=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.99 retrieving revision 1.131 diff -u -p -r1.99 -r1.131 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2010/05/12 08:41:17 1.99 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2010/07/05 13:12:32 1.131 @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.99 2010/05/12 08:41:17 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.131 2010/07/05 13:12:32 kristaps Exp $ .\" -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: May 12 2010 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: July 5 2010 $ .Dt MDOC 7 .Os .Sh NAME @@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdo .Pp An .Nm -document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control +document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control character .Sq \. are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ Text following a whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, .Sq \&.\e" , -is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally +is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are stripped from input. .Ss Reserved Characters Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: @@ -101,9 +102,11 @@ for two-character sequences; an open-bracket .Sq \&[ for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket .Sq \&] ) ; -or a single one-character sequence. See +or a single one-character sequence. +See .Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. Examples include +for a complete list. +Examples include .Sq \e(em .Pq em-dash and @@ -118,14 +121,16 @@ escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic) .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP .Pp A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, -respectively) may be used instead. A text decoration is valid within -the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside +respectively) may be used instead. +A text decoration is valid within +the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside its own scope, such as .Sx \&Bf .Cm \&Sy , in-scope invocations of .Sq \ef -are only valid within the font scope of the macro. If +are only valid within the font scope of the macro. +If .Sq \ef is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form text, it will affect the remainder of the document. @@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ also defined a set of package-specific .Dq predefined strings , which, like .Sx Special Characters , -demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. +mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, .Sq \e* : single-character @@ -174,7 +179,8 @@ and N-character .Sq \e*[N] . See .Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. Examples include +for a complete list. +Examples include .Sq \e*(Am .Pq ampersand and @@ -187,14 +193,14 @@ trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a l Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted within literal contexts. .Pp -In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. If -arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. +In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. +If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. .Ss Quotation Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group -space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. A quoted -argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. The next -double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote terminates -the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. +space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. +A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. +The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote +terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. .Pp This produces tokens .Sq a" , @@ -203,7 +209,8 @@ This produces tokens and .Sq fg" . Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately -considered literal text. Thus, the following produces +considered literal text. +Thus, the following produces .Sq \&Em a : .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Em "Em a" @@ -213,16 +220,18 @@ In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. .Ss Dates There are several macros in .Nm -that require a date argument. The canonical form for dates is the -American format: +that require a date argument. +The canonical form for dates is the American format: .Pp .D1 Cm Month Day , Year .Pp The .Cm Day -value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. The +value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. +The .Cm Month -value is the full month name. The +value is the full month name. +The .Cm Year value is the full four-digit year. .Pp @@ -246,8 +255,8 @@ stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the follo The syntax for scaled widths is .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit. -Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. The following -scaling units are accepted: +Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. +The following scaling units are accepted: .Pp .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact .It c @@ -285,8 +294,26 @@ Using anything other than .Sq u , or .Sq v -is necessarily non-portable across output media. See +is necessarily non-portable across output media. +See .Sx COMPATIBILITY . +.Ss Sentence Spacing +When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of +a line. +By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of +spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark, +or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing +delimiters ( +.Ns Sq \&) , +.Sq \&] , +.Sq \&' , +.Sq \&" ) . +.Pp +The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at +the boundary of a macro line, e.g., +.Pp +.D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \. +.D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \. .