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version 1.1, 2009/03/23 16:02:56 version 1.12, 2009/06/11 07:26:35
Line 1 
Line 1 
 .\" $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@openbsd.org>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 .\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all  .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 .\" copies.  
 .\"  .\"
 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL  .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 .\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED  .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE  .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 .\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL  .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 .\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR  .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER  .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR  .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.  .\"
 .\"  
 .Dd $Mdocdate$  .Dd $Mdocdate$
 .Dt man 7  .Dt MAN 7
 .Os  .Os
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
Line 29  The
Line 27  The
 .Nm man  .Nm man
 language was historically used to format  language was historically used to format
 .Ux  .Ux
 manuals.  In this reference document, we describe the syntax and  manuals.  This reference document describes the syntax and structure of
 structure of the  this language.
 .Nm  
 language.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em \&Do not  .Em \&Do not
 use  use
Line 46  An
Line 42  An
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control
 character  character
 .Sq \.  .Sq \&.
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
 prior macros:  prior macros:
 .Bd -literal -offset XXX  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.SH Macro lines change control state.  \&.SH Macro lines change control state.
 Other lines are interpreted within the current state.  Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Macros are character sequences whose structural rules are described  
 later in this document.  
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh INPUT ENCODING  .Sh INPUT ENCODING
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 64  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII chara
Line 56  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII chara
 space character  space character
 .Sq \  .  .Sq \  .
 All manuals must have  All manuals must have
   .Ux
 .Sq \en  .Sq \en
 line termination.  line termination.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Blank lines are acceptable; where found, the output will also assert a  Blank lines are acceptable; where found, the output will assert a
 vertical space.  vertical space.
   .Pp
   The
   .Sq \ec
   escape is common in historical
   .Nm
   documents; if encountered at the end of a word, it ensures that the
   subsequent word isn't off-set by whitespace.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .\" SUB-SECTION
 .Ss Special Characters  .Ss Special Characters
 Special character sequences begin with the escape character  Special character sequences begin with the escape character
 .Sq \\  .Sq \e
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  followed by either an open-parenthesis
 .Sq \&(  .Sq \&(
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
Line 82  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-brack
Line 82  for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-brack
 or a single one-character sequence.  or a single one-character sequence.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,  Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,
 .Sq \\* ,  .Sq \e* ,
 with the same combinations as described above.  This form is deprecated.  with the same combinations as described above.  This form is deprecated.
 .Pp  
 The following is a table of all available escapes.  
 .Pp  
 Grammatic:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(em  
 .Pq em-dash  
 .It \\(en  
 .Pq en-dash  
 .It \e-  
 .Pq hyphen  
 .It \\\\  
 .Pq back-slash  
 .It \e'  
 .Pq apostrophe  
 .It \e`  
 .Pq back-tick  
 .It \\  
 .Pq space  
 .It \\.  
 .Pq period  
 .It \\(r!  
 .Pq upside-down exclamation  
 .It \\(r?  
