mandoc/mdoc.7 - diff

Return to mdoc.7 CVS log

Up to [cvsweb.bsd.lv] / mandoc

Diff for /mandoc/mdoc.7 between version 1.185 and 1.196

version 1.185, 2011/04/06 11:39:25

version 1.196, 2011/08/03 21:25:23

Line 65 A macro line with only a control character and comment

is also ignored.

Macro lines with only a control character and optional whitespace are

stripped from input.

.Ss Reserved Terms

Within a macro line, the following terms are reserved:

.Pp

.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact

.It \&.

.Pq period

.It \e.

.Pq escaped period

.It \&,

.Pq comma

.It \&:

.Pq colon

.It \&;

.Pq semicolon

.It \&(

.Pq left-parenthesis

.It \&)

.Pq right-parenthesis

.It \&[

.Pq left-bracket

.It \&]

.Pq right-bracket

.It \&?

.Pq question

.It \&!

.Pq exclamation

.It \&|

.Pq vertical bar

.It \e*(Ba

.Pq reserved-word vertical bar

.El

.Pp

Use of reserved terms is described in

.Sx MACRO SYNTAX .

For general use in macro lines, these can be escaped with a non-breaking

space

.Pq Sq \e& .

In text lines, these may be used as normal punctuation.

.Ss Special Characters

Special characters may occur in both macro and text lines.

Sequences begin with the escape character

Line 180 trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a l

Line 142 trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a l

Blank text lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted

within literal contexts.

.Pp

In general, trailing whitespace on input lines is discouraged

for reasons of clarity and portability.

In the rare case that a blank character is needed at the end of an

input line, it may be forced by

.Sq \e\ \e& .

.Pp

In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.

If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.

.Ss Quotation

Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group

Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes; in this case,

space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.

whitespace within the quotes is retained as part of the argument.

For example,

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. \&Fn strlen "\(dqconst char *s\(dq"

.Pp

renders as

.Sq Fn strlen "const char *s" ,

while

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. \&Fn strlen "const char *s"

.Pp

would produce

.Sq Fn strlen const char *s .

.Pp

A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.

The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote

terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.

.Pp

In unquoted arguments, space characters can alternatively be included

by preceding them with a backslash

.Pq Sq \e\~ ,

but quoting is usually better for clarity.

.Pp

Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation

when unquoted, is considered literal text.

Thus, the following produces

Line 298 sections, although this varies between manual sections

Line 283 sections, although this varies between manual sections

.Pp

The following is a well-formed skeleton

.Nm

file:

file for a utility

.Qq progname :

.Bd -literal -offset indent

\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$

\&.Dt mdoc 7

\&.Dt PROGNAME section

\&.Os

\&.Sh NAME

\&.Nm foo

\&.Nm progname

\&.Nd a description goes here

\&.Nd one line about what it does

\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY

\&.\e\*q For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.

\&.\e\*q Not used in OpenBSD.

\&.Sh SYNOPSIS

\&.Nm foo

\&.Nm progname

\&.Op Fl options

\&.Ar

\&.Sh DESCRIPTION

Line 601 The

Line 587 The

.Em Callable

column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name

as an argument to another macro.

For example,

.Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file

produces

.Sq Op Fl O Ar file .

To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,

escape it by prepending a zero-width space,

.Sq \e& .

For example,

.Sq \&Op \e&Fl O

produces

.Sq Op \&Fl O .

If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument

to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.

For example,

Line 729 and/or tail

Line 726 and/or tail

.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc

.El

.Ss Block partial-implicit

Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by

Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the

.Sx Reserved Terms

end of the line.

or end of line.

.Bd -literal -offset indent

\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB

.Ed

Line 761 in a

Line 757 in a

.Em SYNOPSIS

section line, else it is

.Sx In-line .

.Ss Special block macro

The

.Sx \&Ta

macro can only be used below

.Sx \&It

.Sx \&Bl Fl column

lists.

It delimits blocks representing table cells;

these blocks have bodies, but no heads.

.Pp

.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent

.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope

.It Sx \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It

.El

.Ss In-line

Closed by

Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,

.Sx Reserved Terms ,

and/or subsequent macros.

end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.

In-line macros have only text children.

If a number (or inequality) of arguments is

.Pq n ,

Line 854 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument

Line 864 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument

.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0

.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1

.El

.Ss Delimiters

When a macro argument consists of one single input character

considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.

This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing

more than one character.

Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it

like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending

a zero-width space

.Pq Sq \e& .

In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used

as normal punctuation.

.Pp

For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,

these delimiters are put before the macro scope,

and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,

these delimiters are put after the macro scope.

For example,

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."

.Pp

renders as:

.Pp

.D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .

.Pp

Opening delimiters are:

.Pp

.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact

.It \&(

left parenthesis

.It \&[

left bracket

.El

.Pp

Closing delimiters are:

.Pp

.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact

.It \&.

period

.It \&,

comma

.It \&:

colon

.It \&;

semicolon

.It \&)

right parenthesis

.It \&]

right bracket

.It \&?

question mark

.It \&!

exclamation mark

.El

.Pp

Note that even a period preceded by a backslash

.Pq Sq \e.\&

gets this special handling; use

.Sq \e&.

to prevent that.