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE A well-formed .Nm @@ -307,8 +334,11 @@ must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one followed by .Sx \&Nd . .Pp -Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and -DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections. +Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the +.Em SYNOPSIS +and +.Em DESCRIPTION +sections, although this varies between manual sections. .Pp The following is a well-formed skeleton .Nm @@ -317,18 +347,15 @@ file: \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ \&.Dt mdoc 7 \&.Os -\&. \&.Sh NAME \&.Nm foo \&.Nd a description goes here -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only. +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY -\&. \&.Sh SYNOPSIS \&.Nm foo \&.Op Fl options \&.Ar -\&. \&.Sh DESCRIPTION The \&.Nm @@ -358,12 +385,12 @@ utility processes files ... .Pp The sections in a .Nm -document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections -should be composed as follows: +document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. +Sections should be composed as follows: .Bl -ohang -offset Ds .It Em NAME -The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. The -syntax for this as follows: +The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. +The syntax for this as follows: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Nm name0 \&.Nm name1 @@ -383,8 +410,8 @@ and .Sx \&Nd . .It Em LIBRARY The name of the library containing the documented material, which is -assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. The syntax for -this is as follows: +assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. +The syntax for this is as follows: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Lb libarm .Ed @@ -427,13 +454,44 @@ And for the third, configurations (section 4): Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a .Em SYNOPSIS . .Pp -See -.Sx \&Op , +Some macros are displayed differently in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, particularly +.Sx \&Nm , .Sx \&Cd , +.Sx \&Fd , .Sx \&Fn , -.Sx \&Ft , +.Sx \&Fo , +.Sx \&In , +.Sx \&Vt , and -.Sx \&Vt . +.Sx \&Ft . +All of these macros are output on their own line. If two such +dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for +.Sx \&Ft +before +.Sx \&Fo +or +.Sx \&Fn ) , +they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of +.Sx \&Fo , +.Sx \&Fn , +and +.Sx \&Ft , +which are always separated by vertical space. +.Pp +When text and macros following an +.Sx \&Nm +macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, +all output lines but the first will be indented to align +with the text immediately following the +.Sx \&Nm +macro, up to the next +.Sx \&Nm , +.Sx \&Sx , +or +.Sx \&Ss +macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. .It Em DESCRIPTION This expands upon the brief, one-line description in .Em NAME . @@ -449,14 +507,14 @@ Print verbose information. .Pp Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when -implementing standard functions that may have side effects or notable -algorithmic implications. +Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. +This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side +effects or notable algorithmic implications. .It Em RETURN VALUES This section is the dual of .Em EXIT STATUS , -which is used for commands. It documents the return values of functions -in sections 2, 3, and 9. +which is used for commands. +It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. .Pp See .Sx \&Rv . @@ -467,28 +525,30 @@ Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g., See .Sx \&Ev . .It Em FILES -Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file and a -short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.). +Documents files used. +It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how +the file is used (created, modified, etc.). .Pp See .Sx \&Pa . .It Em EXIT STATUS -Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. This section is -the dual of +Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. +This section is the dual of .Em RETURN VALUES , -which is used for functions. Historically, this information was -described in +which is used for functions. +Historically, this information was described in .Em DIAGNOSTICS , a practise that is now discouraged. .Pp See .Sx \&Ex . .It Em EXAMPLES -Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed, -well-tested invocations. Make doubly sure that your examples work -properly! +Example usages. +This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. +Make doubly sure that your examples work properly! .It Em DIAGNOSTICS -Documents error conditions. This is most useful in section 4 manuals. +Documents error conditions. +This is most useful in section 4 manuals. Historically, this section was used in place of .Em EXIT STATUS for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is @@ -503,15 +563,16 @@ Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. See .Sx \&Er . .It Em SEE ALSO -References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist -for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered -first by section, then alphabetically. +References other manuals with related topics. +This section should exist for most manuals. +Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then +alphabetically. .Pp See .Sx \&Xr . .It Em STANDARDS -References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any -standards, the +References any standards implemented or used. +If not adhering to any standards, the .Em HISTORY section should be used instead. .Pp @@ -539,15 +600,17 @@ Documents any security precautions that operators shou Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a control character , .Sq \&. , -at the beginning of the line. An arbitrary amount of whitespace may -sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus, the -following are equivalent: +at the beginning of the line. +An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character +and the macro name. +Thus, the following are equivalent: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Pp \&.