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.Dd $Mdocdate: March 22 2009 $
-.Dt "Writing Unix Documentation" paper
+.Dt manuals 7
.Os
+.\" SECTION
.Sh NAME
-.Nm Writing Unix Documentation
-.Nd a guide to writing Unix manuals
+.Nm Writing UNIX Documentation
+.Nd a guide to writing UNIX manuals
+.\" SECTION
.Sh DESCRIPTION
-
- Writing Unix Documentation
-
+.Em A utility without good documentation is of no utility at all .
+.\" PARAGRAPH
+.Pp
+A system component's documentation describes the utility of that
+component, whether it's a device driver, an executable or, most
+importantly, a game. Although there are plenty of documents available
+on how to read
+.Ux
+documents, or where to find them, few focus on composition.
+.\" PARAGRAPH
+.Pp
+This document serves as a tutorial to writing
+.Ux
+documentation
+.Pq Dq manuals .
+If you add something to your operating system, whether it's a new file
+format or directory structure or device driver, it needs documentation.
+.\" SECTION
+.Sh CLASSIFICATION
+Classify your system component. In
+.Ux ,
+each component has a
+.Dq manual section ,
+which categorises the component's function. The section of a manual is
+usually listed in parenthesis next to the component name, such as
+.Xr ps 1 ,
+section 1. You can query a manual explicitly by its section:
+.Pp
+.Dl % man \-s 1 ps
+.Pp
+The following table lists broad classifications and the applicable
+manual sections:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Category
+.Em Section(s)
+.It Device
+4
+.It Executable
+1, 6, 8
+.It Function
+2, 3, 9
+.It File-format
+5
+.It Other
+7
+.El
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Devices
+Consists of hardware (and pseudo-) device driver documentation. Drivers
+are unilaterally classified in section 4.
+.Em Note :
+these manuals are necessarily system- and architecture-specific.
+.Pp
+Example:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "File-formatX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Manual
+.Em Description
+.It Xr dc 4
+DEC/Intel 10/100 Ethernet device
+.El
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Executables
+Executables consist of runnable binaries. They're further classified by
+operator utility:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Section
+.Em Description
+.It 1
+operator utilities
+.It 8
+administrator utilities
+.It 6
+games
+.El
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Manual
+.Em Description
+.It Xr usermod 8
+modify user login information
+.It Xr cc 1
+the C compiler
+.It Xr fortune 6
+print a random adage
+.El
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Functions
+Function documentation describes programme source code, whether in the
+form of libraries, modules or standalone sources. They're further
+classified by context:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Section
+.Em Description
+.It 2
+system calls
+.It 3, 3p, 3f
+programming libraries (C, Perl, Fortran)
+.It 9
+in-kernel routines
+.El
+.Pp
+.Em Note :
+section 2 and 9 manuals are necessarily system- and often
+architecture-specific. Examples:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Manual
+.Em Description
+.It Xr open 2
+open or create a file for reading or writing
+.It Xr isspace 3
+whitespace character test
+.It Xr Pod::Man 3p
+convert POD data to formatted roff
+.It Xr tsleep 9
+process context sleep
+.El
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss File-formats
+A file format usually describes the format of on-disc binary or text
+data, although it can also be used to describe wire protocols (this is
+usually best left to RFC). These manuals are unilaterally classified in
+section 5.
+.Pp
+Example:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Manual
+.Em Description
+.It Xr passwd 5
+format of the password file
+.El
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Other
+Documents with no other classification are relegated to section 7. This
+constitutes reference tutorials (such as this document) and other
+miscellaneous information.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width "XXXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent -compact
+.It Em Manual
+.Em Description
+.It Xr ascii 7
+ASCII character sets
+.It Xr symlink 7
+symbolic link handling
+.El
+.\" SECTION
+.Sh COMPOSITION
+Prepare your composition environment.
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Naming
+Your component will need a name by which to query its contents via
+.Xr man 1 .
+Keep it simple. You may want to look for other manuals by that same
+name before committing:
+.Pp
+.Dl % apropos myname
+.Pp
+Conventionally, manual files are named
+.Pa myname.section ,
+such as
+.Pa manuals.7
+for this document.
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Input Language
+Manuals should
+.Em always
+be written in the
+.Xr mdoc 7
+formatting language.
+.Pp
+There exist other documentation-specific languages, such as the
+historical
+.Xr me 7 ,
+.Xr ms 7
+and
+.Xr man 7
+packages of
+.Xr roff 7 ;
+newer languages such as DocBook, texinfo or schema-driven XML; or even
+ad-hoc conventions such as README files.
+.Em Stay away from these methods!
+Historical formats fail to capture a manual's semantic content, instead
+only modelling its style. Newer methods requires special,
+system-specific tools and may change or become obsolete over the
+life-time of your component.
+.Pp
+There are two canonical references for writing mdoc manuals:
+.Pp
+.\" LIST
+.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -offset indent -compact
+.It Xr mdoc 7
+formal language reference
+.It Xr mdoc.samples 7
+macro reference
+.El
+.Pp
+Don't merely copy existing manuals! Most systems distribute an mdoc
+template to help you get started in
+.Pa /usr/share/misc/mdoc.template .
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Development Tools
+While writing, make sure that your manual is correctly structured:
+.Pp
+.Dl % mandoc \-Tlint \-Wall name.1
+.Pp
+You may spell-check your work as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl % deroff name.1 | spell
+.Dl % ispell \-n name.1
+.Pp
+Use
+.Xr cvs 1
+or, if not available,
+.Xr rcs 1
+to version-control your work. If you wish the last check-in to effect
+your document's date, use the following RCS tag for the date macro:
+.Pp
+.Dl \&.Dd $Mdocdate: March 22 2009 $
+.Pp
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Viewing
+mdoc documents may be paged to your terminal with traditional
+tools such as
+.Xr nroff 1 ,
+.Xr groff 1 ,
+or with newer, more powerful tools such as
+.Xr mandoc 1 :
+.\" DISPLAY
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+% nroff \-mandoc name.1 | less
+% groff \-Tascii \-mandoc name.1 | less
+% mandoc name.1 | less
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Other output formats are also supported:
+.\" DISPLAY
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+% groff \-Tps \-mandoc name.1 | less
+% mandoc \-Thtml name.1 | less
+.Ed
+.\" SUBSECTION
+.Ss Automation
+Consider adding your mdoc documents to
+.Xr make 1
+Makefiles in order to automatically check your input and generate
+output:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.SUFFIXES: .html .txt .1 .in
-
- A utility without documentation is of no utility at all.
-
+\&.in.1:
+ mandoc -Wall,error -Tlint $<
+ cp -f $< $@
-
- A system component's documentation describes the utility of that component, whether it's a device
- driver, an executable or, most importantly, a game. Although there are plenty of documents available on
- how to read Unix documents, or where to find them, few focus on how to write them.
-
+\&.1.html:
+ mandoc -Thtml $< >$@
-
- This document serves as a reference guide to writing Unix documentation. If you add something to your
- operating system, whether it's a new file format or directory structure or device driver, it needs
- documentation.
-
-
-
-
- |
-
- |
-
-
-
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-