.Pp

Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter

delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that

are not delimiters.

For example,

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"

.Pp

renders as:

.Pp

.D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e

.Pp

This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,

and also to the middle delimiter:

.Pp

.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact

.It \&|

vertical bar

.El

.Pp

As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered

in the same way as a plain

.Sq \&|

character.

Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.

.Sh REFERENCE

This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged

alphabetically.

Line 943 Examples:

Line 1037 Examples:

.Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000

.Ss \&An

Author name.

Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver

documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.

Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:

.Pp

.Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact

Line 1013 If an argument is not provided, the string

Line 1109 If an argument is not provided, the string

is used as a default.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1

.Dl ".Fl o Ar file"

.Dl \&.Ar

.Dl ".Ar"

.Dl \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .

.Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."

.Pp

The arguments to the

.Sx \&Ar

macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;

for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use

.Sx \&Fl

.Sx \&Cm .

.Ss \&At

Formats an AT&T version.

Accepts one optional argument:

Line 1024 Accepts one optional argument:

Line 1128 Accepts one optional argument:

.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v

A version of

.At .

.It Cm III

.At III .

.It Cm V[.[1-4]]?

A version of

.At V .

Line 1033 Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.

Line 1139 Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.At

.Dl \&.At III

.Dl \&.At V.1

.Pp

See also

Line 1176 See also

Line 1283 See also

and

.Sx \&Sy .

.Ss \&Bk

Keep the output generated from each macro input line together

For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,

on one single output line.

until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,

whichever comes first.

Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.

The syntax is as follows:

.Pp

Line 1414 and

Line 1522 and

Kernel configuration declaration.

This denotes strings accepted by

.Xr config 8 .

It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?

Line 1426 declarations.

Line 1535 declarations.

This practise is discouraged.

.Ss \&Cm

Command modifiers.

Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.

Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless

.Sx \&Fl

is more appropriate.

Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Cm ControlPath

.Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"

.Dl \&.Cm ControlMaster

.Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"

.Pp

.Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"

See also

.Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"

.Sx \&Fl .

.Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"

.Ss \&D1

One-line indented display.

This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented

Line 1691 See also

Line 1803 See also

and

.Sx \&Os .

.Ss \&Dv

Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.

Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,

enumeration values, and so on.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Dv NULL

.Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ

.Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Er .

.Sx \&Er

and

.Sx \&Ev

for special-purpose constants and

.Sx \&Va

for variable symbols.

.Ss \&Dx

Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default

value if no argument is provided.

Line 1774 argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, s

Line 1893 argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, s

will emulate

.Sx \&Do .

.Ss \&Er

Display error constants.

Error constants for definitions of the

.Va errno

libc global variable.

This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Er EPERM

.Dl \&.Er ENOENT

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Dv .

.Sx \&Dv

for general constants.

.Ss \&Es

This macro is obsolete and not implemented.

.Ss \&Ev

Line 1791 Environmental variables such as those specified in

Line 1914 Environmental variables such as those specified in

Examples:

.Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY

.Dl \&.Ev PATH

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Dv

for general constants.

.Ss \&Ex

Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.

Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success

and >0 on failure.

This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.

Its syntax is as follows:

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...

.Pp

When

.Ar utility

is not specified, the document's name set by

.Sx \&Nm

is used.

Multiple

.Ar utility

arguments are treated as separate utilities.

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Rv .

Line 1850 See also

Line 1982 See also

and

.Sx \&In .

.Ss \&Fl

Command-line flag.

Command-line flag or option.

Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.

Prints a fixed-width hyphen

.Sq \-

Line 1860 If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th

Line 1992 If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th

output.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Fl a b c

.Dl ".Nm cat Fl v No considered harmful"

.Dl \&.Fl \&Pf a b

.Dl ".Nm cp Fl pR Ar source ... directory"

.Dl \&.Fl

.Dl ".Nm find Ar dir Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS

.Dl \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file

.Dl ".Nm kill Fl Ar signal_number pid"

.Dl ".Nm su Fl"

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Cm .

Line 1880 Its syntax is as follows:

Line 2013 Its syntax is as follows:

Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and

are delimited by commas.

If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.

In the

.Em SYNOPSIS

section, this macro starts a new output line,

and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Fn \*qint funcname\*q \*qint arg0\*q \*qint arg1\*q

.Dl \&.Fn funcname \*qint arg0\*q

.Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0

.Pp

.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact

\&.Ft functype

\&.Fn funcname

Line 1894 When referring to a function documented in another man

Line 2032 When referring to a function documented in another man

.Sx \&Xr

instead.

See also

.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE

.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,

.Sx \&Fo ,

and

.Sx \&Ft .

.Ss \&Fo

Line 1921 Invocations usually occur in the following context:

Line 2060 Invocations usually occur in the following context:

.Sx \&Fo

scope is closed by

.Sx \&Fc .

