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version 1.142, 2010/07/26 13:45:49 version 1.199, 2011/08/16 23:44:58
Line 1 
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
 .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>  .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
Line 28  language is used to format
Line 28  language is used to format
 .Bx  .Bx
 .Ux  .Ux
 manuals.  manuals.
 In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, and  This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and
 usage.  usage.
 Our reference implementation is mandoc; the  The reference implementation is
   .Xr mandoc 1 ;
   the
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.  section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 38  An
Line 40  An
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control  document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
 character  character
 .Sq \.  .Sq \&.
 are parsed for macros.  are parsed for macros.
 Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  Text lines, those not beginning with the control character, are
 prior macros:  interpreted within the scope of prior macros:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
 Other lines are interpreted within the current state.  Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX  .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
 character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.
 All manuals must have  .Pp
 .Ux  If the first character of a text line is a space, that line is printed
 line terminators.  with a leading newline.
 .Ss Comments  .Ss Comments
 Text following a  Text following a
 .Sq \e\*q ,  .Sq \e\*q ,
 whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of  whether in a macro or text line, is ignored to the end of
 line.  line.
 A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
 .Sq \&.\e\*q ,  .Sq \&.\e\*q ,
 is also ignored.  is also ignored.
 Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are  Macro lines with only a control character and optional whitespace are
 stripped from input.  stripped from input.
 .Ss Reserved Characters  
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It \&.  
 .Pq period  
 .It \&,  
 .Pq comma  
 .It \&:  
 .Pq colon  
 .It \&;  
 .Pq semicolon  
 .It \&(  
 .Pq left-parenthesis  
 .It \&)  
 .Pq right-parenthesis  
 .It \&[  
 .Pq left-bracket  
 .It \&]  
 .Pq right-bracket  
 .It \&?  
 .Pq question  
 .It \&!  
 .Pq exclamation  
 .It \&|  
 .Pq vertical bar  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Use of reserved characters is described in  
 .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .  
 For general use in macro lines, these characters can either be escaped  
 with a non-breaking space  
 .Pq Sq \e&  
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence can be used.  
 .Ss Special Characters  .Ss Special Characters
 Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.  Special characters may occur in both macro and text lines.
 Sequences begin with the escape character  Sequences begin with the escape character
 .Sq \e  .Sq \e
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  followed by either an open-parenthesis
Line 107  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
Line 75  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
 .Sq \&[  .Sq \&[
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
 .Sq \&] ) ;  .Sq \&] ) ;
 or a single one-character sequence.  or a single one character sequence.
 See  See
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  .Xr mandoc_char 7
 for a complete list.  for a complete list.
Line 120  and
Line 88  and
 .Ss Text Decoration  .Ss Text Decoration
 Terms may be text-decorated using the  Terms may be text-decorated using the
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
 escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P  escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I (italic), R (Roman), or P
 (revert to previous mode):  (revert to previous mode):
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP  .Dl \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
 .Pp  .Pp
 A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,  A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
 respectively) may be used instead.  respectively) may be used instead.
 A text decoration is valid within  If a macro opens a font scope after calling
 the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside  .Sq \ef ,
 its own scope, such as  such as with
 .Sx \&Bf  .Sx \&Bf ,
 .Cm \&Sy ,  the
 in-scope invocations of  
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
 are only valid within the font scope of the macro.  mode will be restored upon exiting the
 If  .Sx \&Bf
 .Sq \ef  scope.
 is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form  
 text, it will affect the remainder of the document.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note this form is  Note this form is
 .Em not  .Em not
Line 147  recommended for
Line 112  recommended for
 which encourages semantic annotation.  which encourages semantic annotation.
 .Ss Predefined Strings  .Ss Predefined Strings
 Historically,  Historically,
 .Xr groff 1  troff
 also defined a set of package-specific  also defined a set of package-specific
 .Dq predefined strings ,  .Dq predefined strings ,
 which, like  which, like
Line 172  and
Line 137  and
 .Pq vertical bar .  .Pq vertical bar .
 .Ss Whitespace  .Ss Whitespace
 Whitespace consists of the space character.  Whitespace consists of the space character.
 In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped  In text lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; unescaped
 trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).  trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
 Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted  Blank text lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
 within literal contexts.  within literal contexts.
 .Pp  .Pp
   In general, trailing whitespace on input lines is discouraged
   for reasons of clarity and portability.
   In the rare case that a blank character is needed at the end of an
   input line, it may be forced by
   .Sq \e\ \e& .
   .Pp
 In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.  In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
 If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.  
 .Ss Quotation  .Ss Quotation
 Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group  Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes; in this case,
 space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.  whitespace within the quotes is retained as part of the argument.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fn strlen "\(dqconst char *s\(dq"
   .Pp
   renders as
   .Sq Fn strlen "const char *s" ,
   while
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fn strlen "const char *s"
   .Pp
   would produce
   .Sq Fn strlen const char *s .
   .Pp
 A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.  A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
 The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote  The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote
 terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.  terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
   In unquoted arguments, space characters can alternatively be included
   by preceding them with a backslash
   .Pq Sq \e\~ ,
   but quoting is usually better for clarity.
   .Pp
 Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation  Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation
 when unquoted, is considered literal text.  when unquoted, is considered literal text.
 Thus, the following produces  Thus, the following produces
Line 194  Thus, the following produces
Line 182  Thus, the following produces
 \&.Op "Fl a"  \&.Op "Fl a"
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.  In text lines, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
 .Ss Dates  
 There are several macros in  
 .Nm  
 that require a date argument.  
 The canonical form for dates is the American format:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Cm Month Day , Year  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Cm Day  
 value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.  
 The  
 .Cm Month  
 value is the full month name.  
 The  
 .Cm Year  
 value is the full four-digit year.  
 .Pp  
 Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Cm Month , Year  
 .D1 Cm Year  
 .Pp  
 Some examples of valid dates follow:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form  
 .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form  
 .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form  
 .Ss Scaling Widths  .Ss Scaling Widths
 Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as  Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
 stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:  stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
Line 276  is necessarily non-portable across output media.
