 is preferred for displaying code; the  is preferred for displaying code; the
Line 1974  preceded by
Line 1979  preceded by
 the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.  the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.In sys/types  .Dl \&.In sys/types
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
Line 2054  phrases on an
Line 2059  phrases on an
 .Sx \&It ,  .Sx \&It ,
 for example,  for example,
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;  .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.  will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 2081  section as described in
Line 2086  section as described in
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lb libz  .Dl \&.Lb libz
 .D1 \&.Lb mdoc  .Dl \&.Lb mdoc
 .Ss \&Li  .Ss \&Li
 Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.  Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
Line 2100  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2105  Its syntax is as follows:
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \*qThe BSD.lv Project\*q
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Mt .  .Sx \&Mt .
Line 2115  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2120  Its syntax is as follows:
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ms sigma  .Dl \&.Ms sigma
 .D1 \&.Ms aleph  .Dl \&.Ms aleph
 .Ss \&Mt  .Ss \&Mt
 Format a  Format a
 .Dq mailto:  .Dq mailto:
Line 2126  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2131  Its syntax is as follows:
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Nd  .Ss \&Nd
 A one-line description of the manual's content.  A one line description of the manual's content.
 This may only be invoked in the  This may only be invoked in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section subsequent the  section subsequent the
Line 2136  section subsequent the
Line 2141  section subsequent the
 macro.  macro.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference  .Dl \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals  .Dl \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Sx \&Nd  .Sx \&Nd
Line 2194  A
Line 2199  A
 macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.  macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef  .Dl \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef
 .Ss \&Ns  .Ss \&Ns
 Suppress a space.  Suppress a space.
 Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a  Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a
 macro is encountered.  macro is encountered.
 .Pp  .Pp
   This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output  .Dl \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&No  .Sx \&No
 and  and
 .Sx \&Sm .  .Sx \&Sm .
 .Ss \&Nx  .Ss \&Nx
 Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if  Format the
   .Nx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Nx 5.01  .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
 .D1 \&.Nx  .Dl \&.Nx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2244  Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
Line 2253  Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
 Prints the argument(s) in brackets.  Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b  .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
 .D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b  .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Oo .  .Sx \&Oo .
Line 2257  any
Line 2266  any
 file.  file.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system Op Cm version
 .Pp  .Pp
 The optional  The optional
 .Cm system  .Cm system
Line 2266  Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating s
Line 2275  Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating s
 This is the suggested form.  This is the suggested form.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Os  .Dl \&.Os
 .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS  .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
 .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3  .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
Line 2280  Unknown usage.
Line 2289  Unknown usage.
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro has been deprecated.  this macro has been deprecated.
 .Ss \&Ox  .Ss \&Ox
 Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Ox
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ox 4.5  .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
 .D1 \&.Ox  .Dl \&.Ox
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2298  and
Line 2309  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Pa  .Ss \&Pa
 A file-system path.  A file-system path.
   If an argument is not provided, the string
   .Dq \(ti
   is used as a default.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc  .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
 .D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7  .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Lk .  .Sx \&Lk .
Line 2321  The
Line 2335  The
 argument may be a macro.  argument may be a macro.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix  .Dl \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix
 .Ss \&Po  .Ss \&Po
 Multi-line version of  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Pq .  .Sx \&Pq .
Line 2581  The referenced section or sub-section name must be ide
Line 2595  The referenced section or sub-section name must be ide
 enclosed argument, including whitespace.  enclosed argument, including whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Sh
   and
   .Sx \&Ss .
 .Ss \&Sy  .Ss \&Sy
 Format enclosed arguments in symbolic  Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
 .Pq Dq boldface .  .Pq Dq boldface .
Line 2597  and
Line 2616  and
 Format a tradename.  Format a tradename.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Tn IBM  .Dl \&.Tn IBM
 .Ss \&Ud  .Ss \&Ud
 Prints out  Prints out
 .Dq currently under development.  .Dq currently under development .
 .Ss \&Ux  .Ss \&Ux
 Format the UNIX name.  Format the UNIX name.
 Accepts no argument.  Accepts no argument.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ux  .Dl \&.Ux
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2621  and
Line 2640  and
 A variable name.  A variable name.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Va foo  .Dl \&.Va foo
 .D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;  .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
 .Ss \&Vt  .Ss \&Vt
 A variable type.  A variable type.
 This is also used for indicating global variables in the  This is also used for indicating global variables in the
Line 2641  Note that this should not be confused with
Line 2660  Note that this should not be confused with
 which is used for function return types.  which is used for function return types.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char  .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
 .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;  .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
Line 2652  and
Line 2671  and
 Close a scope opened by  Close a scope opened by
 .Sx \&Xo .  .Sx \&Xo .
 .Ss \&Xo  .Ss \&Xo
 Open an extension scope.  Extend the header of an
 This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;  .Sx \&It
 since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.  macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
   beyond the end of the input line.
   This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
   of historic
   .Xr roff 7 .
 .Ss \&Xr  .Ss \&Xr
 Link to another manual  Link to another manual
 .Pq Qq cross-reference .  .Pq Qq cross-reference .
Line 2673  is followed by non-punctuation, an
Line 2696  is followed by non-punctuation, an
 .Sx \&Ns  .Sx \&Ns
 is inserted into the token stream.  is inserted into the token stream.
 This behaviour is for compatibility with  This behaviour is for compatibility with
 .Xr groff 1 .  GNU troff.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
 .Ss \&br  .Ss \&br
 Emits a line-break.  Emits a line-break.
 This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with  This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
Line 2708  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU tro
Line 2731  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU tro
 .Pq Qq groff .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  The term
 .Qq historic groff  .Qq historic groff
 refers to groff versions before the  refers to groff versions before 1.17,
   which featured a significant update of the
 .Pa doc.tmac  .Pa doc.tmac
 file re-write  file.
