=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.67 retrieving revision 1.99 diff -u -p -r1.67 -r1.99 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2009/10/22 10:33:28 1.67 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2010/05/12 08:41:17 1.99 @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.67 2009/10/22 10:33:28 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.99 2010/05/12 08:41:17 kristaps Exp $ .\" -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -14,16 +14,12 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: October 22 2009 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: May 12 2010 $ .Dt MDOC 7 .Os -. -. .Sh NAME .Nm mdoc .Nd mdoc language reference -. -. .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm mdoc @@ -31,13 +27,9 @@ language is used to format .Bx .Ux manuals. In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure, -and usage. Our reference implementation is -.Xr mandoc 1 . -The +and usage. Our reference implementation is mandoc; the .Sx COMPATIBILITY -section describes compatibility with -.Xr groff 1 . -. +section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations. .Pp An .Nm @@ -50,8 +42,6 @@ prior macros: \&.Sh Macro lines change control state. Other lines are interpreted within the current state. .Ed -. -. .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX .Nm documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space @@ -59,8 +49,6 @@ character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab char manuals must have .Ux line terminators. -. -. .Ss Comments Text following a .Sq \e" , @@ -69,8 +57,6 @@ line. A macro line with only a control character and .Sq \&.\e" , is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally whitespace are stripped from input. -. -. .Ss Reserved Characters Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved: .Pp @@ -98,7 +84,6 @@ Within a macro line, the following characters are rese .It \&| .Pq vertical bar .El -. .Pp Use of reserved characters is described in .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . @@ -106,8 +91,6 @@ For general use in macro lines, these characters must with a non-breaking space .Pq Sq \e& or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used. -. -. .Ss Special Characters Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. Sequences begin with the escape character @@ -126,23 +109,59 @@ for a complete list. Examples include and .Sq \ee .Pq back-slash . -. -. .Ss Text Decoration Terms may be text-decorated using the .Sq \ef -escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R -(Roman, or reset). This form is not recommended for +escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P +(revert to previous mode): +.Pp +.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP +.Pp +A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman, +respectively) may be used instead. A text decoration is valid within +the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside +its own scope, such as +.Sx \&Bf +.Cm \&Sy , +in-scope invocations of +.Sq \ef +are only valid within the font scope of the macro. If +.Sq \ef +is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form +text, it will affect the remainder of the document. +.Pp +Text may also be sized with the +.Sq \es +escape, whose syntax is one of +.Sq \es+-n +for one-digit numerals; +.Sq \es(+-nn +or +.Sq \es+-(nn +for two-digit numerals; and +.Sq \es[+-N] , +.Sq \es+-[N] , +.Sq \es'+-N' , +or +.Sq \es+-'N' +for arbitrary-digit numerals: +.Pp +.D1 \es+1bigger\es-1 +.D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10] +.D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10 +.D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100' +.Pp +Note these forms are +.Em not +recommended for .Nm , -which encourages semantic, not presentation, annotation. -. -. +which encourages semantic annotation. .Ss Predefined Strings -Historically, +Historically, .Xr groff 1 -also defined a set of package-specific +also defined a set of package-specific .Dq predefined strings , -which, like +which, like .Sx Special Characters , demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes. Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk, @@ -161,37 +180,21 @@ for a complete list. Examples include and .Sq \e*(Ba .Pq vertical bar . -. -. .Ss Whitespace -In non-literal free-form lines, consecutive blocks of whitespace are -pruned from input and added later in the output filter, if applicable: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -These spaces are pruned from input. -\&.Bd \-literal -These are not. -\&.Ed -.Ed -. +Whitespace consists of the space character. +In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped +trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context). +Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted +within literal contexts. .Pp In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded. If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained. -. -.Pp -Blank lines are only permitted within literal contexts, as are lines -containing only whitespace. Tab characters are only acceptable when -delimiting -.Sq \&Bl \-column -or when in a literal context. -. -. .Ss Quotation Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace. A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace. The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace. -. .Pp This produces tokens .Sq a" , @@ -205,16 +208,13 @@ considered literal text. Thus, the following produces .