Line 236  is necessarily non-portable across output media.
 See  See
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY .  .Sx COMPATIBILITY .
 .Ss Sentence Spacing  .Ss Sentence Spacing
 When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of  When composing a manual, make sure that sentences end at the end of
 a line.  a line.
 By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of  By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
 spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,  spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
 or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing  or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
 delimiters (  delimiters
 .Ns Sq \&) ,  .Po
   .Sq \&) ,
 .Sq \&] ,  .Sq \&] ,
 .Sq \&' ,  .Sq \&' ,
 .Sq \&" ) .  .Sq \&"
   .Pc .
 .Pp  .Pp
 The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at  The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
 the boundary of a macro line, e.g.,  the boundary of a macro line.
   For example:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&.
 .D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.  .Dl \&.Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \&.
 .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 A well-formed  A well-formed
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 320  sections, although this varies between manual sections
Line 283  sections, although this varies between manual sections
 .Pp  .Pp
 The following is a well-formed skeleton  The following is a well-formed skeleton
 .Nm  .Nm
 file:  file for a utility
   .Qq progname :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 \&.Dt mdoc 7  \&.Dt PROGNAME section
 \&.Os  \&.Os
 \&.Sh NAME  \&.Sh NAME
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm progname
 \&.Nd a description goes here  \&.Nd one line about what it does
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY  \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.Sh SYNOPSIS  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm progname
 \&.Op Fl options  \&.Op Fl options
 \&.Ar  \&.Ar
 \&.Sh DESCRIPTION  \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
Line 339  The
Line 304  The
 \&.Nm  \&.Nm
 utility processes files ...  utility processes files ...
 \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES  \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT  \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES  \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS  \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 6, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES  \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.  
 \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS  \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\*q For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS  \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO  \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
 \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1  \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
 \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS  \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
Line 359  utility processes files ...
Line 325  utility processes files ...
 \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS  \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS  \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   \&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 The sections in a  The sections in an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.  document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
 Sections should be composed as follows:  Sections should be composed as follows:
 .Bl -ohang -offset Ds  .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
 .It Em NAME  .It Em NAME
 The name(s) and a one-line description of the documented material.  The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
 The syntax for this as follows:  The syntax for this as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Nm name0  \&.Nm name0 ,
 \&.Nm name1  \&.Nm name1 ,
 \&.Nm name2  \&.Nm name2
 \&.Nd a one-line description  \&.Nd a one line description
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Multiple
   .Sq \&Nm
   names should be separated by commas.
   .Pp
 The  The
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 macro(s) must precede the  macro(s) must precede the
Line 403  configuration.
Line 374  configuration.
 For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is  For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
 generally structured as follows:  generally structured as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm bar
 \&.Op Fl v  \&.Op Fl v
 \&.Op Fl o Ar file  \&.Op Fl o Ar file
 \&.Op Ar  \&.Op Ar
 \&.Nm bar  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Op Fl v  \&.Op Fl v
 \&.Op Fl o Ar file  \&.Op Fl o Ar file
 \&.Op Ar  \&.Op Ar
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
   .Pp
 For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):  For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Vt extern const char *global;  
 \&.In header.h  \&.In header.h
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
 \&.Fn foo "const char *src"  \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
 \&.Fn bar "const char *src"  \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Ordering of
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo
   macros should follow C header-file conventions.
   .Pp
 And for the third, configurations (section 4):  And for the third, configurations (section 4):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q  \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
Line 445  section, particularly
Line 426  section, particularly
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ft .  .Sx \&Ft .
 All of these macros are output on their own line.  All of these macros are output on their own line.
 If two such dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for  If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 before  before
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
Line 471  or
Line 452  or
 .Sx \&Ss  .Sx \&Ss
 macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.  macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
 .It Em DESCRIPTION  .It Em DESCRIPTION
 This expands upon the brief, one-line description in  This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
 .Em NAME .  .Em NAME :
 It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a  .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility does this, that, and the other.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
 command), such as:  command), such as:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 The arguments are as follows:  The arguments are as follows:
Line 484  Print verbose information.
Line 471  Print verbose information.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.  Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
   .Pp
   Since the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
   often use the
   .Sx \&Ss
   macro to form subsections.
   In very long manuals, the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
   .Sx \&Sh
   macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
   several subsections, like in the present
   .Nm
   manual.
 .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
 This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side  This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
 effects or notable algorithmic implications.  effects or notable algorithmic implications.
 .It Em RETURN VALUES  .It Em RETURN VALUES
 This section is the dual of  This section documents the
 .Em EXIT STATUS ,  return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
 which is used for commands.  
 It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Rv .  .Sx \&Rv .
Line 513  the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
Line 513  the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
 See  See
 .Sx \&Pa .  .Sx \&Pa .
 .It Em EXIT STATUS  .It Em EXIT STATUS
 Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.  This section documents the
 This section is the dual of  command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
 .Em RETURN VALUES ,  
 which is used for functions.  
 Historically, this information was described in  Historically, this information was described in
 .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,  .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
 a practise that is now discouraged.  a practise that is now discouraged.
Line 526  See
Line 524  See
 .It Em EXAMPLES  .It Em EXAMPLES
 Example usages.  Example usages.
 This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.  This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
 Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!  Make sure that examples work properly!
 .It Em DIAGNOSTICS  .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
 Documents error conditions.  Documents error conditions.
 This is most useful in section 4 manuals.  This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
Line 549  This section should exist for most manuals.
Line 547  This section should exist for most manuals.
 Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then  Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
 alphabetically.  alphabetically.
 .Pp  .Pp
   References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
   for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
   provided in this section.
   .Pp
 See  See
   .Sx \&Rs
   and
 .Sx \&Xr .  .Sx \&Xr .
 .It Em STANDARDS  .It Em STANDARDS
 References any standards implemented or used.  References any standards implemented or used.
Line 560  section should be used instead.
Line 564  section should be used instead.