\ \ \ \&Pp .Ed .Pp -The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, +The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. +In this section, .Sq \-arg refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more .Sq parm @@ -560,8 +623,9 @@ closes it out. The .Em Callable column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial -line-macro. If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the -initial line macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that +line-macro. +If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line +macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh produces .Sq Fl \&Sh . @@ -569,15 +633,16 @@ produces The .Em Parsable column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further -(ostensibly callable) macros. If a macro is not parsable, subsequent -macro invocations on the line will be interpreted as opaque text. +(ostensibly callable) macros. +If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line +will be interpreted as opaque text. .Pp The .Em Scope column, if applicable, describes closure rules. .Ss Block full-explicit -Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros -contains bodies; only +Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. +All macros contains bodies; only .Sx \&Bf contains a head. .Bd -literal -offset indent @@ -621,12 +686,23 @@ has multiple heads. .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh +.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss .El +.Pp +Note that the +.Sx \&Nm +macro is a +.Sx Block full-implicit +macro only when invoked as the first macro +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . .Ss Block partial-explicit -Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each -has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head +Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. +Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head .Po .Sx \&Fo , .Sx \&Eo @@ -698,14 +774,16 @@ Note that the macro is a .Sx Block partial-implicit only when invoked as the first macro -in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is +in a +.Em SYNOPSIS +section line, else it is .Sx In-line . .Ss In-line Closed by .Sx Reserved Characters , -end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. In-line -macros have only text children. If a number (or inequality) of -arguments is +end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros. +In-line macros have only text children. +If a number (or inequality) of arguments is .Pq n , then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments. .Bd -literal -offset indent @@ -795,7 +873,8 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument .El .Sh REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged -alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see +alphabetically. +For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . .Ss \&%A Author name of an @@ -876,8 +955,9 @@ Examples: .D1 \&.Ad [0,$] .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000 .Ss \&An -Author name. This macro may alternatively accepts the following -arguments, although these may not be specified along with a parameter: +Author name. +This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although +these may not be specified along with a parameter: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent .It Fl split Renders a line break before each author listing. @@ -888,10 +968,11 @@ The opposite of .Pp In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're -interspersed by other macros or text, are split. Thus, specifying +interspersed by other macros or text, are split. +Thus, specifying .Fl split -will cause the first listing also to be split. If not in the AUTHORS -section, the default is not to split. +will cause the first listing also to be split. +If not in the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.An -nosplit @@ -907,8 +988,8 @@ are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if on in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS section. .Ss \&Ao -Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. Does not have any head -arguments. +Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac @@ -916,9 +997,9 @@ Examples: See also .Sx \&Aq . .Ss \&Ap -Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. This is -generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb form of -a function: +Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. +This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb +form of a function: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Fn execve Ap d .Ed @@ -941,7 +1022,8 @@ statements, which should use See also .Sx \&Ao . .Ss \&Ar -Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string +Command arguments. +If an argument is not provided, the string .Dq file ... is used as a default. .Pp @@ -950,7 +1032,8 @@ Examples: .D1 \&.Ar .