 .Pq upside-down question  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Enclosures:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(lh  
 .Pq left hand  
 .It \\(rh  
 .Pq right hand  
 .It \\(Fo  
 .Pq left guillemet  
 .It \\(Fc  
 .Pq right guillemet  
 .It \\(fo  
 .Pq left guilsing  
 .It \\(fc  
 .Pq right guilsing  
 .It \\(rC  
 .Pq right brace  
 .It \\(lC  
 .Pq left brace  
 .It \\(ra  
 .Pq right angle  
 .It \\(la  
 .Pq left angle  
 .It \\(rB  
 .Pq right bracket  
 .It \\(lB  
 .Pq left bracket  
 .It \\q  
 .Pq double-quote  
 .It \\(lq  
 .Pq left double-quote  
 .It \\(Lq  
 .Pq left double-quote, deprecated  
 .It \\(rq  
 .Pq right double-quote  
 .It \\(Rq  
 .Pq right double-quote, deprecated  
 .It \\(oq  
 .Pq left single-quote  
 .It \\(aq  
 .Pq right single-quote  
 .It \\(Bq  
 .Pq right low double-quote  
 .It \\(bq  
 .Pq right low single-quote  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Indicatives:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(<-  
 .Pq left arrow  
 .It \\(->  
 .Pq right arrow  
 .It \\(ua  
 .Pq up arrow  
 .It \\(da  
 .Pq down arrow  
 .It \\(<>  
 .Pq left-right arrow  
 .It \\(lA  
 .Pq left double-arrow  
 .It \\(rA  
 .Pq right double-arrow  
 .It \\(uA  
 .Pq up double-arrow  
 .It \\(dA  
 .Pq down double-arrow  
 .It \\(hA  
 .Pq left-right double-arrow  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Mathematical:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(es  
 .Pq empty set  
 .It \\(ca  
 .Pq intersection  
 .It \\(cu  
 .Pq union  
 .It \\(gr  
 .Pq gradient  
 .It \\(pd  
 .Pq partial differential  
 .It \\(ap  
 .Pq similarity  
 .It \\(=)  
 .Pq proper superset  
 .It \\((=  
 .Pq proper subset  
 .It \\(eq  
 .Pq equals  
 .It \\(di  
 .Pq division  
 .It \\(mu  
 .Pq multiplication  
 .It \\(pl  
 .Pq addition  
 .It \\(nm  
 .Pq not element  
 .It \\(mo  
 .Pq element  
 .It \\(Im  
 .Pq imaginary  
 .It \\(Re  
 .Pq real  
 .It \\(Ah  
 .Pq aleph  
 .It \\(te  
 .Pq existential quantifier  
 .It \\(fa  
 .Pq universal quantifier  
 .It \\(AN  
 .Pq logical AND  
 .It \\(OR  
 .Pq logical OR  
 .It \\(no  
 .Pq logical NOT  
 .It \\(st  
 .Pq such that  
 .It \\(tf  
 .Pq therefore  
 .It \\(~~  
 .Pq approximate  
 .It \\(~=  
 .Pq approximately equals  
 .It \\(=~  
 .Pq congruent  
 .It \\(Gt  
 .Pq greater-than, deprecated  
 .It \\(Lt  
 .Pq less-than, deprecated  
 .It \\(<=  
 .Pq less-than-equal  
 .It \\(Le  
 .Pq less-than-equal, deprecated  
 .It \\(>=  
 .Pq greater-than-equal  
 .It \\(Ge  
 .Pq greater-than-equal  
 .It \\(==  
 .Pq equal  
 .It \\(!=  
 .Pq not equal  
 .It \\(Ne  
 .Pq not equal, deprecated  
 .It \\(if  
 .Pq infinity  
 .It \\(If  
 .Pq infinity, deprecated  
 .It \\(na  
 .Pq NaN , an extension  
 .It \\(Na  
 .Pq NaN, deprecated  
 .It \\(+-  
 .Pq plus-minus  
 .It \\(Pm  
 .Pq plus-minus, deprecated  
 .It \\(**  
 .Pq asterisk  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Ligatures:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(ss  
 .Pq German eszett  
 .It \\(AE  
 .Pq upper-case AE  
 .It \\(ae  
 .Pq lower-case AE  
 .It \\(OE  
 .Pq upper-case OE  
 .It \\(oe  
 .Pq lower-case OE  
 .It \\(ff  
 .Pq ff ligature  
 .It \\(fi  
 .Pq fi ligature  
 .It \\(fl  
 .Pq fl ligature  
 .It \\(Fi  
 .Pq ffi ligature  
 .It \\(Fl  
 .Pq ffl ligature  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Diacritics and letters:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(ga  
 .Pq grave accent  
 .It \\(aa  
 .Pq accute accent  
 .It \\(a"  
 .Pq umlaut accent  
 .It \\(ad  
 .Pq dieresis accent  
 .It \\(a~  
 .Pq tilde accent  
 .It \\(a^  
 .Pq circumflex accent  
 .It \\(ac  
 .Pq cedilla accent  
 .It \\(ad  
 .Pq dieresis accent  
 .It \\(ah  
 .Pq caron accent  
 .It \\(ao  
 .Pq ring accent  
 .It \\(ho  
 .Pq hook accent  
 .It \\(ab  
 .Pq breve accent  
 .It \\(a-  
 .Pq macron accent  
 .It \\(-D  
 .Pq upper-case eth  
 .It \\(Sd  
 .Pq lower-case eth  
 .It \\(TP  
 .Pq upper-case thorn  
 .It \\(Tp  
 .Pq lower-case thorn  
 .It \\('A  
 .Pq upper-case acute A  