 See  See
 .Sx \&St .  .Sx \&St .
 .It Em HISTORY  .It Em HISTORY
 The history of any manual without a  A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
 .Em STANDARDS  and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
 section should be described in this section.  
 .It Em AUTHORS  .It Em AUTHORS
 Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.  Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
 Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.  Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
Line 573  See
Line 576  See
 Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained  Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
 in this section.  in this section.
 .It Em BUGS  .It Em BUGS
 Known bugs, limitations and work-arounds should be described  Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
 in this section.  in this section.
 .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
 Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.  Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
Line 604  closes it out.
Line 607  closes it out.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Callable  .Em Callable
 column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial  column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
 line-macro.  as an argument to another macro.
 If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line  For example,
 macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that  .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
   produces
   .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
   To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
   escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
   .Sq \e& .
   For example,
   .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
   produces
   .Sq Op \&Fl O .
   If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
   to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
 .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh  .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
 produces  produces
 .Sq Fl \&Sh .  .Sq Fl \&Sh .
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Parsed  .Em Parsed
 column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further  column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
 (ostensibly callable) macros.  their names as arguments.
 If a macro is not parsed, subsequent macro invocations on the line  If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
 will be interpreted as opaque text.  as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Em Scope  .Em Scope
Line 626  column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
Line 641  column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
 Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.  Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
 All macros contains bodies; only  All macros contains bodies; only
 .Sx \&Bf  .Sx \&Bf
 contains a head.  and
   .Pq optionally
   .Sx \&Bl
   contain a head.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
 \(lBbody...\(rB  \(lBbody...\(rB
Line 668  has multiple heads.
Line 686  has multiple heads.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"  .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
 .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El  .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
 .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    \&No     Ta  Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that the  Note that the
Line 730  and/or tail
Line 748  and/or tail
 .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc  .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
 .El  .El
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  .Ss Block partial-implicit
 Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by  Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
 .Sx Reserved Characters  end of the line.
 or end of line.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 762  in a
Line 779  in a
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section line, else it is  section line, else it is
 .Sx In-line .  .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Special block macro
   The
   .Sx \&Ta
   macro can only be used below
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists.
   It delimits blocks representing table cells;
   these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
   .Pp
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
   .El
 .Ss In-line  .Ss In-line
 Closed by  Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  and/or subsequent macros.
 end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.  
 In-line macros have only text children.  In-line macros have only text children.
 If a number (or inequality) of arguments is  If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
 .Pq n ,  .Pq n ,
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
Line 794  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
Line 825  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
 .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
Line 803  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
Line 834  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
 .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
 .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
Line 855  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
Line 886  then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument
 .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
 .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
 .El  .El
   .Ss Delimiters
   When a macro argument consists of one single input character
   considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
   This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
   more than one character.
   Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
   like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
   a zero-width space
   .Pq Sq \e& .
   In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
   as normal punctuation.
   .Pp
   For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
   these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
   and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
   these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
   .Pp
   Opening delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&(
   left parenthesis
   .It \&[
   left bracket
   .El
   .Pp
   Closing delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&.
   period
   .It \&,
   comma
   .It \&:
   colon
   .It \&;
   semicolon
   .It \&)
   right parenthesis
   .It \&]
   right bracket
   .It \&?
   question mark
   .It \&!
   exclamation mark
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
   .Pq Sq \e.\&
   gets this special handling; use
   .Sq \e&.
   to prevent that.
   .Pp
   Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
   delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
   are not delimiters.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
   .Pp
   This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
   and also to the middle delimiter:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&|
   vertical bar
   .El
   .Pp
   As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
   in the same way as a plain
   .Sq \&|
   character.
   Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
 .Sh REFERENCE  .Sh REFERENCE
 This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged  This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
 alphabetically.  alphabetically.
Line 879  referring to book titles.
Line 994  referring to book titles.
 Publication city or location of an  Publication city or location of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 .Pp  
 .Em Remarks :  
 this macro is not implemented in  
 .Xr groff 1 .  
 .Ss \&%D  .Ss \&%D
 Publication date of an  Publication date of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax described in  Recommended formats of arguments are
 .Sx Dates .  .Ar month day , year
   or just
   .Ar year .
 .Ss \&%I  .Ss \&%I
 Publisher or issuer name of an  Publisher or issuer name of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
Line 942  Memory address.
Line 1055  Memory address.
 Do not use this for postal addresses.  Do not use this for postal addresses.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]  .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
 .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000  .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
 .Ss \&An  .Ss \&An
 Author name.  Author name.
   Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
   documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
 Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:  Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact  .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
Line 973  for the first author listing and
Line 1088  for the first author listing and
 for all other author listings.  for all other author listings.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.An -nosplit  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 .D1 \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Ao  .Ss \&Ao
 Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.  Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Aq .  .Sx \&Aq .
Line 990  This is generally used as a grammatical device when re
Line 1105  This is generally used as a grammatical device when re
 form of a function.  form of a function.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fn execve \&Ap d  .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
 .Ss \&Aq  .Ss \&Aq
 Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.  Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use  this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
Line 1016  If an argument is not provided, the string
Line 1131  If an argument is not provided, the string
 is used as a default.  is used as a default.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1  .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
 .D1 \&.Ar  .Dl ".Ar"
 .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .  .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
   .Pp
   The arguments to the
   .Sx \&Ar
   macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
   for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
   .Sx \&Fl
   or
   .Sx \&Cm .
 .Ss \&At  .Ss \&At
 Formats an AT&T version.  Formats an AT&T version.
 Accepts one optional argument:  Accepts one optional argument:
Line 1027  Accepts one optional argument:
Line 1150  Accepts one optional argument:
 .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v  .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
 A version of  A version of
 .At .  .At .
   .It Cm III
   .At III .
 .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?  .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
 A version of  A version of
 .At V .  .At V .