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . .Ss \&At -Formats an AT&T version. Accepts at most one parameter: +Formats an AT&T version. +Accepts at most one parameter: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v A version of @@ -980,11 +1063,20 @@ Closes a .Sx \&Bo block. Does not have any tail arguments. .Ss \&Bd -Begins a display block. A display is collection of macros or text which -may be collectively offset or justified in a manner different from that -of the enclosing context. By default, the block is preceded by a -vertical space. +Begins a display block. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bd +.Fl type +.Op Fl offset Ar width +.Op Fl compact +.Ed .Pp +A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively +offset or justified in a manner different from that +of the enclosing context. +By default, the block is preceded by a vertical space. +.Pp Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the following arguments: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent @@ -1001,11 +1093,12 @@ Alias for Centre-justify each line. .El .Pp -The type must be provided first. Secondary arguments are as follows: +The type must be provided first. +Secondary arguments are as follows: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent -.It Fl offset Ar width +.It Fl offset Ar val Offset by the value of -.Ar width , +.Ar val , which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order: .Bl -item .It @@ -1016,14 +1109,14 @@ the width of standard indentation; twice .Ar indent ; .Ar left , -which has no effect ; +which has no effect; .Ar right , which justifies to the right margin; and .Ar center , which aligns around an imagined centre axis. .It -As a precalculated width for a named macro. The most popular is the -imaginary macro +As a precalculated width for a named macro. +The most popular is the imaginary macro .Ar \&Ds , which resolves to .Ar 6n . @@ -1034,16 +1127,9 @@ As a scaling unit following the syntax described in As the calculated string length of the opaque string. .El .Pp -If unset, it will revert to the value of -.Ar 8n -as described in -.Sx Scaling Widths . +If not provided an argument, it will be ignored. .It Fl compact Do not assert a vertical space before the block. -.It Fl file Ar file -Prepend the file -.Ar file -before any text or macros within the block. .El .Pp Examples: @@ -1058,65 +1144,181 @@ See also and .Sx \&Dl . .Ss \&Bf +Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bf +.Oo +.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | +.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +.Oc +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Fl emphasis +and +.Cm \&Em +argument are equivalent, as are +.Fl symbolic +and +.Cm \&Sy, +and +.Fl literal +and +.Cm \&Li . +Without an argument, this macro does nothing. +The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested +scope or +.Sx \&Ef +is encountered. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Li , +.Sx \&Ef , +and +.Sx \&Sy . .Ss \&Bk +Begins a keep block, containing a collection of macros or text +to be kept together in the output. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words +.Pp +Currently, the only argument implemented is +.Fl words , +requesting to keep together all words of the contained text +on the same output line. +Subsequent arguments are ignored. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Bk \-words +\&.Op o Ar output_file +\&.Ek +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Ek . .Ss \&Bl -.\" Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. A list entry is -.\" specified by the -.\" .Sx \&It -.\" macro, which consists of a head and optional body. By default, a list -.\" is preceded by a blank line. A list must specify one of the following -.\" list types: -.\" .Bl -tag -width 12n -.\" .It Fl bullet -.\" A list offset by a bullet. The head of list entries must be empty. -.\" List entry bodies are justified after the bullet. -.\" .It Fl column -.\" A columnated list. The number of columns is specified as arguments to -.\" the -.\" .Sx \&Bl -.\" macro (the deprecated form of following the invocation of -.\" .Fl column -.\" is also accepted). Arguments dictate the width of columns specified in -.\" list entries. List entry bodies must be left empty. Columns specified -.\" in the list entry head are justified to their position in the sequence -.\" of columns. -.\" .It Fl dash -.\" A list offset by a dash (hyphen). The head of list entries must be -.\" empty. List entry bodies are justified past the dash. -.\" .It Fl diag -.\" Like -.\" .Fl inset -.\" lists, but with additional formatting to the head. -.\" .It Fl enum -.\" A list offset by a number indicating list entry position. The head of -.\" list entries must be empty. List entry bodies are justified past the -.\" enumeration. -.\" .It Fl hang -.\" Like -.\" .Fl tag , -.\" but instead of list bodies justifying to the head on the first line, -.\" they trail the head text. -.\" .It Fl hyphen -.\" Synonym for -.\" .Fl dash . -.\" .It Fl inset -.\" Like -.\" .Fl tag , -.\" but list entry bodies aren't justified. -.\" .It Fl item -.\" An un-justified list. This produces blocks of text. -.\" .It Fl ohang -.\" List bodies are placed on the line following the head. -.\" .It Fl tag -.\" A list offset by list entry heads. List entry bodies are justified -.\" after the head. -.\" .El -.\" .Pp -.\" More... -.