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Em "Em a" .Ed -. .Pp In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text. -. .Ss Dates There are several macros in .Nm -that require a date argument. The -.Em canonical form -for dates is the American format: +that require a date argument. The canonical form for dates is the +American format: .Pp .D1 Cm Month Day , Year .Pp @@ -226,34 +226,22 @@ value is the full month name. The .Cm Year value is the full four-digit year. .Pp -The -.Em non-canonical form -is the same as the canonical form, but without the comma between the -.Cm Day -and -.Cm Year -field. +Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates: .Pp -Lastly, -.Em reduced form -dates range from only a -.Cm Year -to the full canonical or non-canonical form. +.D1 Cm Month , Year +.D1 Cm Year .Pp Some examples of valid dates follow: .Pp .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form -.D1 "May 20 2009" Pq non-canonical form -. .Ss Scaling Widths Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Bl -tag -width 2i .Ed -. .Pp The syntax for scaled widths is .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] , @@ -299,8 +287,6 @@ or .Sq v is necessarily non-portable across output media. See .Sx COMPATIBILITY . -. -. .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE A well-formed .Nm @@ -314,7 +300,7 @@ and .Sx \&Os macros, is required for every document. .Pp -The first section (sections are denoted by +The first section (sections are denoted by .Sx \&Sh ) must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one .Sx \&Nm @@ -348,13 +334,13 @@ The \&.Nm utility processes files ... \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES +\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. +\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS @@ -374,41 +360,181 @@ The sections in a .Nm document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections should be composed as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds -.It NAME -Must contain at least one +.Bl -ohang -offset Ds +.It Em NAME +The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. The +syntax for this as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Nm name0 +\&.Nm name1 +\&.Nm name2 +\&.Nd a short description +.Ed +.Pp +The .Sx \&Nm -followed by +macro(s) must precede the +.Sx \&Nd +macro. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Nm +and .Sx \&Nd . -The name needs re-stating since one -.Nm -documents can be used for more than one utility or function, such as -.Xr grep 1 -also being referenced as -.Xr egrep 1 +.It Em LIBRARY +The name of the library containing the documented material, which is +assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. The syntax for +this is as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Lb libarm +.Ed +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Lb . +.It Em SYNOPSIS +Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device +configuration. +.Pp +For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is +generally structured as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Nm foo +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar +\&.Nm bar +\&.Op Fl v +\&.Op Fl o Ar file +\&.Op Ar +.Ed +.Pp +For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Vt extern const char *global; +\&.In header.h +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn foo "const char *src" +\&.Ft "char *" +\&.Fn bar "const char *src" +.Ed +.Pp +And for the third, configurations (section 4): +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q +\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q +.Ed +.Pp +Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Op , +.Sx \&Cd , +.Sx \&Fn , +.Sx \&Ft , and -.Xr fgrep 1 . -.It LIBRARY -.It SYNOPSIS -.It DESCRIPTION -.It IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -.It EXIT STATUS -.It RETURN VALUES -.It ENVIRONMENT -.It FILES -.It EXAMPLES -.It DIAGNOSTICS -.It ERRORS -.It SEE ALSO -.It STANDARDS -.It HISTORY -.It AUTHORS -.It CAVEATS -.It BUGS -.It SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +.Sx \&Vt . +.It Em DESCRIPTION +This expands upon the brief, one-line description in +.Em NAME . +It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a +command), such as: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +The arguments are as follows: +\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds +\&.It Fl v +Print verbose information. +\&.El +.Ed +.Pp +Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. +.