Line 1035  A version of
Line 1160  A version of
 Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.  Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.At  .Dl \&.At
 .D1 \&.At V.1  .Dl \&.At III
   .Dl \&.At V.1
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bsx ,  .Sx \&Bsx ,
Line 1064  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 1190  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and  Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
 justification than the one used by the surrounding text.  justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
 They may contain both macro lines and free-form text lines.  They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
 By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.  By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
Line 1072  The
Line 1198  The
 must be one of the following:  must be one of the following:
 .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent  .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
 .It Fl centered  .It Fl centered
 Centre-justify each line.  Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.
 Using this display type is not recommended; many  Using this display type is not recommended; many
 .Nm  .Nm
 implementations render it poorly.  implementations render it poorly.
 .It Fl filled  .It Fl filled
 Left- and right-justify the block.  Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
   right-justify the resulting block.
 .It Fl literal  .It Fl literal
 Do not justify the block at all.  Produce one output line from each input line,
   and do not justify the block at all.
 Preserve white space as it appears in the input.  Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
   Always use a constant-width font.
   Use this for displaying source code.
 .It Fl ragged  .It Fl ragged
 Only left-justify the block.  Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
   the resulting block.
 .It Fl unfilled  .It Fl unfilled
 An alias for  The same as
 .Fl literal .  .Fl literal ,
   but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
   if supported by the output device.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
Line 1101  which may be one of the following:
Line 1234  which may be one of the following:
 .It  .It
 One of the pre-defined strings  One of the pre-defined strings
 .Cm indent ,  .Cm indent ,
 the width of standard indentation;  the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
 .Cm indent-two ,  .Cm indent-two ,
 twice  twice
 .Cm indent ;  .Cm indent ;
Line 1161  and
Line 1294  and
 argument are equivalent, as are  argument are equivalent, as are
 .Fl symbolic  .Fl symbolic
 and  and
 .Cm \&Sy,  .Cm \&Sy ,
 and  and
 .Fl literal  .Fl literal
 and  and
Line 1179  See also
Line 1312  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Sy .  .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Bk  .Ss \&Bk
 Keep the output generated from each macro input line together  For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
 on one single output line.  until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
 Line breaks in free-form text lines are unaffected.  whichever comes first.
   Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
 The syntax is as follows:  The syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
Line 1204  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep bloc
Line 1338  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep bloc
 Doing so will clobber the right margin.  Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Ss \&Bl  .Ss \&Bl
 Begin a list.  Begin a list.
 Lists consist of items started by the  Lists consist of items specified using the
 .Sx \&It  .Sx \&It
 macro, containing a head or a body or both.  macro, containing a head or a body or both.
 The list syntax is as follows:  The list syntax is as follows:
Line 1277  except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
Line 1411  except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
 Like  Like
 .Fl inset ,  .Fl inset ,
 except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.  except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
 .\" but with additional formatting to the head.  Most often used in the
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS
   section with error constants in the item heads.
 .It Fl enum  .It Fl enum
 A numbered list.  A numbered list.
   No item heads can be specified.
 Formatted like  Formatted like
 .Fl bullet ,  .Fl bullet ,
 except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,  except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
Line 1319  this head on the same output line.
Line 1456  this head on the same output line.
 Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.  Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
   Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
   Nesting of
   .Fl column
   and
   .Fl enum
   lists may not be portable.
   .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&El  .Sx \&El
 and  and
Line 1339  See also
Line 1483  See also
 Encloses its arguments in square brackets.  Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for  this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
Line 1372  See also
Line 1516  See also
 Encloses its arguments in curly braces.  Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n  .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bro .  .Sx \&Bro .
Line 1381  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
Line 1525  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0  .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
 .D1 \&.Bsx  .Dl \&.Bsx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1401  Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a d
Line 1545  Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a d
 argument is provided.  argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bx 4.4  .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
 .D1 \&.Bx  .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
   .Dl \&.Bx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1417  and
Line 1562  and
 Kernel configuration declaration.  Kernel configuration declaration.
 This denotes strings accepted by  This denotes strings accepted by
 .Xr config 8 .  .Xr config 8 .
   It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?  .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain  this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
Line 1429  declarations.
Line 1575  declarations.
 This practise is discouraged.  This practise is discouraged.
 .Ss \&Cm  .Ss \&Cm
 Command modifiers.  Command modifiers.
 Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.  Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless
   .Sx \&Fl
   is more appropriate.
   Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath  .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster  .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
 .Pp  .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
 See also  .Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"
 .Sx \&Fl .  .Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"
 .Ss \&D1  .Ss \&D1
 One-line indented display.  One-line indented display.
 This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented  This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
Line 1444  statements.
Line 1593  statements.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh  .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
Line 1470  This is the mandatory first macro of any
Line 1619  This is the mandatory first macro of any
 manual.  manual.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Op Ar date  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Ar date  .Ar month
 may be either  is the full English month name, the
 .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,  .Ar day
 which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by  is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the
   .Ar year
   is the full four-digit year.
   .Pp
   Other arguments are not portable; the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility handles them as follows:
   .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
   .It
   To have the date automatically filled in by the
   .Ox
   version of
 .Xr cvs 1 ,  .Xr cvs 1 ,
 or instead a valid canonical date as specified by  the special string
 .Sx Dates .  .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
 If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used.  can be given as an argument.
   .It
   A few alternative date formats are accepted as well
   and converted to the standard form.
   .It
   If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
   .It
   If no date string is given, the current date is used.
   .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
 .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007  .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dt  .Sx \&Dt
Line 1498  invocations.
Line 1666  invocations.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less  .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
Line 1650  It must be one of
Line 1818  It must be one of
 .Ar luna88k ,  .Ar luna88k ,
 .Ar mac68k ,  .Ar mac68k ,
 .Ar macppc ,  .Ar macppc ,
   .Ar mips64 ,
 .Ar mvme68k ,  .Ar mvme68k ,
 .Ar mvme88k ,  .Ar mvme88k ,
 .Ar mvmeppc ,  .Ar mvmeppc ,
Line 1665  or
Line 1834  or
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
 and  and
 .Sx \&Os .  .Sx \&Os .