\" . +Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Bl +.Fl type +.Op Fl width Ar val +.Op Fl offset Ar val +.Op Fl compact +.Op HEAD ... +.Ed +.Pp +A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument. +Other arguments are +.Fl width , +defined per-type as accepting a literal or +.Sx Scaling Widths +value; +.Fl offset , +also accepting a literal or +.Sx Scaling Widths +value setting the list's global offset; and +.Fl compact , +suppressing the default vertical space printed before each list entry. +A list entry is specified by the +.Sx \&It +macro, which consists of a head and optional body (depending on the list +type). +A list must specify one of the following list types: +.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent +.It Fl bullet +A list offset by a bullet. +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned after the bullet. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl column +A columnated list. +The +.Fl width +argument has no effect. +The number of columns is specified as parameters to the +.Sx \&Bl +macro. +These dictate the width of columns either as +.Sx Scaling Widths +or literal text. +If the initial macro of a +.Fl column +list is not an +.Sx \&It , +an +.Sx \&It +context spanning each line is implied until an +.Sx \&It +line macro is encountered, at which point list bodies are interpreted as +described in the +.Sx \&It +documentation. +.It Fl dash +A list offset by a dash (hyphen). +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned past the dash. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl diag +Like +.Fl inset , +but with additional formatting to the head. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl enum +An enumerated list offset by the enumeration from 1. +The head of list entries must be empty. +List entry bodies are positioned after the enumeration. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl hang +Like +.Fl tag , +but instead of list bodies positioned after the head, they trail the +head text. +The +.Fl width +argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins. +.It Fl hyphen +Synonym for +.Fl dash . +.It Fl inset +List bodies follow the list head. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl item +This produces blocks of text. +The head of list entries must be empty. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl ohang +List bodies are positioned on the line following the head. +The +.Fl width +argument is ignored. +.It Fl tag +A list offset by list entry heads. List entry bodies are positioned +after the head as specified by the +.Fl width +argument. +.El +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&It . .Ss \&Bo -Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head -arguments. +Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent @@ -1147,8 +1349,8 @@ Closes a .Sx \&Bro block. Does not have any tail arguments. .Ss \&Bro -Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head -arguments. +Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. +Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent @@ -1204,7 +1406,8 @@ See also and .Sx \&Ux . .Ss \&Cd -Configuration declaration. This denotes strings accepted by +Configuration declaration. +This denotes strings accepted by .Xr config 8 . .Pp Examples: @@ -1214,10 +1417,11 @@ Examples: this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain white-space and align consecutive .Sx \&Cd -declarations. This practise is discouraged. +declarations. +This practise is discouraged. .Ss \&Cm -Command modifiers. Useful when specifying configuration options or -keys. +Command modifiers. +Useful when specifying configuration options or keys. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath @@ -1226,8 +1430,10 @@ Examples: See also .Sx \&Fl . .Ss \&D1 -One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and -is useful for simple indented statements. It is followed by a newline. +One-line indented display. +This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented +statements. +It is followed by a newline. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh @@ -1237,16 +1443,23 @@ See also and .Sx \&Dl . .Ss \&Db +Start a debugging context. +This macro is parsed, but generally ignored. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off .Ss \&Dc Closes a .Sx \&Do block. Does not have any tail arguments. .Ss \&Dd -Document date. This is the mandatory first macro of any +Document date. +This is the mandatory first macro of any .Nm -manual. Its calling syntax is as follows: +manual. +Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Cm date .Pp The .Cm date @@ -1268,8 +1481,10 @@ See also and .Sx \&Os . .Ss \&Dl -One-line intended display. This is formatted as literal text and is -useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. +One-line intended display. +This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and +invocations. +It is followed by a newline. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less @@ -1299,19 +1514,32 @@ Examples: See also .Sx \&Do . .Ss \&Dt -Document title. This is the mandatory second macro of any +Document title. +This is the mandatory second macro of any .Nm -file. Its calling syntax is as follows: +file. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Dt +.Oo +.Cm title +.Oo +.Cm section +.Op Cm volume | arch +.Oc +.Oc +.Ed .