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when +implementing standard functions that may have side effects or notable +algorithmic implications. +.It Em RETURN VALUES +This section is the dual of +.Em EXIT STATUS , +which is used for commands. It documents the return values of functions +in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Rv . +.It Em ENVIRONMENT +Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g., +.Xr environ 7 . +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Ev . +.It Em FILES +Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file and a +short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.). +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Pa . +.It Em EXIT STATUS +Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. This section is +the dual of +.Em RETURN VALUES , +which is used for functions. Historically, this information was +described in +.Em DIAGNOSTICS , +a practise that is now discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Ex . +.It Em EXAMPLES +Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed, +well-tested invocations. Make doubly sure that your examples work +properly! +.It Em DIAGNOSTICS +Documents error conditions. This is most useful in section 4 manuals. +Historically, this section was used in place of +.Em EXIT STATUS +for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is +discouraged. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Bl +.Fl diag . +.It Em ERRORS +Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Er . +.It Em SEE ALSO +References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist +for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered +first by section, then alphabetically. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&Xr . +.It Em STANDARDS +References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any +standards, the +.Em HISTORY +section should be used instead. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&St . +.It Em HISTORY +The history of any manual without a +.Em STANDARDS +section should be described in this section. +.It Em AUTHORS +Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section. +Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&An . +.It Em CAVEATS +Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained +in this section. +.It Em BUGS +Extant bugs should be described in this section. +.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. .El -. -. .Sh MACRO SYNTAX Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a control character , @@ -420,7 +546,6 @@ following are equivalent: \&.Pp \&.\ \ \ \&Pp .Ed -. .Pp The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, .Sq \-arg @@ -431,7 +556,6 @@ parameters; opens the scope of a macro; and if specified, .Sq \&Yc closes it out. -. .Pp The .Em Callable @@ -441,20 +565,16 @@ initial line macro is interpreted as opaque text, such .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh produces .Sq Fl \&Sh . -. .Pp The .Em Parsable column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros. If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line will be interpreted as opaque text. -. .Pp The .Em Scope column, if applicable, describes closure rules. -. -. .Ss Block full-explicit Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros contains bodies; only @@ -465,7 +585,6 @@ contains a head. \(lBbody...\(rB \&.Yc .Ed -. .Pp .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope @@ -478,8 +597,6 @@ contains a head. .It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk .It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl .El -. -. .Ss Block full-implicit Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. All macros have bodies; some @@ -493,13 +610,12 @@ All macros have bodies; some don't have heads; only one .Po .Sx \&It Fl column -.Pc +.Pc has multiple heads. .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB .Ed -. .Pp .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope @@ -508,8 +624,6 @@ has multiple heads. .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss .El -. -. .Ss Block partial-explicit Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head @@ -527,7 +641,6 @@ and/or tail \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \ \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB .Ed -. .Pp .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope @@ -556,8 +669,6 @@ and/or tail .It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo .It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc .El -. -. .Ss Block partial-implicit Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by .Sx Reserved Characters @@ -565,7 +676,6 @@ or end of line. .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB .Ed -. .Pp .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable @@ -580,9 +690,16 @@ or end of line. .It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes .It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes .It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes .El -. -. +.Pp +Note that the +.Sx \&Vt +macro is a +.Sx Block partial-implicit +only when invoked as the first macro +in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is +.Sx In-line . .Ss In-line Closed by .Sx Reserved Characters , @@ -598,7 +715,6 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN .Ed -. .Pp .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments @@ -611,8 +727,10 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument .It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 .It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n .It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n @@ -659,7 +777,7 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument .It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n .It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n .It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 .It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 .It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n .It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 @@ -671,17 +789,14 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument .It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n .It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n .It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3 +.