 .Ss \&Dv  .Ss \&Dv
 Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.  Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
   enumeration values, and so on.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Dv NULL
 .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO  .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
   .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Er .  .Sx \&Er
   and
   .Sx \&Ev
   for special-purpose constants and
   .Sx \&Va
   for variable symbols.
 .Ss \&Dx  .Ss \&Dx
 Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default  Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
 value if no argument is provided.  value if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1  .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
 .D1 \&.Dx  .Dl \&.Dx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1729  See also
Line 1905  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&It .  .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Em  .Ss \&Em
 Denotes text that should be emphasised.  Denotes text that should be
   .Em emphasised .
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  stylistically decorating technical terms.
   Depending on the output device, this is usually represented
   using an italic font or underlined characters.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Em Warnings!  .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
 .D1 \&.Em Remarks :  .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
 .Sx \&Sy ,  .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&No ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Li .  .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&En  .Ss \&En
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented in  This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  .Xr mandoc 1 .
Line 1757  argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, s
Line 1937  argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, s
 will emulate  will emulate
 .Sx \&Do .  .Sx \&Do .
 .Ss \&Er  .Ss \&Er
 Display error constants.  Error constants for definitions of the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable.
   This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Er EPERM  .Dl \&.Er EPERM
 .D1 \&.Er ENOENT  .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dv .  .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
 .Ss \&Es  .Ss \&Es
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented.  This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
 .Ss \&Ev  .Ss \&Ev
Line 1772  Environmental variables such as those specified in
Line 1956  Environmental variables such as those specified in
 .Xr environ 7 .  .Xr environ 7 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY  .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
 .D1 \&.Ev PATH  .Dl \&.Ev PATH
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
 .Ss \&Ex  .Ss \&Ex
 Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.  Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
   and >0 on failure.
   This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
 .Pp  .Pp
 When  If
 .Ar utility  .Ar utility
 is not specified, the document's name set by  is not specified, the document's name set by
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 is used.  is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar utility
   arguments are treated as separate utilities.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Rv .  .Sx \&Rv .
Line 1813  Furthermore, if the following macro is another
Line 2006  Furthermore, if the following macro is another
 the last argument will also have a trailing comma.  the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
 .D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
 .D1 \&.Fa foo  .Dl \&.Fa foo
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
Line 1833  See also
Line 2026  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&In .  .Sx \&In .
 .Ss \&Fl  .Ss \&Fl
 Command-line flag.  Command-line flag or option.
 Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.  Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
 Prints a fixed-width hyphen  Prints a fixed-width hyphen
 .Sq \-  .Sq \-
Line 1843  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
Line 2036  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
 output.  output.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl a b c  .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
 .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b  .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
 .D1 \&.Fl  .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
 .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file  .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
   .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Cm .  .Sx \&Cm .
Line 1855  A function name.
Line 2049  A function name.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Bd -ragged -offset indent  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn  .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
 .Op Cm functype  .Op Ar functype
 .Cm funcname  .Ar funcname
 .Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname  .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and  Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
 are delimited by commas.  are delimited by commas.
 If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.  If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"  .Dl \&.Fn \*qint funcname\*q \*qint arg0\*q \*qint arg1\*q
 .D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"  .Dl \&.Fn funcname \*qint arg0\*q
 .D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0  .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Pp
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Ft functype  \&.Ft functype
 \&.Fn funcname  \&.Fn funcname
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
   .Sx \&Xr
   instead.
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fo ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ft .  .Sx \&Ft .
 .Ss \&Fo  .Ss \&Fo
Line 1883  This is a multi-line version of
Line 2086  This is a multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Fn .  .Sx \&Fn .
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
 .Pp  .Pp
 Invocations usually occur in the following context:  Invocations usually occur in the following context:
 .Bd -ragged -offset indent  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype  .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
 .br  .br
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname  .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
 .br  .br
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname  .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
 .br  .br
 \.\.\.  \&.\.\.
 .br  .br
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fc  .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 1901  Invocations usually occur in the following context:
Line 2104  Invocations usually occur in the following context:
 A  A
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
 scope is closed by  scope is closed by
   .Sx \&Fc .
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
Line 1908  See also
Line 2112  See also
 .Sx \&Fc ,  .Sx \&Fc ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ft .  .Sx \&Ft .
   .Ss \&Fr
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to show function return values.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value
 .Ss \&Ft  .Ss \&Ft
 A function type.  A function type.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
 .Pp  .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, a new output line is started after this macro.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ft int  .Dl \&.Ft int
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Ft functype  \&.Ft functype
 \&.Fn funcname  \&.Fn funcname
Line 1927  See also
Line 2143  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fx  .Ss \&Fx
 Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Fx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fx 7.1  .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
 .D1 \&.Fx  .Dl \&.Fx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1944  See also
Line 2162  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Hf  .Ss \&Hf
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented.  This macro is not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename
 .Ss \&Ic  .Ss \&Ic
 Designate an internal or interactive command.  Designate an internal or interactive command.
 This is similar to  This is similar to
Line 1952  This is similar to
Line 2176  This is similar to
 but used for instructions rather than values.  but used for instructions rather than values.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ic hash  .Dl \&.Ic :wq
 .D1 \&.Ic alias  .Dl \&.Ic hash
   .Dl \&.Ic alias
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that using  Note that using
 .Sx \&Bd No Fl literal  .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
 or  or
 .Sx \&D1  .Sx \&D1
 is preferred for displaying code; the  is preferred for displaying code; the
Line 1966  macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
Line 2191  macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
 An  An
 .Dq include  .Dq include
 file.  file.
 In the  When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is  section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
 preceded by  and preceded by
 .Dq #include ,  .Dq #include ,
 the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.  and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function declaration.