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch -.Pp Its arguments are as follows: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds .It Cm title -The document's title (name). This should be capitalised and is -required. +The document's title (name), defaulting to +.Qq UNKNOWN +if unspecified. +It should be capitalised. .It Cm section -The manual section. This may be one of +The manual section. +This may be one of .Ar 1 .Pq utilities , .Ar 2 @@ -1345,8 +1573,9 @@ The manual section. This may be one of or .Ar paper .Pq paper . -It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename -suffix. +It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to +.Qq 1 +if unspecified. .It Cm volume This overrides the volume inferred from .Ar section . @@ -1377,10 +1606,13 @@ or .Ar CON .Pq contributed manuals . .It Cm arch -This specifies a specific relevant architecture. If +This specifies a specific relevant architecture. +If .Cm volume is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used -subsequent that. It, too, is optional. It must be one of +subsequent that. +It, too, is optional. +It must be one of .Ar alpha , .Ar amd64 , .Ar amiga , @@ -1415,7 +1647,6 @@ Examples: .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 -.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386 .Pp See also .Sx \&Dd @@ -1448,20 +1679,54 @@ See also and .Sx \&Ux . .Ss \&Ec +Close a scope started by +.Sx \&Eo . +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Cm TERM +.Pp +The +.Cm TERM +argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq +will emulate +.Sx \&Dc . .Ss \&Ed +End a display context started by +.Sx \&Bd . .Ss \&Ef +Ends a font mode context started by +.Sx \&Bf . .Ss \&Ek +Ends a keep context started by +.Sx \&Bk . .Ss \&El +Ends a list context started by +.Sx \&Bl . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bl +and +.Sx \&It . .Ss \&Em -Denotes text that should be emphasised. Note that this is a -presentation term and should not be used for stylistically decorating -technical terms. +Denotes text that should be emphasised. +Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for +stylistically decorating technical terms. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Em Warnings! .D1 \&.Em Remarks : .Ss \&En .Ss \&Eo +An arbitrary enclosure. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Cm TERM +.Pp +The +.Cm TERM +argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq +will emulate +.Sx \&Do . .Ss \&Er Display error constants. .Pp @@ -1480,8 +1745,8 @@ Examples: .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY .D1 \&.Ev PATH .Ss \&Ex -Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. This macro must have -first the +Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. +This macro must have first the .Fl std argument specified, then an optional .Ar utility . @@ -1491,15 +1756,58 @@ is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in .Sx \&Nm is provided. .Ss \&Fa +Function argument. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Fa +.Op Cm argtype +.Cm argname +.Ed +.Pp +This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type. +It is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +Most often, the +.Sx \&Fa +macro is used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +within +.Sx \&Fo +section when documenting multi-line function prototypes. +If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a +comma. +Furthermore, if the following macro is another +.Sx \&Fa , +the last argument will also have a trailing comma. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq +.D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq +.D1 \&.Fa foo +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Fo . .Ss \&Fc +Ends a function context started by +.Sx \&Fo . .Ss \&Fd +Historically used to document include files. +This usage has been deprecated in favour of +.Sx \&In . +Do not use this macro. +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +and +.Sx \&In . .Ss \&Fl -Command-line flag. Used when listing arguments to command-line -utilities. Prints a fixed-width hyphen +Command-line flag. +Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. +Prints a fixed-width hyphen .Sq \- -directly followed by each argument. If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is -printed followed by a space. If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is -prefixed to the subsequent macro output. +directly followed by each argument. +If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space. +If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro +output. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Fl a b c @@ -1510,9 +1818,80 @@ Examples: See also .Sx \&Cm . .Ss \&Fn +A function name. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn +.Op Cm functype +.Cm funcname +.Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname +.Ed +.Pp +Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and +are delimited by commas. +If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1" +.D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0" +.D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0 +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE +and +.Sx \&Ft . .Ss \&Fo -.Ss \&Fr +Begin a function block. +This is a multi-line version of +.Sx \&Fn . +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname +.Pp +Invocations usually occur in the following context: +.Bd -ragged -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname +.br +\.\.\. +.br +.Pf \. Sx \&Fc +.Ed +.Pp +A +.Sx \&Fo +scope is closed by +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Sx \&Fa , +.Sx \&Fc , +and .Ss \&Ft +A function type. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Ft int +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +\&.Ft functype +\&.Fn funcname +.Ed +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , +.Sx \&Fn , +and +.Sx \&Fo . .Ss \&Fx Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. @@ -1533,13 +1912,135 @@ and .Ss \&Hf .Ss \&Ic .Ss \&In +An +.Qq include +file. +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is +preceded by +.Qq #include , +the arguments is enclosed in angled braces. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.In sys/types +.Pp +See also +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . .Ss \&It +A list item. +The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. +.Pp +Lists +of type +.Fl hang , +.Fl ohang , +.Fl inset , +and +.Fl diag +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args +.Pp +Lists of type +.Fl bullet , +.Fl dash , +.Fl enum , +.Fl hyphen +and +.Fl item +have the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It +.Pp +with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the +.Sx \&It +until either a closing +.Sx \&El +or another +.Sx \&It . +.Pp +The +.Fl tag +list has the following syntax: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.Pp +Subsequent lines are interpreted as with +.Fl bullet +and family. +The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body +arguments correspond to the list's contents. +.Pp +The +.Fl column +list is the most complicated. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.Pp +The +.Cm args +are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column, +delimited by tabs or the special +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro. +Lines subsequent the +.Sx \&It +are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase. +Calling the pseudo-macro +.Sq \&Ta +will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be +interpreted as a macro). Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be +used within the +.Sx \&It +line itself. +Subsequent this, only the +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases. +Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited +phrases on an +.Sx \&It , +for example, +.Pp +.D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; col2 ;\(dq \&; +.Pp +will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Bl . .Ss \&Lb +Specify a library. +The syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library +.Pp +The +.Cm library +parameter may be a system library, such as +.Cm libz +or +.Cm libpam , +in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker +invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is +printed in quotes. +This is most commonly used in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section as described in +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Lb libz +.D1 \&.Lb mdoc .Ss \&Li +Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode. +Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for +stylistically decorating technical terms. .Ss \&Lk -Format a hyperlink. The calling syntax is as follows: +Format a hyperlink. +Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" @@ -1550,8 +2051,53 @@ See also .Ss \&Lp .Ss \&Ms .Ss \&Mt +Format a +.Qq mailto: +hyperlink. +Its syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv .Ss \&Nd .Ss \&Nm +The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, +and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in +the manual page. +When first invoked, the +.Sx \&Nm +macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. +Usually, the first invocation happens in the +.Em NAME +section of the page. +The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is +called again without arguments later in the page. +The +.Sx \&Nm +macro uses +.Sx Block full-implicit +semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section; otherwise, it uses ordinary +.Sx In-line +semantics. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Sh SYNOPSIS +\&.Nm cat +\&.Op Fl benstuv +\&.Op Ar +.Ed +.Pp +In the +.Em SYNOPSIS +of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the +.Sx \&Fn +macro rather than +.Sx \&Nm +to mark up the name of the manual page. .Ss \&No .Ss \&Ns .Ss \&Nx @@ -1575,18 +2121,20 @@ and .Ss \&Oo .Ss \&Op .Ss \&Os -Document operating system version. This is the mandatory third macro of +Document operating system version. +This is the mandatory third macro of any .Nm -file. Its calling syntax is as follows: +file. +Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system .Pp The optional .Cm system -parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. Left -unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. This is -the suggested form. +parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. +Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. +This is the suggested form. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Os @@ -1632,12 +2180,14 @@ and .Ss \&Re Closes a .Sx \&Rs -block. Does not have any tail arguments. +block. +Does not have any tail arguments. .Ss \&Rs Begins a bibliographic .Pq Dq reference -block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only -contain +block. +Does not have any head arguments. +The block macro may only contain .Sx \&%A , .Sx \&%B , .Sx \&%C , @@ -1650,6 +2200,7 @@ contain .Sx \&%Q , .Sx \&%R , .Sx \&%T , +.Sx \&%U , and .Sx \&%V child macros (at least one must be specified). @@ -1683,8 +2234,11 @@ line. .Ss \&Sy .Ss \&Tn .Ss \&Ud +Prints out +.Dq currently under development. .Ss \&Ux -Format the UNIX name. Accepts no argument. +Format the UNIX name. +Accepts no argument. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Ux @@ -1700,12 +2254,15 @@ and .Sx \&Ox . .Ss \&Va .Ss \&Vt -A variable type. This is also used for indicating global variables in the -SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. Note that -it accepts +A variable type. +This is also used for indicating global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, in which case a variable name is also specified. +Note that it accepts .Sx Block partial-implicit -syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it -accepts ordinary +syntax when invoked as the first macro in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, else it accepts ordinary .Sx In-line syntax. .Pp @@ -1715,41 +2272,42 @@ which is used for function return types. .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char -.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ; +.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ft +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE and .Sx \&Va . .Ss \&Xc Close a scope opened by .Sx \&Xo . .Ss \&Xo -Open an extension scope. This macro originally existed to extend the -9-argument limit of troff; since this limit has been lifted, the macro -has been deprecated. +Open an extension scope. +This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff; +since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated. .Ss \&Xr Link to another manual .Pq Qq cross-reference . -Its calling syntax is +Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section .Pp The .Cm name and .Cm section -are the name and section of the linked manual. If +are the name and section of the linked manual. +If .Cm section is followed by non-punctuation, an .Sx \&Ns -is inserted into the token stream. This behaviour is for compatibility -with +is inserted into the token stream. +This behaviour is for compatibility with .Xr groff 1 . .Pp Examples: .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 -.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 ; +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour .Ss \&br .Ss \&sp @@ -1769,6 +2327,52 @@ Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementa .Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It +Old groff fails to assert a newline before +.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact . +.It +groff behaves inconsistently when encountering +.Pf non- Sx \&Fa +children of +.Sx \&Fo +regarding spacing between arguments. +In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed +by a single space and the trailing +.Sq \&) +suppresses prior spacing. +.It +groff behaves inconsistently when encountering +.Sx \&Ft +and +.Sx \&Fn +in the +.Em SYNOPSIS : +at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior +.Sx \&Fn +has been invoked. +In mandoc, this is not the case. +See +.Sx \&Ft +and +.Sx \&Fn +for the normalised behaviour. +.It +Historic groff does not break before an +.Sx \&Fn +when not invoked as the line macro in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section. +.It +Historic groff formats the +.Sx \&In +badly: trailing arguments are trashed and +.Em SYNOPSIS +is not specially treated. +.It +groff does not accept the +.Sq \&Ta +pseudo-macro as a line macro. +mandoc does. +.It The comment syntax .Sq \e." is no longer accepted. @@ -1776,37 +2380,40 @@ is no longer accepted. In groff, the .Sx \&Pa macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under -certain list types. mandoc does. +certain list types. +mandoc does. .It Historic groff does not print a dash for empty .Sx \&Fl -arguments. mandoc and newer groff implementations do. +arguments. +mandoc and newer groff implementations do. .It groff behaves irregularly when specifying .Sq \ef .Sx Text Decoration -within line-macro scopes. mandoc follows a consistent system. +within line-macro scopes. +mandoc follows a consistent system. .It In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would -move to prior lines. Furthermore, the +move to prior lines. +Furthermore, the .Sq f scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. .It In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a -standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic -behaviour is not applicable in mandoc. +standalone double-quote in formatted output. +This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc. .It -Display types +Display offsets .Sx \&Bd -.Fl center +.Fl offset Ar center and -.Fl right -are aliases for -.Fl left -in manodc. Furthermore, the +.Fl offset Ar right +are disregarded in mandoc. +Furthermore, troff specifies a .Fl file Ar file -argument is ignored. Lastly, since text is not right-justified in -mandoc (or even groff), +argument that is not supported in mandoc. +Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff), .Fl ragged and .Fl filled @@ -1815,8 +2422,8 @@ are aliases, as are and .Fl unfilled . .It -Historic groff has many un-callable macros. Most of these (excluding -some block-level macros) are now callable. +Historic groff has many un-callable macros. +Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable. .It The vertical bar .Sq \(ba @@ -1833,20 +2440,23 @@ lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. Some manuals use .Sx \&Li incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the -delimiter to render. This is not supported in mandoc. +delimiter to render. +This is not supported in mandoc. .It In groff, the -.Sx \&Fo -macro only produces the first parameter. This is not the case in -mandoc. -.It -In groff, the .Sx \&Cd , .Sx \&Er , +.Sx \&Ex , and -.Sx \&Ex -macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections. mandoc -does not have these restrictions. +.Sx \&Rv +macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections. +mandoc does not have these restrictions. +.It +Newer groff and mandoc print +.Qq AT&T UNIX +prior to unknown arguments of +.Sx \&At ; +older groff did nothing. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr mandoc 1 ,