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 .It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 .It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.El -. -. +.El .Sh REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -. .Ss \&%A Author name of an .Sx \&Rs @@ -689,13 +804,11 @@ block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their .Sx \%%A line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) first, then full surname. -. .Ss \&%B Book title of an .Sx \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when referring to book titles. -. .Ss \&%C Publication city or location of an .Sx \&Rs @@ -704,78 +817,64 @@ block. .Em Remarks : this macro is not implemented in .Xr groff 1 . -. .Ss \&%D Publication date of an .Sx \&Rs -block. This should follow the reduced syntax for +block. This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax +described in .Sx Dates . -Canonical or non-canonical form is not necessary since publications are -often referenced only by year, or month and year. -. .Ss \&%I Publisher or issuer name of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%J Journal name of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%N Issue number (usually for journals) of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%O Optional information of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%P Book or journal page number of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%Q Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an .Sx \&Rs block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own .Sx \&%Q line. -. .Ss \&%R Technical report name of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&%T Article title of an .Sx \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when referring to article titles. -. +.Ss \&%U +URI of reference document. .Ss \&%V Volume number of an .Sx \&Rs block. -. .Ss \&Ac Closes an .Sx \&Ao block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. .Ss \&Ad Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in memory, not a physical (post) address. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ad [0,$] -\&.Ad 0x00000000 -.Ed -. +.D1 \&.Ad [0,$] +.D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000 .Ss \&An Author name. This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although these may not be specified along with a parameter: @@ -795,11 +894,8 @@ will cause the first listing also to be split. If not section, the default is not to split. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.An -nosplit -\&.An J. E. Hopcraft , -\&.An J. D. Ullman . -.Ed +.D1 \&.An -nosplit +.D1 \&.An J. D. Ullman . .Pp .Em Remarks : the effects of @@ -810,19 +906,15 @@ are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if on .Sx \&An Fl nosplit in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS section. -. .Ss \&Ao Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl -key= Ns Ao Ar val Ac -.Ed +.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac .Pp See also .Sx \&Aq . -. .Ss \&Ap Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. This is generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb form of @@ -830,14 +922,11 @@ a function: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Fn execve Ap d .Ed -. .Ss \&Aq -Encloses its arguments in angled brackets. +Encloses its arguments in angled brackets. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl -key= Ns Aq Ar val -.Ed +.D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val .Pp .Em Remarks : this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use @@ -851,19 +940,15 @@ statements, which should use .Pp See also .Sx \&Ao . -. .Ss \&Ar Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string .Dq file ... is used as a default. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fl o Ns Ar file1 -\&.Ar -\&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . -.Ed -. +.D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1 +.D1 \&.Ar +.D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 . .Ss \&At Formats an AT&T version. Accepts at most one parameter: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent @@ -878,10 +963,8 @@ A system version of Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.At -\&.At V.1 -.Ed +.D1 \&.At +.D1 \&.At V.1 .Pp See also .Sx \&Bsx , @@ -892,12 +975,10 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Bc Closes a .Sx \&Bo block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. .Ss \&Bd Begins a display block. A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively offset or justified in a manner different from that @@ -976,11 +1057,63 @@ See also .Sx \&D1 and .Sx \&Dl . -. .Ss \&Bf .Ss \&Bk .Ss \&Bl -. +.\" Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. A list entry is +.\" specified by the +.\" .Sx \&It +.\" macro, which consists of a head and optional body. By default, a list +.\" is preceded by a blank line. A list must specify one of the following +.\" list types: +.\" .Bl -tag -width 12n +.\" .It Fl bullet +.