   This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.In sys/types  .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
Line 1991  and
Line 2218  and
 .Fl diag  .Fl diag
 have the following syntax:  have the following syntax:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args
 .Pp  .Pp
 Lists of type  Lists of type
 .Fl bullet ,  .Fl bullet ,
Line 2028  The
Line 2255  The
 list is the most complicated.  list is the most complicated.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
 .Cm args  representing a complete table line.
 are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,  Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special
 delimited by tabs or the special  .Sx \&Ta
 .Sq \&Ta  block macro.
 pseudo-macro.  The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
 Lines subsequent the  
 .Sx \&It  .Sx \&It
 are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.  line itself; on following lines, only the
 Calling the pseudo-macro  .Sx \&Ta
 .Sq \&Ta  macro can be used to delimit cells, and
 will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be  .Sx \&Ta
 interpreted as a macro).  is only recognized as a macro when called by other macros,
 Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the  not as the first macro on a line.
   .Pp
   Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
 .Sx \&It  .Sx \&It
 line itself.  line.
 Subsequent this, only the  For example,
 .Sq \&Ta  
 pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.  
 Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited  
 phrases on an  
 .Sx \&It ,  
 for example,  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;  .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.  will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 2064  See also
Line 2287  See also
 Specify a library.  Specify a library.
 The syntax is as follows:  The syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm library  .Ar library
 parameter may be a system library, such as  parameter may be a system library, such as
 .Cm libz  .Cm libz
 or  or
Line 2081  section as described in
Line 2304  section as described in
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lb libz  .Dl \&.Lb libz
 .D1 \&.Lb mdoc  .Dl \&.Lb mdoc
 .Ss \&Li  .Ss \&Li
 Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.  Denotes text that should be in a
   .Li literal
   font mode.
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  stylistically decorating technical terms.
 .Pp  .Pp
   On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from
   normal text.
   .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
 .Sx \&Sy ,  .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&No ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Em .  .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Lk  .Ss \&Lk
 Format a hyperlink.  Format a hyperlink.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \*qThe BSD.lv Project\*q
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Mt .  .Sx \&Mt .
Line 2112  Synonym for
Line 2341  Synonym for
 Display a mathematical symbol.  Display a mathematical symbol.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ms sigma  .Dl \&.Ms sigma
 .D1 \&.Ms aleph  .Dl \&.Ms aleph
 .Ss \&Mt  .Ss \&Mt
 Format a  Format a
 .Dq mailto:  .Dq mailto:
 hyperlink.  hyperlink.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Nd  .Ss \&Nd
 A one-line description of the manual's content.  A one line description of the manual's content.
 This may only be invoked in the  This may only be invoked in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section subsequent the  section subsequent the
Line 2136  section subsequent the
Line 2365  section subsequent the
 macro.  macro.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference  .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals  .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Sx \&Nd  .Sx \&Nd
Line 2189  macro rather than
Line 2418  macro rather than
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 to mark up the name of the manual page.  to mark up the name of the manual page.
 .Ss \&No  .Ss \&No
 A  Normal text.
 .Dq noop  Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
 macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.  When used after physical formatting macros like
   .Sx \&Em
   or
   .Sx \&Sy ,
   switches back to the standard font face and weight.
   Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
   using semantic annotation macros.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef  .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
   .Pp
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Sm off
   \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
   \&.Sm on
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Ns  .Ss \&Ns
 Suppress a space.  Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
 Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a  and the following text or macro.
 macro is encountered.  Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
   just like after an
   .Sx \&No
   macro.
 .Pp  .Pp
   This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output  .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
   .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
   .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&No  .Sx \&No
 and  and
 .Sx \&Sm .  .Sx \&Sm .
 .Ss \&Nx  .Ss \&Nx
 Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if  Format the
   .Nx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Nx 5.01  .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
 .D1 \&.Nx  .Dl \&.Nx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2239  Examples:
Line 2495  Examples:
 \&.Oc  \&.Oc
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Ss \&Op  .Ss \&Op
 Command-line option.  Optional part of a command line.
 Used when listing options to command-line utilities.  
 Prints the argument(s) in brackets.  Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   This is most often used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b  .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
 .D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b  .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Oo .  .Sx \&Oo .
Line 2257  any
Line 2515  any
 file.  file.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
 .Pp  .Pp
 The optional  The optional
 .Cm system  .Ar system
 parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.  parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
 Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.  Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
 This is the suggested form.  This is the suggested form.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Os  .Dl \&.Os
 .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS  .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
 .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3  .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dt .  .Sx \&Dt .
 .Ss \&Ot  .Ss \&Ot
 Unknown usage.  This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  Historical
 this macro has been deprecated.  .Xr mdoc 7
   packages described it as
   .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
 .Ss \&Ox  .Ss \&Ox
 Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Ox
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ox 4.5  .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
 .D1 \&.Ox  .Dl \&.Ox
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2297  See also
Line 2560  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Pa  .Ss \&Pa
 A file-system path.  An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
   If an argument is not provided, the character
   .Sq \(ti
   is used as a default.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc  .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
 .D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7  .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Lk .  .Sx \&Lk .
Line 2309  See also
Line 2575  See also
 Close parenthesised context opened by  Close parenthesised context opened by
 .Sx \&Po .  .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Pf  .Ss \&Pf
 Removes the space  Removes the space between its argument
 .Pq Dq prefix  .Pq Dq prefix
 between its arguments.  and the following macro.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix  .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  This is equivalent to:
 .Cm suffix  
 argument may be a macro.  
 .Pp  .Pp
   .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix  .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
   .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ns
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
 .Ss \&Po  .Ss \&Po
 Multi-line version of  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Pq .  .Sx \&Pq .
Line 2329  Multi-line version of
Line 2601  Multi-line version of
 Break a paragraph.  Break a paragraph.
 This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros  This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
 and/or text.  and/or text.
   .Pp
   Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
   .Sx \&Sh
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macros or before displays
   .Pq Sx \&Bd
   or lists
   .Pq Sx \&Bl
   unless the
   .Fl compact
   flag is given.
 .Ss \&Pq  .Ss \&Pq
 Parenthesised enclosure.  Parenthesised enclosure.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 2348  Multi-line version of
Line 2632  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Qq .  .Sx \&Qq .
 .Ss \&Qq  .Ss \&Qq
 Encloses its arguments in  Encloses its arguments in
 .Dq typewriter  .Qq typewriter
 double-quotes.  double-quotes.