 .It \\('E  
 .Pq upper-case acute E  
 .It \\('I  
 .Pq upper-case acute I  
 .It \\('O  
 .Pq upper-case acute O  
 .It \\('U  
 .Pq upper-case acute U  
 .It \\('a  
 .Pq lower-case acute a  
 .It \\('e  
 .Pq lower-case acute e  
 .It \\('i  
 .Pq lower-case acute i  
 .It \\('o  
 .Pq lower-case acute o  
 .It \\('u  
 .Pq lower-case acute u  
 .It \\(`A  
 .Pq upper-case grave A  
 .It \\(`E  
 .Pq upper-case grave E  
 .It \\(`I  
 .Pq upper-case grave I  
 .It \\(`O  
 .Pq upper-case grave O  
 .It \\(`U  
 .Pq upper-case grave U  
 .It \\(`a  
 .Pq lower-case grave a  
 .It \\(`e  
 .Pq lower-case grave e  
 .It \\(`i  
 .Pq lower-case grave i  
 .It \\(`o  
 .Pq lower-case grave o  
 .It \\(`u  
 .Pq lower-case grave u  
 .It \\(~A  
 .Pq upper-case tilde A  
 .It \\(~N  
 .Pq upper-case tilde N  
 .It \\(~O  
 .Pq upper-case tilde O  
 .It \\(~a  
 .Pq lower-case tilde a  
 .It \\(~n  
 .Pq lower-case tilde n  
 .It \\(~o  
 .Pq lower-case tilde o  
 .It \\(:A  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis A  
 .It \\(:E  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis E  
 .It \\(:I  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis I  
 .It \\(:O  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis O  
 .It \\(:U  
 .Pq upper-case dieresis U  
 .It \\(:a  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis a  
 .It \\(:e  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis e  
 .It \\(:i  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis i  
 .It \\(:o  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis o  
 .It \\(:u  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis u  
 .It \\(:y  
 .Pq lower-case dieresis y  
 .It \\(^A  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex A  
 .It \\(^E  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex E  
 .It \\(^I  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex I  
 .It \\(^O  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex O  
 .It \\(^U  
 .Pq upper-case circumflex U  
 .It \\(^a  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex a  
 .It \\(^e  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex e  
 .It \\(^i  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex i  
 .It \\(^o  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex o  
 .It \\(^u  
 .Pq lower-case circumflex u  
 .It \\(,C  
 .Pq upper-case cedilla C  
 .It \\(,c  
 .Pq lower-case cedilla c  
 .It \\(/L  
 .Pq upper-case stroke L  
 .It \\(/l  
 .Pq lower-case stroke l  
 .It \\(/O  
 .Pq upper-case stroke O  
 .It \\(/o  
 .Pq lower-case stroke o  
 .It \\(oA  
 .Pq upper-case ring A  
 .It \\(oa  
 .Pq lower-case ring a  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Monetary:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(Cs  
 .Pq Scandinavian  
 .It \\(Do  
 .Pq dollar  
 .It \\(Po  
 .Pq pound  
 .It \\(Ye  
 .Pq yen  
 .It \\(Fn  
 .Pq florin  
 .It \\(ct  
 .Pq cent  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  
 Special symbols:  
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  
 .It \\(de  
 .Pq degree  
 .It \\(ps  
 .Pq paragraph  
 .It \\(sc  
 .Pq section  
 .It \\(dg  
 .Pq dagger  
 .It \\(dd  
 .Pq double dagger  
 .It \\(ci  
 .Pq circle  
 .It \\(ba  
 .Pq bar  
 .It \\(bb  
 .Pq broken bar  
 .It \\(Ba  
 .Pq bar, deprecated  
 .It \\(co  
 .Pq copyright  
 .It \\(rg  
 .Pq registered  
 .It \\(tm  
 .Pq trademarked  
 .It \\&  
 .Pq non-breaking space  
 .It \\e  
 .Pq escape  
 .It \\(Am  
 .Pq ampersand, deprecated  
 .El  
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh STRUCTURE  .Sh STRUCTURE
 Macros are case in-sensitive and one to three three characters in  Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
 length.  All follow the same structural rules:  control character ,
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Sq \&. ,
 \&.Yo \(lBbody...\(rB  at the beginning of the line.  An arbitrary amount of whitespace may
   sit between the control character and the macro name.  Thus,
   .Sq \&.PP
   and
   .Sq \&.\ \ \ \&PP
   are equivalent.