\" A list offset by a bullet. The head of list entries must be empty. +.\" List entry bodies are justified after the bullet. +.\" .It Fl column +.\" A columnated list. The number of columns is specified as arguments to +.\" the +.\" .Sx \&Bl +.\" macro (the deprecated form of following the invocation of +.\" .Fl column +.\" is also accepted). Arguments dictate the width of columns specified in +.\" list entries. List entry bodies must be left empty. Columns specified +.\" in the list entry head are justified to their position in the sequence +.\" of columns. +.\" .It Fl dash +.\" A list offset by a dash (hyphen). The head of list entries must be +.\" empty. List entry bodies are justified past the dash. +.\" .It Fl diag +.\" Like +.\" .Fl inset +.\" lists, but with additional formatting to the head. +.\" .It Fl enum +.\" A list offset by a number indicating list entry position. The head of +.\" list entries must be empty. List entry bodies are justified past the +.\" enumeration. +.\" .It Fl hang +.\" Like +.\" .Fl tag , +.\" but instead of list bodies justifying to the head on the first line, +.\" they trail the head text. +.\" .It Fl hyphen +.\" Synonym for +.\" .Fl dash . +.\" .It Fl inset +.\" Like +.\" .Fl tag , +.\" but list entry bodies aren't justified. +.\" .It Fl item +.\" An un-justified list. This produces blocks of text. +.\" .It Fl ohang +.\" List bodies are placed on the line following the head. +.\" .It Fl tag +.\" A list offset by list entry heads. List entry bodies are justified +.\" after the head. +.\" .El +.\" .Pp +.\" More... +.\" . .Ss \&Bo Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head arguments. @@ -988,19 +1121,16 @@ arguments. Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Bo 1 , -\&.Dv BUFSIZ Bc +\&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc .Ed .Pp See also .Sx \&Bq . -. .Ss \&Bq -Encloses its arguments in square brackets. +Encloses its arguments in square brackets. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bq 1 , Dv BUFSIZ -.Ed +.D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ .Pp .Em Remarks : this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for @@ -1012,12 +1142,10 @@ and .Pp See also .Sx \&Bo . -. .Ss \&Brc Closes a .Sx \&Bro block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. .Ss \&Bro Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head arguments. @@ -1025,32 +1153,26 @@ arguments. Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Bro 1 , ... , -\&.Va n Brc +\&.Va n \&Brc .Ed .Pp See also .Sx \&Brq . -. .Ss \&Brq Encloses its arguments in curly braces. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Brq 1 , ... , Va n -.Ed +.D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n .Pp See also .Sx \&Bro . -. .Ss \&Bsx Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bsx 1.0 -\&.Bsx -.Ed +.D1 \&.Bsx 1.0 +.D1 \&.Bsx .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1061,20 +1183,16 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Bt Prints .Dq is currently in beta test. -. .Ss \&Bx Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Bx 4.4 -\&.Bx -.Ed +.D1 \&.Bx 4.4 +.D1 \&.Bx .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1085,56 +1203,44 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Cd -Configuration declaration (suggested for use only in section four -manuals). This denotes strings accepted by +Configuration declaration. This denotes strings accepted by .Xr config 8 . .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Cd device le0 at scode? -.Ed +.D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode? .Pp .Em Remarks : this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain white-space and align consecutive .Sx \&Cd declarations. This practise is discouraged. -. .Ss \&Cm Command modifiers. Useful when specifying configuration options or keys. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Cm ControlPath -\&.Cm ControlMaster -.Ed +.D1 \&.Cm ControlPath +.D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster .Pp See also .Sx \&Fl . -. .Ss \&D1 One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented statements. It is followed by a newline. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.D1 Fl abcdefgh -.Ed +.D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh .Pp See also .Sx \&Bd and .Sx \&Dl . -. .Ss \&Db .Ss \&Dc Closes a .Sx \&Do block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. .Ss \&Dd Document date. This is the mandatory first macro of any .Nm @@ -1142,65 +1248,56 @@ manual. Its calling syntax is as follows: .Pp .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date .Pp -The +The .Cm date field may be either .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ , which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by -.Xr cvs 1 +.Xr cvs 1 , or instead a valid canonical date as specified by .Sx Dates . +If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ -\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ -\&.Dd July 21, 2007 -.Ed +.