 Consider using  Consider using
 .Sx \&Dq .  .Sx \&Dq .
Line 2404  block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp
Line 2688  block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp
 before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current  before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
 line.  line.
 .Ss \&Rv  .Ss \&Rv
 Inserts text regarding a function call's return value.  Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
 This macro must consist of the  on success and \-1 on error, with the
 .Fl std  .Va errno
 argument followed by an optional  libc global variable set on error.
 .Ar function .  Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
   .Pp
 If  If
 .Ar function  .Ar function
 is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first  is not specified, the document's name set by
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 is provided.  is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar function
   arguments are treated as separate functions.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Ex .  .Sx \&Ex .
Line 2429  custom sections be used.
Line 2719  custom sections be used.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by  Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
 .Sx \&Sx .  .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Pp ,  .Sx \&Pp ,
Line 2446  By default, spacing is
Line 2739  By default, spacing is
 When switched  When switched
 .Cm off ,  .Cm off ,
 no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the  no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
 output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines  output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
 still get normal spacing between words and sentences.  still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
 .Ss \&So  .Ss \&So
 Multi-line version of  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Sq .  .Sx \&Sq .
 .Ss \&Sq  .Ss \&Sq
 Encloses its arguments in  Encloses its arguments in
 .Dq typewriter  .Sq typewriter
 single-quotes.  single-quotes.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
Line 2462  See also
Line 2755  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&So .  .Sx \&So .
 .Ss \&Ss  .Ss \&Ss
 Begin a new sub-section.  Begin a new subsection.
 Unlike with  Unlike with
 .Sx \&Sh ,  .Sx \&Sh ,
 there's no convention for sub-sections.  there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
 Conventional sections, as described in  Except
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,  .Em DESCRIPTION ,
 rarely have sub-sections.  the conventional sections described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   rarely have subsections.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by  Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
 .Sx \&Sx .  .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Pp ,  .Sx \&Pp ,
Line 2553  The following standards are recognised:
Line 2851  The following standards are recognised:
 .St -xpg4  .St -xpg4
 .It \-xpg4.2  .It \-xpg4.2
 .St -xpg4.2  .St -xpg4.2
   .It \-xpg4.3
 .St -xpg4.3  .St -xpg4.3
 .It \-xbd5  .It \-xbd5
 .St -xbd5  .St -xbd5
Line 2576  The following standards are recognised:
Line 2875  The following standards are recognised:
 .St -svid4  .St -svid4
 .El  .El
 .Ss \&Sx  .Ss \&Sx
 Reference a section or sub-section.  Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
 The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the  The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
 enclosed argument, including whitespace.  enclosed argument, including whitespace.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Sh
   and
   .Sx \&Ss .
 .Ss \&Sy  .Ss \&Sy
 Format enclosed arguments in symbolic  Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
 .Pq Dq boldface .  .Pq Dq boldface .
Line 2590  stylistically decorating technical terms.
Line 2894  stylistically decorating technical terms.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
 .Sx \&Li ,  .Sx \&Li ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Em .  .Sx \&No .
   .Ss \&Ta
   Table cell separator in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists; can only be used below
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Tn  .Ss \&Tn
 Format a tradename.  Format a tradename.
 .Pp  .Pp
   Since this macro is often implemented to use a small caps font,
   it has historically been used for acronyms (like ASCII) as well.
   Such usage is not recommended because it would use the same macro
   sometimes for semantical annotation, sometimes for physical formatting.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Tn IBM  .Dl \&.Tn IBM
 .Ss \&Ud  .Ss \&Ud
 Prints out  Prints out
 .Dq currently under development.  .Dq currently under development.
Line 2606  Format the UNIX name.
Line 2921  Format the UNIX name.
 Accepts no argument.  Accepts no argument.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ux  .Dl \&.Ux
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 2621  and
Line 2936  and
 A variable name.  A variable name.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Va foo  .Dl \&.Va foo
 .D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;  .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
 .Ss \&Vt  .Ss \&Vt
 A variable type.  A variable type.
 This is also used for indicating global variables in the  This is also used for indicating global variables in the
Line 2630  This is also used for indicating global variables in t
Line 2945  This is also used for indicating global variables in t
 section, in which case a variable name is also specified.  section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
 Note that it accepts  Note that it accepts
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 syntax when invoked as the first macro in the  syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section, else it accepts ordinary  section, else it accepts ordinary
 .Sx In-line  .Sx In-line
 syntax.  syntax.
   In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function definition or include directive.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that this should not be confused with  Note that this should not be confused with
 .Sx \&Ft ,  .Sx \&Ft ,
 which is used for function return types.  which is used for function return types.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char  .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
 .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;  .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
Line 2652  and
Line 2970  and
 Close a scope opened by  Close a scope opened by
 .Sx \&Xo .  .Sx \&Xo .
 .Ss \&Xo  .Ss \&Xo
 Open an extension scope.  Extend the header of an
 This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;  .Sx \&It
 since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.  macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
   beyond the end of the input line.
   This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
   of historic
   .Xr roff 7 .
 .Ss \&Xr  .Ss \&Xr
 Link to another manual  Link to another manual
 .Pq Qq cross-reference .  .Pq Qq cross-reference .
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm name  .Ar name
 and  and
 .Cm section  .Ar section
 are the name and section of the linked manual.  are the name and section of the linked manual.
 If  If
 .Cm section  .Ar section
 is followed by non-punctuation, an  is followed by non-punctuation, an
 .Sx \&Ns  .Sx \&Ns
 is inserted into the token stream.  is inserted into the token stream.
 This behaviour is for compatibility with  This behaviour is for compatibility with
 .Xr groff 1 .  GNU troff.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
 .Ss \&br  .Ss \&br
 Emits a line-break.  Emits a line-break.
 This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with  This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
Line 2693  This macro should not be used; it is implemented for c
Line 3015  This macro should not be used; it is implemented for c
 historical manuals.  historical manuals.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Cm height  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm height  .Ar height
 argument must be formatted as described in  argument must be formatted as described in
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  .Sx Scaling Widths .