.Pp

See also

.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,

Line 1928 See also

Line 2068 See also

.Sx \&Fc ,

and

.Sx \&Ft .

.Ss \&Fr

This macro is obsolete and not implemented.

.Ss \&Ft

A function type.

Its syntax is as follows:

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype

.Pp

In the

.Em SYNOPSIS

section, a new output line is started after this macro.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Ft int

.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact

Line 1974 This is similar to

Line 2120 This is similar to

but used for instructions rather than values.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Ic :wq

.Dl \&.Ic hash

.Dl \&.Ic alias

.Pp

Line 1988 macro is used when referring to specific instructions.

Line 2135 macro is used when referring to specific instructions.

.Dq include

file.

In the

When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the

.Em SYNOPSIS

section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is

section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets

preceded by

and preceded by

.Dq #include ,

the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.

and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding

function declaration.

This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.In sys/types

.Dl \&.In sys/types.h

.Pp

See also

.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .

Line 2050 The

Line 2199 The

list is the most complicated.

Its syntax is as follows:

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...

.Pp

The

The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros

.Cm args

representing a complete table line.

are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,

Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special

delimited by tabs or the special

.Sx \&Ta

.Sq \&Ta

block macro.

pseudo-macro.

The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the

Lines subsequent the

.Sx \&It

are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.

line itself; on following lines, only the

Calling the pseudo-macro

.Sx \&Ta

.Sq \&Ta

macro can be used to delimit cells, and

will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be

.Sx \&Ta

interpreted as a macro).

is only recognized as a macro when called by other macros,

Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the

not as the first macro on a line.

.Pp

Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an

.Sx \&It

line itself.

line.

Subsequent this, only the

For example,

.Sq \&Ta

pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.

Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited

phrases on an

.Sx \&It ,

for example,

.Pp

.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;

.Pp

Line 2091 The syntax is as follows:

Line 2236 The syntax is as follows:

The

.Ar library

parameter may be a system library, such as

.Ar libz

.Cm libz

.Ar libpam ,

.Cm libpam ,

in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker

invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is

printed in quotes.

Line 2265 Examples:

Line 2410 Examples:

\&.Oc

.Ed

.Ss \&Op

Command-line option.

Optional part of a command line.

Used when listing options to command-line utilities.

Prints the argument(s) in brackets.

This is most often used in the

.Em SYNOPSIS

section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.

.Pp

Examples:

.Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b

Line 2325 See also

Line 2472 See also

and

.Sx \&Ux .

.Ss \&Pa

A file-system path.

An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.

If an argument is not provided, the string

If an argument is not provided, the character

.Dq \(ti

.Sq \(ti

is used as a default.

.Pp

Examples:

Line 2435 block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp

Line 2582 block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp

before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current

line.

.Ss \&Rv

Inserts text regarding a function call's return value.

Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0

This macro must consist of the

on success and \-1 on error, with the

.Fl std

.Va errno

argument followed by an optional

libc global variable set on error.

.Ar function .

Its syntax is as follows:

.Pp

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...

.Pp

.Ar function

is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first

is not specified, the document's name set by

.Sx \&Nm

is provided.

is used.

Multiple

.Ar function

arguments are treated as separate functions.

.Pp

See also

.Sx \&Ex .

Line 2473 Its syntax is as follows:

Line 2626 Its syntax is as follows:

.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off

.Pp

By default, spacing is

.Ar on .

.Cm on .

When switched

.Ar off ,

.Cm off ,

no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the

output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines

still get normal spacing between words and sentences.

Line 2584 The following standards are recognised:

Line 2737 The following standards are recognised:

.St -xpg4

.It \-xpg4.2

.St -xpg4.2

.It \-xpg4.3

.St -xpg4.3

.It \-xbd5

.St -xbd5

Line 2629 See also

Line 2783 See also

.Sx \&Li ,

and

.Sx \&Em .

.Ss \&Ta

Table cell separator in

.Sx \&Bl Fl column

lists; can only be used below

.Sx \&It .

.Ss \&Tn

Format a tradename.

.Pp

Line 2666 This is also used for indicating global variables in t

Line 2825 This is also used for indicating global variables in t

section, in which case a variable name is also specified.

Note that it accepts

.Sx Block partial-implicit

syntax when invoked as the first macro in the

syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the

.Em SYNOPSIS

section, else it accepts ordinary

.Sx In-line

syntax.

In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,

and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding

function definition or include directive.

.Pp

Note that this should not be confused with

.Sx \&Ft ,

Line 2778 Newer groff and mandoc print

Line 2940 Newer groff and mandoc print

.Qq AT&T UNIX

and the arguments.

.It

.Sx \&Bd Fl column

.Sx \&Bl Fl column

does not recognize trailing punctuation characters when they immediately

precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and

outputs a space before them.

Line 2838 In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by def

Line 3000 In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by def

lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.

.It

.Sx \&Li

followed by a reserved character is incorrectly used in some manuals

followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals

instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with

historic groff.

.It

CVSweb