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ +.D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ +.D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007 .Pp See also .Sx \&Dt and .Sx \&Os . -. .Ss \&Dl One-line intended display. This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less -.Ed +.D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less .Pp See also .Sx \&Bd and .Sx \&D1 . -. .Ss \&Do Begins a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.D1 Do April is the cruellest month Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot -.Ed +.D1 \&.D1 \&Do April is the cruellest month \&Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot .Pp See also .Sx \&Dq . -. .Ss \&Dq -Encloses its arguments in double quotes. +Encloses its arguments in double quotes. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&.Dq April is the cruellest month \e(em T.S. Eliot .Ed .Pp See also .Sx \&Do . -. .Ss \&Dt Document title. This is the mandatory second macro of any .Nm @@ -1296,6 +1393,7 @@ subsequent that. It, too, is optional. It must be on .Ar hppa64 , .Ar i386 , .Ar landisk , +.Ar loongson , .Ar luna88k , .Ar mac68k , .Ar macppc , @@ -1314,39 +1412,31 @@ or .El .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dt FOO 1 -\&.Dt FOO 4 KM -\&.Dt FOO 9 i386 -\&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386 -.Ed +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 1 +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 +.D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386 .Pp See also .Sx \&Dd and .Sx \&Os . -. .Ss \&Dv Defined variables such as preprocessor constants. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dv BUFSIZ -\&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO -.Ed +.D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ +.D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO .Pp See also .Sx \&Er . -. .Ss \&Dx -Format the DragonFlyBSD version provided as an argument, or a default +Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Dx 2.4.1 -\&.Dx -.Ed +.D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1 +.D1 \&.Dx .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1357,7 +1447,6 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Ec .Ss \&Ed .Ss \&Ef @@ -1369,37 +1458,27 @@ presentation term and should not be used for stylistic technical terms. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ed Warnings! -\&.Ed Remarks : -.Ed -. +.D1 \&.Em Warnings! +.D1 \&.Em Remarks : .Ss \&En .Ss \&Eo .Ss \&Er -Error constants (suggested for use only in section two manuals). +Display error constants. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Er EPERM -\&.Er ENOENT -.Ed +.D1 \&.Er EPERM +.D1 \&.Er ENOENT .Pp See also .Sx \&Dv . -. .Ss \&Es -. .Ss \&Ev Environmental variables such as those specified in .Xr environ 7 . .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ev DISPLAY -\&.Ev PATH -.Ed -. +.D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY +.D1 \&.Ev PATH .Ss \&Ex Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. This macro must have first the @@ -1415,6 +1494,21 @@ is provided. .Ss \&Fc .Ss \&Fd .Ss \&Fl +Command-line flag. Used when listing arguments to command-line +utilities. Prints a fixed-width hyphen +.Sq \- +directly followed by each argument. If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is +printed followed by a space. If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is +prefixed to the subsequent macro output. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Fl a b c +.D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b +.D1 \&.Fl +.D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Cm . .Ss \&Fn .Ss \&Fo .Ss \&Fr @@ -1424,10 +1518,8 @@ Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Fx 7.1 -\&.Fx -.Ed +.D1 \&.Fx 7.1 +.D1 \&.Fx .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1438,7 +1530,6 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Hf .Ss \&Ic .Ss \&In @@ -1446,6 +1537,16 @@ and .Ss \&Lb .Ss \&Li .Ss \&Lk +Format a hyperlink. The calling syntax is as follows: +.Pp +.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project" +.D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Mt . .Ss \&Lp .Ss \&Ms .Ss \&Mt @@ -1458,10 +1559,8 @@ Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Nx 5.01 -\&.Nx -.Ed +.D1 \&.Nx 5.01 +.D1 \&.Nx .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1472,7 +1571,6 @@ See also .Sx \&Ox , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Oc .Ss \&Oo .Ss \&Op @@ -1491,32 +1589,26 @@ unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system the suggested form. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Os -\&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS -\&.Os BSD 4.3 -.Ed +.D1 \&.Os +.D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS +.D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3 .Pp See also .Sx \&Dd and .Sx \&Dt . -. .Ss \&Ot Unknown usage. .Pp .Em Remarks : this macro has been deprecated. -. .Ss \&Ox Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no argument is provided. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ox 4.5 -\&.Ox -.Ed +.D1 \&.Ox 4.5 +.D1 \&.Ox .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1527,7 +1619,6 @@ See also .Sx \&Nx , and .Sx \&Ux . -. .Ss \&Pa .Ss \&Pc .Ss \&Pf @@ -1538,16 +1629,14 @@ and .Ss \&Ql .Ss \&Qo .Ss \&Qq -. .Ss \&Re Closes a .Sx \&Rs block. Does not have any tail arguments. -. .Ss \&Rs Begins a bibliographic .Pq Dq reference -block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro and may only +block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only contain .Sx \&%A , .Sx \&%B , @@ -1566,7 +1655,7 @@ and child macros (at least one must be specified). .