=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/man.7,v retrieving revision 1.35 retrieving revision 1.128 diff -u -p -r1.35 -r1.128 --- mandoc/man.7 2009/08/21 12:12:12 1.35 +++ mandoc/man.7 2014/12/28 15:23:33 1.128 @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ -.\" $Id: man.7,v 1.35 2009/08/21 12:12:12 kristaps Exp $ +.\" $Id: man.7,v 1.128 2014/12/28 15:23:33 schwarze Exp $ .\" -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Kristaps Dzonsons +.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, 2013 Ingo Schwarze +.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Joerg Sonnenberger .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -14,525 +16,944 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: August 21 2009 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: December 28 2014 $ .Dt MAN 7 .Os -. -. .Sh NAME .Nm man -.Nd man language reference -. -. +.Nd legacy formatting language for manual pages .Sh DESCRIPTION -The +Traditionally, the .Nm man -language was historically used to format +language has been used to write .Ux -manuals. This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and -usage. -. +manuals for the +.Xr man 1 +utility. +It supports limited control of presentational details like fonts, +indentation and spacing. +This reference document describes the structure of manual pages +and the syntax and usage of the man language. .Pp .Bf -emphasis Do not use .Nm -to write your manuals. +to write your manuals: .Ef +It lacks support for semantic markup. Use the .Xr mdoc 7 language, instead. -. .Pp -An +In a .Nm -document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control -character +document, lines beginning with the control character .Sq \&. -are parsed for macros. Other lines are interpreted within the scope of -prior macros: +are called +.Dq macro lines . +The first word is the macro name. +It usually consists of two capital letters. +For a list of available macros, see +.Sx MACRO OVERVIEW . +The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro. +.Pp +Lines not beginning with the control character are called +.Dq text lines . +They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text +depends on the respective processing context: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.SH Macro lines change control state. -Other lines are interpreted within the current state. +Text lines are interpreted within the current state. .Ed -. -. -.Sh INPUT ENCODING -.Nm -documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the -space character, and the tabs character. All manuals must have -.Ux -line termination. -. .Pp -Blank lines are acceptable; where found, the output will assert a -vertical space. -. -.Pp -The -.Sq \ec -escape is common in historical +Many aspects of the basic syntax of the .Nm -documents; if encountered at the end of a word, it ensures that the -subsequent word isn't off-set by whitespace. -. -. -.Ss Comments -Text following a -.Sq \e\*" , -whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of -line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape, -.Sq \&.\e" , -is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and -optionally whitespace are stripped from input. -. -. -.Ss Special Characters -Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines. -Sequences begin with the escape character -.Sq \e -followed by either an open-parenthesis -.Sq \&( -for two-character sequences; an open-bracket -.Sq \&[ -for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket -.Sq \&] ) ; -or a single one-character sequence. See -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -for a complete list. Examples include -.Sq \e(em -.Pq em-dash +language are based on the +.Xr roff 7 +language; see the +.Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX and -.Sq \ee -.Pq back-slash . -. -. -.Ss Text Decoration -Terms may be text-decorated using the -.Sq \ef -escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R -(Roman, or reset). -. -. -.Ss Whitespace -Unless specifically escaped, consecutive blocks of whitespace are pruned -from input. These are later re-added, if applicable, by a front-end -utility such as -.Xr mandoc 1 . -. -. +.Em MACRO SYNTAX +sections in the +.Xr roff 7 +manual for details, in particular regarding +comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting. .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE Each .Nm -document must contain contains at least the -.Sq TH -macro describing the document's section and title. It may occur -anywhere in the document, although conventionally, it appears as the -first macro. -. +document must contain the +.Sx \&TH +macro describing the document's section and title. +It may occur anywhere in the document, although conventionally it +appears as the first macro. .Pp Beyond -.Sq TH , -at least one macro or text node must appear in the document. Documents -are generally structured as follows: +.Sx \&TH , +at least one macro or text line must appear in the document. +.Pp +The following is a well-formed skeleton +.Nm +file for a utility +.Qq progname : .