   .Pp
   All
   .Nm
   macros follow the same structural rules:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.YO \(lBbody...\(rB
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Dq body  .Dq body
 consists of zero or more arguments to the macro.  consists of zero or more arguments to the macro.
   .Pp
   .Nm
   has a primitive notion of multi-line scope for the following macros:
   .Sq \&.TM ,
   .Sq \&.SM ,
   .Sq \&.SB ,
   .Sq \&.BI ,
   .Sq \&.IB ,
   .Sq \&.BR ,
   .Sq \&.RB ,
   .Sq \&.R ,
   .Sq \&.B ,
   .Sq \&.I ,
   .Sq \&.IR
   and
   .Sq \&.RI .
   When these macros are invoked without arguments, the subsequent line is
   considered a continuation of the macro.  Thus:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.RI
   foo
   .Ed
   .Pp
   is equivalent to
   .Sq \&.RI foo .
   If two consecutive lines exhibit the latter behaviour,
   an error is raised.  Thus, the following is not acceptable:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.RI
   \&.I
   Hello, world.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The
   .Sq \&.TP
   macro is similar, but does not need an empty argument line to trigger
   the behaviour.
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .\" PARAGRAPH
 .Sh MACROS  .Sh MACROS
 This section contains a complete list of all  This section contains a complete list of all
 .Nm  .Nm
 macros, arranged alphabetically, with the number of arguments.  macros and corresponding number of arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "Arguments" -compact -offset XXXX  .Bl -column "MacroX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments  .It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments
 .It \&.TH    Ta    >0  .It \&.TH    Ta    >1, <6
 .It \&.SH    Ta    n  .It \&.SH    Ta    >0
 .It \&.SS    Ta    n  .It \&.SS    Ta    >0
 .It \&.TP    Ta    n  .It \&.TP    Ta    n
 .It \&.LP    Ta    n  .It \&.LP    Ta    0
 .It \&.PP    Ta    n  .It \&.PP    Ta    0
 .It \&.P     Ta    n  .It \&.P     Ta    0
 .It \&.IP    Ta    n  .It \&.IP    Ta    <3
 .It \&.HP    Ta    n  .It \&.HP    Ta    <2
 .It \&.SM    Ta    n  .It \&.SM    Ta    n
 .It \&.SB    Ta    n  .It \&.SB    Ta    n
 .It \&.BI    Ta    n  .It \&.BI    Ta    n
Line 537  macros, arranged alphabetically, with the number of ar
Line 170  macros, arranged alphabetically, with the number of ar
 .It \&.B     Ta    n  .It \&.B     Ta    n
 .It \&.I     Ta    n  .It \&.I     Ta    n
 .It \&.IR    Ta    n  .It \&.IR    Ta    n
   .It \&.RI    Ta    n
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   Although not historically part of the
   .Nm
   system, the following macros are also supported:
   .Pp
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments
   .It \&.br    Ta    0
   .It \&.i     Ta    n
   .El
   .Pp
   These follow the same calling conventions as the above
   .Nm
   macros.
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr mandoc 1  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm
 utility was written by  utility was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@openbsd.org .  .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se .
 .\" SECTION  .\" SECTION
 .Sh CAVEATS  .Sh CAVEATS
 Do not use this language.  Use  Do not use this language.  Use
Legend:
Removed from v.1.1  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.12
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