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact \&.Rs \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft \&.%A J. D. Ullman @@ -1582,7 +1671,6 @@ If an block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current line. -. .Ss \&Rv .Ss \&Sc .Ss \&Sh @@ -1599,9 +1687,7 @@ line. Format the UNIX name. Accepts no argument. .Pp Examples: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.Ux -.Ed +.D1 \&.Ux .Pp See also .Sx \&At , @@ -1612,50 +1698,115 @@ See also .Sx \&Nx , and .Sx \&Ox . -. .Ss \&Va .Ss \&Vt +A variable type. This is also used for indicating global variables in the +SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. Note that +it accepts +.Sx Block partial-implicit +syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it +accepts ordinary +.Sx In-line +syntax. +.Pp +Note that this should not be confused with +.Sx \&Ft , +which is used for function return types. +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Vt unsigned char +.D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ; +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&Ft +and +.Sx \&Va . .Ss \&Xc +Close a scope opened by +.Sx \&Xo . .Ss \&Xo +Open an extension scope. This macro originally existed to extend the +9-argument limit of troff; since this limit has been lifted, the macro +has been deprecated. .Ss \&Xr +Link to another manual +.Pq Qq cross-reference . +Its calling syntax is +.Pp +.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section +.Pp +The +.Cm name +and +.Cm section +are the name and section of the linked manual. If +.Cm section +is followed by non-punctuation, an +.Sx \&Ns +is inserted into the token stream. This behaviour is for compatibility +with +.Xr groff 1 . +.Pp +Examples: +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 ; +.D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour .Ss \&br .Ss \&sp -. -. .Sh COMPATIBILITY -This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at -this time limited to -.Xr groff 1 . +This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other +troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff +.Pq Qq groff . The term .Qq historic groff -refers to those versions before the +refers to groff versions before the .Pa doc.tmac file re-write .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 . -. .Pp +Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting +\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff. +.Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -Negative scaling units are now truncated to zero instead of creating -interesting conditions, such as with -.Sq \&sp -1i . -Furthermore, the +The comment syntax +.Sq \e." +is no longer accepted. +.It +In groff, the +.Sx \&Pa +macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under +certain list types. mandoc does. +.It +Historic groff does not print a dash for empty +.Sx \&Fl +arguments. mandoc and newer groff implementations do. +.It +groff behaves irregularly when specifying +.Sq \ef +.Sx Text Decoration +within line-macro scopes. mandoc follows a consistent system. +.It +In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would +move to prior lines. Furthermore, the .Sq f scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit. .It In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic -behaviour is no longer applicable. +behaviour is not applicable in mandoc. .It Display types -.Sx \&Bd Fl center +.Sx \&Bd +.Fl center and .Fl right are aliases for -.Fl left . -The +.Fl left +in manodc. Furthermore, the .Fl file Ar file -argument is ignored. Since text is not right-justified, +argument is ignored. Lastly, since text is not right-justified in +mandoc (or even groff), .Fl ragged and .Fl filled @@ -1664,19 +1815,14 @@ are aliases, as are and .Fl unfilled . .It -Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text -lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace -in free-form text lines. -.It Historic groff has many un-callable macros. Most of these (excluding -some block-level macros) are now callable, conforming to the -non-historic groff version. +some block-level macros) are now callable. .It The vertical bar .Sq \(ba made historic groff .Qq go orbital -but is a proper delimiter in this implementation. +but has been a proper delimiter since then. .It .Sx \&It Fl nested is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be @@ -1687,24 +1833,29 @@ lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. Some manuals use .Sx \&Li incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the -delimiter to render. This is not supported. +delimiter to render. This is not supported in mandoc. .It In groff, the .Sx \&Fo -macro only produces the first parameter. This is no longer the case. +macro only produces the first parameter. This is not the case in +mandoc. +.It +In groff, the +.Sx \&Cd , +.Sx \&Er , +and +.Sx \&Ex +macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections. mandoc +does not have these restrictions. .El -. -. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr mandoc 1 , .Xr mandoc_char 7 -. -. .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm reference was written by -.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se . +.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv . .\" .\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats. .\" .