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.TH FOO 1 "13 Aug 2009" -\&. +\&.TH PROGNAME 1 2009-10-10 \&.SH NAME -\efBfoo\efR \e(en a description goes here -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH LIBRARY -\&. +\efBprogname\efR \e(en one line about what it does +\&.\e\(dq .SH LIBRARY +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. \&.SH SYNOPSIS -\efBfoo\efR [\efB\e-options\efR] arguments... -\&. +\efBprogname\efR [\efB\e-options\efR] \efIfile ...\efR \&.SH DESCRIPTION -The \efBfoo\efR utility processes files... -\&. -\&.\e\*q .SH IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH EXIT STATUS -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH RETURN VALUES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH ENVIRONMENT -\&.\e\*q .SH FILES -\&.\e\*q .SH EXAMPLES -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH DIAGNOSTICS -\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only. -\&.\e\*q .SH ERRORS -\&.\e\*q .SH SEE ALSO -\&.\e\*q \efBbar\efR(1) -\&.\e\*q .SH STANDARDS -\&.\e\*q .SH HISTORY -\&.\e\*q .SH AUTHORS -\&.\e\*q .SH CAVEATS -\&.\e\*q .SH BUGS -\&.\e\*q .SH SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +The \efBfoo\efR utility processes files ... +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT +\&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. +\&.\e\(dq .SH RETURN VALUES +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH ENVIRONMENT +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH FILES +\&.\e\(dq .SH EXIT STATUS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH EXAMPLES +\&.\e\(dq .SH DIAGNOSTICS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH ERRORS +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only. +\&.\e\(dq .SH SEE ALSO +\&.\e\(dq .BR foobar ( 1 ) +\&.\e\(dq .SH STANDARDS +\&.\e\(dq .SH HISTORY +\&.\e\(dq .SH AUTHORS +\&.\e\(dq .SH CAVEATS +\&.\e\(dq .SH BUGS +\&.\e\(dq .SH SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +\&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. .Ed -. -. -.Sh MACRO SYNTAX -Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a -control character , -.Sq \&. , -at the beginning of the line. An arbitrary amount of whitespace may -sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus, -.Sq .PP -and -.Sq \&.\ \ \ PP -are equivalent. -. .Pp -The +The sections in a .Nm -macros are classified by scope: line scope or block scope. Line -macros are only scoped to the current line (and, in some situations, -the subsequent line). Block macros are scoped to the current line and -subsequent lines until closed by another block macro. -. -. -.Ss Line Macros -Line macros are generally scoped to the current line, with the body -consisting of zero or more arguments. If a macro is scoped to the next -line and the line arguments are empty, the next line is used instead, -else the general syntax is used. Thus: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.I -foo -.Ed -. +document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. +Sections should be composed as follows: +.Bl -ohang -offset indent +.It Em NAME +The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. +The syntax for this is generally as follows: .Pp -is equivalent to -.Sq \&.I foo . -If next-line macros are invoked consecutively, only the last is used. -If a next-line macro is proceded by a block macro, it is ignored. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.YO \(lBbody...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -.Ed -. +.D1 \efBname\efR \e(en description +.It Em LIBRARY +The name of the library containing the documented material, which is +assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. +For functions in the C library, this may be as follows: .Pp -.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "ScopeXXXXX" -.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Scope -.It B Ta n Ta next-line -.It BI Ta n Ta current -.It BR Ta n Ta current -.It DT Ta 0 Ta current -.It I Ta n Ta next-line -.It IB Ta n Ta current -.It IR Ta n Ta current -.It R Ta n Ta next-line -.It RB Ta n Ta current -.It RI Ta n Ta current -.It SB Ta n Ta next-line -.It SM Ta n Ta next-line -.It TH Ta >1, <6 Ta current -.It br Ta 0 Ta current -.It fi Ta 0 Ta current -.It i Ta n Ta current -.It na Ta 0 Ta current -.It nf Ta 0 Ta current -.It r Ta 0 Ta current -.It sp Ta 1 Ta current -.El -. +.D1 Standard C Library (libc, -lc) +.It Em SYNOPSIS +Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device +configuration. .Pp -The -.Sq RS , -.Sq RE , -.Sq br , -.Sq fi , -.Sq i , -.Sq na , -.Sq nf , -.Sq r , -and -.Sq sp -macros aren't historically part of -.Nm -and should not be used. They're included for compatibility. -. -. -.Ss Block Macros -Block macros are comprised of a head and body. Like for in-line macros, -the head is scoped to the current line and, in one circumstance, the -next line; the body is scoped to subsequent lines and is closed out by a -subsequent block macro invocation. -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.YO \(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBhead...\(rB -\(lBbody...\(rB -.Ed -. +For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is +generally structured as follows: .Pp -The closure of body scope may be to the section, where a macro is closed -by -.Sq SH ; -sub-section, closed by a section or -.Sq SS ; -part, closed by a section, sub-section, or -.Sq RE ; -or paragraph, closed by a section, sub-section, part, -.Sq HP , -.Sq IP , -.Sq LP , -.Sq P , -.Sq PP , -or -.Sq TP . -No closure refers to an explicit block closing macro. -. +.D1 \efBname\efR [-\efBab\efR] [-\efBc\efR\efIarg\efR] \efBpath\efR... .Pp -.Bl -column "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "Head ScopeX" "sub-sectionX" -compact -offset indent -.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Head Scope Ta Em Body Scope -.It HP Ta <2 Ta current Ta paragraph -.It IP Ta <3 Ta current Ta paragraph -.It LP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph -.It P Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph -.It PP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph -.It RE Ta 0 Ta current Ta none -.It RS Ta 1 Ta current Ta part -.It SH Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta section -.It SS Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta sub-section -.It TP Ta n Ta next-line Ta paragraph -.El -. +For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): .Pp -If a block macro is next-line scoped, it may only be followed by in-line -macros (excluding -.Sq DT , -.Sq TH , -.Sq br , -.Sq na , -.Sq sp , -.Sq nf , -and -.Sq fi ) . -. -. -.Sh REFERENCE +.D1 \&.B char *name(char *\efIarg\efR); +.Pp +And for the third, configurations (section 4): +.Pp +.D1 \&.B name* at cardbus ? function ? +.Pp +Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a +.Em SYNOPSIS . +.It Em DESCRIPTION +This expands upon the brief, one-line description in +.Em NAME . +It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a +command). +.It Em CONTEXT +This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9. +The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt. +.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES +Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. +This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side +effects or notable algorithmic implications. +.It Em RETURN VALUES +This section documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. +.It Em ENVIRONMENT +Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g., +.Xr environ 7 . +.It Em FILES +Documents files used. +It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how +the file is used (created, modified, etc.). +.It Em EXIT STATUS +This section documents the command exit status for +section 1, 6, and 8 utilities. +Historically, this information was described in +.Em DIAGNOSTICS , +a practise that is now discouraged. +.It Em EXAMPLES +Example usages. +This often contains snippets of well-formed, +well-tested invocations. +Make sure that examples work properly! +.It Em DIAGNOSTICS +Documents error conditions. +In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages +printed by the kernel to the console and to the kernel log. +In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages +printed by userland programs to the standard error output. +.Pp +Historically, this section was used in place of +.Em EXIT STATUS +for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is +discouraged. +.It Em ERRORS +Documents +.Xr errno 2 +settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9. +.It Em SEE ALSO +References other manuals with related topics. +This section should exist for most manuals. +.Pp +.D1 \&.BR bar \&( 1 \&), +.Pp +Cross-references should conventionally be ordered +first by section, then alphabetically. +.It Em STANDARDS +References any standards implemented or used, such as +.Pp +.D1 IEEE Std 1003.2 (\e(lqPOSIX.2\e(rq) +.Pp +If not adhering to any standards, the +.Em HISTORY +section should be used. +.It Em HISTORY +A brief history of the subject, including where support first appeared. +.It Em AUTHORS +Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation. +Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. +.It Em CAVEATS +Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained +in this section. +.It Em BUGS +Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described +in this section. +.