 .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting  Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
 \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.  \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
 .Pp  .Pp
   The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
   .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
   .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 An empty  Display macros
 .Sq \&Dd  .Po
 macro in groff prints  .Sx \&Bd ,
   .Sx \&Dl ,
   and
   .Sx \&D1
   .Pc
   may not be nested.
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sx \&At
   with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
   \*[hist]
   Newer groff and mandoc print
   .Qq AT&T UNIX
   and the arguments.
   .It
   .Sx \&Bd Fl column
   does not recognize trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
   precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
   outputs a space before them.
   .It
   .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
   does not start a new line.
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sx \&Dd
   without an argument prints
 .Dq Epoch .  .Dq Epoch .
 In mandoc, it resolves to the current date.  In mandoc, it resolves to the current date.
 .It  .It
 The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour)  .Sx \&Fl
 font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc.  does not print a dash for an empty argument.
   \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 Old groff fails to assert a newline before  .Sx \&Fn
 .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .  does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section.
   \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 groff behaves inconsistently when encountering  
 .Pf non- Sx \&Fa  
 children of  
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
 regarding spacing between arguments.  with
 In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed  .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
 by a single space and the trailing  children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
 .Sq \&)  In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
 suppresses prior spacing.  
 .It  .It
 groff behaves inconsistently when encountering  
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 and  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 in the  in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS :  .Em SYNOPSIS
 at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior  causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
 .Sx \&Fn  .Sx \&Fn
 has been invoked.  has been invoked.
 In mandoc, this is not the case.  
 See  See
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 and  and
 .Sx \&Fn  .Sx \&Fn
 for the normalised behaviour.  for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 Historic groff does not break before an  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 when not invoked as the line macro in the  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 section.  
 .It  
 Historic groff formats the  
 .Sx \&In  .Sx \&In
 badly: trailing arguments are trashed and  ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS .
 is not specially treated.  \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 groff does not accept the  .Sx \&It
 .Sq \&Ta  sometimes requires a
 pseudo-macro as a line macro.  .Fl nested
 mandoc does.  flag.
   \*[hist]
   In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
   .Fl enum
   lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
 .It  .It
 The comment syntax  .Sx \&Li
 .Sq \e\."  followed by a reserved character is incorrectly used in some manuals
 is no longer accepted.  instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
   historic groff.
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  .Sx \&Lk
   only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
   .It
 .Sx \&Pa  .Sx \&Pa
 macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under  does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
 certain list types.  certain list types.
 mandoc does.  
 .It  .It
 Historic groff does not print a dash for empty  .Sx \&Ta
 .Sx \&Fl  can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
 arguments.  
 mandoc and newer groff implementations do.  
 .It  .It
 groff behaves irregularly when specifying  .Sx \&%C
   is not implemented.
   .It
   Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
   line, depending on the exact situation.
   Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
   The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
   .It
   Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
   Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
   in new groff and mandoc.
   .It
   .Sq \(ba
   (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
   \*[hist]
   .It
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
   .Pq font face
   and
   .Sq \ef
   .Pq font family face
 .Sx Text Decoration  .Sx Text Decoration
 within line-macro scopes.  escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
 mandoc follows a consistent system.  
 .It  .It
 In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would  Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
 move to prior lines.  Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
 Furthermore, the  .El
 .Sq f  .Pp
 scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a  .Sx \&Bd
 standalone double-quote in formatted output.  .Fl file Ar file .
 This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.  
 .It  .It
 Display offsets  
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 .Fl offset Ar center  .Fl offset Ar center
 and  and
 .Fl offset Ar right  .Fl offset Ar right .
 are disregarded in mandoc.  Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either,
 Furthermore, troff specifies a  but produces large indentations.
 .Fl file Ar file  
 argument that is not supported in mandoc.  
 Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),  
 .Fl ragged  
 and  
 .Fl filled  
 are aliases, as are  
 .Fl literal  
 and  
 .Fl unfilled .  
 .It  .It
 Historic groff has many un-callable macros.  The
 Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.  .Sq \eh
 .It  .Pq horizontal position ,
 The vertical bar  .Sq \ev
 .Sq \(ba  .Pq vertical position ,
 made historic groff  .Sq \em
 .Qq go orbital  .Pq text colour ,
 but has been a proper delimiter since then.  .Sq \eM
 .It  .Pq text filling colour ,
 .Sx \&It Fl nested  .Sq \ez
 is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be  .Pq zero-length character ,
 nested and  .Sq \ew
 .Fl enum  .Pq string length ,
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  .Sq \ek
 .It  .Pq horizontal position marker ,
 Some manuals use  .Sq \eo
 .Sx \&Li  .Pq text overstrike ,
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  
 delimiter to render.  
 This is not supported in mandoc.  
 .It  
 In groff, the  
 .Sx \&Cd ,  
 .Sx \&Er ,  
 .Sx \&Ex ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Rv  .Sq \es
 macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.  .Pq text size
 mandoc does not have these restrictions.  escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 Newer groff and mandoc print  The
 .Qq AT&T UNIX  .Sq \ef
 prior to unknown arguments of  scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit.
 .Sx \&At ;  .It
 older groff did nothing.  In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This is not supported by mandoc.
 .El  .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr man 1 ,
 .Xr mandoc 1 ,  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr eqn 7 ,
   .Xr man 7 ,
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  .Xr mandoc_char 7
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Sh HISTORY
   The
   .Nm
   language first appeared as a troff macro package in
   .Bx 4.4 .
   It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
   in groff-1.17.
   The standalone implementation that is part of the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
   .Ox 4.6 .
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm

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Removed from v.1.142  
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  Added in v.1.180

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