 If unspecified,  If unspecified,
Line 2708  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU tro
Line 3030  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU tro
 .Pq Qq groff .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  The term
 .Qq historic groff  .Qq historic groff
 refers to groff versions before the  refers to groff versions before 1.17,
   which featured a significant update of the
 .Pa doc.tmac  .Pa doc.tmac
 file re-write  file.
 .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting  Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
 \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.  \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
 .Pp  .Pp
   The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
   .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
   .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 An empty  Display macros
 .Sq \&Dd  .Po
 macro in groff prints  .Sx \&Bd ,
 .Dq Epoch .  .Sx \&Dl ,
 In mandoc, it resolves to the current date.  and
   .Sx \&D1
   .Pc
   may not be nested.
   \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour)  .Sx \&At
 font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc.  with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
   \*[hist]
   Newer groff and mandoc print
   .Qq AT&T UNIX
   and the arguments.
 .It  .It
 Old groff fails to assert a newline before  .Sx \&Bl Fl column
 .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .  does not recognize trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
   precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
   outputs a space before them.
 .It  .It
 groff behaves inconsistently when encountering  .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
 .Pf non- Sx \&Fa  does not start a new line.
 children of  \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sx \&Dd
   with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
   When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
   Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date,
   but without any arguments the string
   .Dq Epoch
   is printed.
   .It
   .Sx \&Fl
   does not print a dash for an empty argument.
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sx \&Fn
   does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section.
   \*[hist]
   .It
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
 regarding spacing between arguments.  with
 In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed  .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
 by a single space and the trailing  children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
 .Sq \&)  In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
 suppresses prior spacing.  
 .It  .It
 groff behaves inconsistently when encountering  
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 and  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 in the  in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS :  .Em SYNOPSIS
 at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior  causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
 .Sx \&Fn  .Sx \&Fn
 has been invoked.  has been invoked.
 In mandoc, this is not the case.  
 See  See
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx \&Ft
 and  and
 .Sx \&Fn  .Sx \&Fn
 for the normalised behaviour.  for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 Historic groff does not break before an  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 when not invoked as the line macro in the  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 section.  
 .It  
 Historic groff formats the  
 .Sx \&In  .Sx \&In
 badly: trailing arguments are trashed and  ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS .
 is not specially treated.  \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 groff does not accept the  .Sx \&It
 .Sq \&Ta  sometimes requires a
 pseudo-macro as a line macro.  .Fl nested
 mandoc does.  flag.
   \*[hist]
   In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
   .Fl enum
   lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
 .It  .It
 The comment syntax  .Sx \&Li
 .Sq \e\."  followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals
 is no longer accepted.  instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
   historic groff.
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  .Sx \&Lk
   only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
   .It
 .Sx \&Pa  .Sx \&Pa
 macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under  does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
 certain list types.  certain list types.
 mandoc does.  
 .It  .It
 Historic groff does not print a dash for empty  .Sx \&Ta
 .Sx \&Fl  can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
 arguments.  
 mandoc and newer groff implementations do.  
 .It  .It
 groff behaves irregularly when specifying  .Sx \&%C
   is not implemented.
   .It
   Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
   line, depending on the exact situation.
   Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
   The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
   .It
   Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
   Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
   in new groff and mandoc.
   .It
   .Sq \(ba
   (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
   \*[hist]
   .It
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
   .Pq font face
   and
   .Sq \ef
   .Pq font family face
 .Sx Text Decoration  .Sx Text Decoration
 within line-macro scopes.  escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
 mandoc follows a consistent system.  
 .It  .It
 In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would  Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
 move to prior lines.  Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
 Furthermore, the  .El
 .Sq f  .Pp
 scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a  .Sx \&Bd
 standalone double-quote in formatted output.  .Fl file Ar file .
 This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.  
 .It  .It
 Display offsets  
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 .Fl offset Ar center  .Fl offset Ar center
 and  and
 .Fl offset Ar right  .Fl offset Ar right .
 are disregarded in mandoc.  Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either,
 Furthermore, troff specifies a  but produces large indentations.
 .Fl file Ar file  
 argument that is not supported in mandoc.  
 Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),  
 .Fl ragged  
 and  
 .Fl filled  
 are aliases, as are  
 .Fl literal  
 and  
 .Fl unfilled .  
 .It  .It
 Historic groff has many un-callable macros.  The
 Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.  .Sq \eh
 .It  .Pq horizontal position ,
 The vertical bar  .Sq \ev
 .Sq \(ba  .Pq vertical position ,
 made historic groff  .Sq \em
 .Qq go orbital  .Pq text colour ,
 but has been a proper delimiter since then.  .Sq \eM
 .It  .Pq text filling colour ,
 .Sx \&It Fl nested  .Sq \ez
 is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be  .Pq zero-length character ,
 nested and  .Sq \ew
 .Fl enum  .Pq string length ,
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  .Sq \ek
 .It  .Pq horizontal position marker ,
 Some manuals use  .Sq \eo
 .Sx \&Li  .Pq text overstrike ,
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  
 delimiter to render.  
 This is not supported in mandoc.  
 .It  
 In groff, the  
 .Sx \&Cd ,  
 .Sx \&Er ,  
 .Sx \&Ex ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Rv  .Sq \es
 macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.  .Pq text size
 mandoc does not have these restrictions.  escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 Newer groff and mandoc print  The
 .Qq AT&T UNIX  .Sq \ef
 prior to unknown arguments of  scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit.
 .Sx \&At ;  .It
 older groff did nothing.  In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This is not supported by mandoc.
 .El  .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr man 1 ,
 .Xr mandoc 1 ,  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  .Xr eqn 7 ,
   .Xr man 7 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Sh HISTORY
   The
   .Nm
   language first appeared as a troff macro package in
   .Bx 4.4 .
   It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
   in groff-1.17.
   The standalone implementation that is part of the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
   .Ox 4.6 .
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm

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  Added in v.1.199

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