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS +Documents any security precautions that operators should consider. +.El +.Sh MACRO OVERVIEW +This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed +together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose. +Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found +in the alphabetical reference below. +.Ss Page header and footer meta-data +.Bl -column "PP, LP, P" description +.It Sx TH Ta set the title: Ar title section date Op Ar source Op Ar volume +.It Sx AT Ta display AT&T UNIX version in the page footer (<= 1 argument) +.It Sx UC Ta display BSD version in the page footer (<= 1 argument) +.El +.Ss Sections and paragraphs +.Bl -column "PP, LP, P" description +.It Sx SH Ta section header (one line) +.It Sx SS Ta subsection header (one line) +.It Sx PP , LP , P Ta start an undecorated paragraph (no arguments) +.It Sx RS , RE Ta reset the left margin: Op Ar width +.It Sx IP Ta indented paragraph: Op Ar head Op Ar width +.It Sx TP Ta tagged paragraph: Op Ar width +.It Sx HP Ta hanged paragraph: Op Ar width +.It Sx PD Ta set vertical paragraph distance: Op Ar height +.It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments) +.It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height +.It Sx fi , nf Ta fill mode and no-fill mode (no arguments) +.It Sx in Ta additional indent: Op Ar width +.El +.Ss Physical markup +.Bl -column "PP, LP, P" description +.It Sx B Ta boldface font +.It Sx I Ta italic font +.It Sx R Ta roman (default) font +.It Sx SB Ta small boldface font +.It Sx SM Ta small roman font +.It Sx BI Ta alternate between boldface and italic fonts +.It Sx BR Ta alternate between boldface and roman fonts +.It Sx IB Ta alternate between italic and boldface fonts +.It Sx IR Ta alternate between italic and roman fonts +.It Sx RB Ta alternate between roman and boldface fonts +.It Sx RI Ta alternate between roman and italic fonts +.El +.Sh MACRO REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference to all macros, arranged -alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see +alphabetically. +For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -. -. -.Ss Definitions -In this reference, a numerical width may be either a standalone natural -number (such as 3, 4, 10, etc.) or a natural number followed by a width -multiplier -.Qq n , -corresponding to the width of the formatted letter n, or -.Qq m , -corresponding to the width of the formatted letter m. The latter is the -default, if unspecified. Thus, -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.HP 12n -.Ed -. -.Pp -indicates an offset of 12 -.Qq n -.Ns -sized -letters. -. -. -.Ss Macro Reference -.Bl -tag -width Ds -.It B +.Ss \&AT +Sets the volume for the footer for compatibility with man pages from +.At +releases. +The optional arguments specify which release it is from. +.Ss \&B Text is rendered in bold face. -.It BI -Text is rendered alternately in bold face and italic. Thus, +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&I +and +.Sx \&R . +.Ss \&BI +Text is rendered alternately in bold face and italic. +Thus, .Sq .BI this word and that causes .Sq this and .Sq and -to render in bold face, while +to render in bold face, while .Sq word and .Sq that -render in italics. Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. -.It BR +render in italics. +Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. +.Pp +Examples: +.Pp +.Dl \&.BI bold italic bold italic +.Pp +The output of this example will be emboldened +.Dq bold +and italicised +.Dq italic , +with spaces stripped between arguments. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&IB , +.Sx \&BR , +.Sx \&RB , +.Sx \&RI , +and +.Sx \&IR . +.Ss \&BR Text is rendered alternately in bold face and roman (the default font). Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. -.It DT -Re-set the tab spacing to 0.5 inches. -.It HP +.Pp +See +.Sx \&BI +for an equivalent example. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&BI , +.Sx \&IB , +.Sx \&RB , +.Sx \&RI , +and +.Sx \&IR . +.Ss \&DT +Has no effect. +Included for compatibility. +.Ss \&EE +This is a non-standard GNU extension, included only for compatibility. +In +.Xr mandoc 1 , +it does the same as +.Sx \&fi . +.Ss \&EX +This is a non-standard GNU extension, included only for compatibility. +In +.Xr mandoc 1 , +it does the same as +.Sx \&nf . +.Ss \&HP Begin a paragraph whose initial output line is left-justified, but subsequent output lines are indented, with the following syntax: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.HP [width] +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&HP +.Op Cm width .Ed -. .Pp -If -.Va width -is specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if -unspecified, the saved or default width is used. -.It I +The +.Cm width +argument is a +.Xr roff 7 +scaling width. +If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if unspecified, the +saved or default width is used. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +.Sx \&PP , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&I Text is rendered in italics. -.It IB -Text is rendered alternately in italics and bold face. Whitespace -between arguments is omitted in output. -.It IP -Begin a paragraph with the following syntax: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.IP [head [width]] +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&B +and +.Sx \&R . +.Ss \&IB +Text is rendered alternately in italics and bold face. +Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. +.Pp +See +.Sx \&BI +for an equivalent example. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&BI , +.Sx \&BR , +.Sx \&RB , +.Sx \&RI , +and +.Sx \&IR . +.Ss \&IP +Begin an indented paragraph with the following syntax: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&IP +.Op Cm head Op Cm width .Ed -. .Pp -This follows the behaviour of the -.Sq TP -except for the macro syntax (all arguments on the line, instead of -having next-line scope). If -.Va width -is specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if -unspecified, the saved or default width is used. -.It IR +The +.Cm width +argument is a +.Xr roff 7 +scaling width defining the left margin. +It's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if unspecified, the saved or +default width is used. +.Pp +The +.Cm head +argument is used as a leading term, flushed to the left margin. +This is useful for bulleted paragraphs and so on. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +.Sx \&PP , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&IR Text is rendered alternately in italics and roman (the default font). Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. -.It LP, P, PP -Begin an undecorated paragraph. The scope of a paragraph is closed by a -subsequent paragraph, sub-section, section, or end of file. The saved -paragraph left-margin width is re-set to the default. -.It R +.Pp +See +.Sx \&BI +for an equivalent example. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&BI , +.Sx \&IB , +.Sx \&BR , +.Sx \&RB , +and +.Sx \&RI . +.Ss \&LP +Begin an undecorated paragraph. +The scope of a paragraph is closed by a subsequent paragraph, +sub-section, section, or end of file. +The saved paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&P , +.Sx \&PP , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&OP +Optional command-line argument. +This is a non-standard GNU extension, included only for compatibility. +It has the following syntax: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&OP +.Cm key Op Cm value +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Cm key +is usually a command-line flag and +.Cm value +its argument. +.Ss \&P +Synonym for +.Sx \&LP . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&PP , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&PD +Specify the vertical space to be inserted before each new paragraph. +.br +The syntax is as follows: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&PD +.Op Cm height +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Cm height +argument is a +.Xr roff 7 +scaling width. +It defaults to +.Cm 1v . +If the unit is omitted, +.Cm v +is assumed. +.Pp +This macro affects the spacing before any subsequent instances of +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +.Sx \&PP , +.Sx \&SH , +.Sx \&SS , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&PP +Synonym for +.Sx \&LP . +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +and +.Sx \&TP . +.Ss \&R Text is rendered in roman (the default font). -.It RB +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&I +and +.Sx \&B . +.Ss \&RB Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and bold face. Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. -.It RE +.Pp +See +.Sx \&BI +for an equivalent example. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&BI , +.Sx \&IB , +.Sx \&BR , +.Sx \&RI , +and +.Sx \&IR . +.Ss \&RE Explicitly close out the scope of a prior -.Sq RS . -.It RI +.Sx \&RS . +The default left margin is restored to the state of the original +.Sx \&RS +invocation. +.Ss \&RI Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and italics. Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output. -.It RS -Begin a part setting the left margin. The left margin controls the -offset, following an initial indentation, to un-indented text such as -that of -.Sq PP . -The width may be specified as following: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.RS [width] +.Pp +See +.Sx \&BI +for an equivalent example. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&BI , +.Sx \&IB , +.Sx \&BR , +.Sx \&RB , +and +.Sx \&IR . +.Ss \&RS +Temporarily reset the default left margin. +This has the following syntax: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&RS +.Op Cm width .Ed -. .Pp -If -.Va width -is not specified, the saved or default width is used. -.It SB +The +.Cm width +argument is a +.Xr roff 7 +scaling width. +If not specified, the saved or default width is used. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&RE . +.Ss \&SB Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default font) bold face. -.It SH -Begin a section. The scope of a section is only closed by another -section or the end of file. The paragraph left-margin width is re-set -to the default. -.It SM +.Ss \&SH +Begin a section. +The scope of a section is only closed by another section or the end of +file. +The paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default. +.Ss \&SM Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default font). -.It SS -Begin a sub-section. The scope of a sub-section is closed by a -subsequent sub-section, section, or end of file. The paragraph -left-margin width is re-set to the default. -.It TH -Sets the title of the manual page with the following syntax: -.Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.TH title section [date [source [volume]]] +.Ss \&SS +Begin a sub-section. +The scope of a sub-section is closed by a subsequent sub-section, +section, or end of file. +The paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default. +.Ss \&TH +Sets the title of the manual page for use in the page header +and footer with the following syntax: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&TH +.Ar title section date +.Op Ar source Op Ar volume .Ed -. .Pp -At least the -.Va title -and -.Va section -arguments must be provided. The -.Va date -argument should be formatted as -.Qq %b [%d] %Y -format, described in -.Xr strptime 3 . +Conventionally, the document +.Ar title +is given in all caps. +The recommended +.Ar date +format is +.Sy YYYY-MM-DD +as specified in the ISO-8601 standard; +if the argument does not conform, it is printed verbatim. +If the +.Ar date +is empty or not specified, the current date is used. +The optional +.Ar source +string specifies the organisation providing the utility. +When unspecified, +.Xr mandoc 1 +uses its +.Fl Ios +argument. The -.Va source -string specifies the organisation providing the utility. The -.Va volume -replaces the default rendered volume as dictated by the manual section. -.It TP +.Ar volume +string replaces the default rendered volume, which is dictated by the +manual section. +.Pp +Examples: +.Pp +.Dl \&.TH CVS 5 "1992-02-12" GNU +.Ss \&TP Begin a paragraph where the head, if exceeding the indentation width, is followed by a newline; if not, the body follows on the same line after a -buffer to the indentation width. Subsequent output lines are indented. -. +buffer to the indentation width. +Subsequent output lines are indented. +The syntax is as follows: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&TP +.Op Cm width +.Ed .Pp -The indentation width may be set as follows: +The +.Cm width +argument is a +.Xr roff 7 +scaling width. +If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if +unspecified, the saved or default width is used. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +and +.Sx \&PP . +.Ss \&UC +Sets the volume for the footer for compatibility with man pages from +.Bx +releases. +The optional first argument specifies which release it is from. +.Ss \&UE +End a uniform resource identifier block. +This is a non-standard GNU extension, included only for compatibility. +See +.Sx \&UE . +.Ss \&UR +Begin a uniform resource identifier block. +This is a non-standard GNU extension, included only for compatibility. +It has the following syntax: .Bd -literal -offset indent -\&.TP [width] +.Pf \. Sx \&UR Ar uri +link description to be shown +.Pf \. Sx UE .Ed -. +.Ss \&br +Breaks the current line. +Consecutive invocations have no further effect. .Pp -Where -.Va width -must be a properly-formed numeric width. If -.Va width -is specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if -unspecified, the saved or default width is used. -.It br -Breaks the current line. Consecutive invocations have no further effect. -.It fi +See also +.Sx \&sp . +.Ss \&fi End literal mode begun by -.Sq nf . -.It i -Italicise arguments. If no arguments are specified, all subsequent text -is italicised. -.It na -Don't alignment the right margin. -.It nf +.Sx \&nf . +.Ss \&in +Indent relative to the current indentation: +.Pp +.D1 Pf \. Sx \&in Op Cm width +.Pp +If +.Cm width +is signed, the new offset is relative. +Otherwise, it is absolute. +This value is reset upon the next paragraph, section, or sub-section. +.Ss \&na +Don't align to the right margin. +.Ss \&nf Begin literal mode: all subsequent free-form lines have their end of -line boundaries preserved. May be ended by -.Sq fi . -.It r -Fonts and styles (bold face, italics) reset to roman (default font). -.It sp -Insert n spaces, where n is the macro's positive numeric argument. If -0, this is equivalent to the -.Sq br +line boundaries preserved. +May be ended by +.Sx \&fi . +Literal mode is implicitly ended by +.Sx \&SH +or +.Sx \&SS . +.Ss \&sp +Insert vertical spaces into output with the following syntax: +.Bd -filled -offset indent +.Pf \. Sx \&sp +.Op Cm height +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Cm height +argument is a scaling width as described in +.Xr roff 7 . +If 0, this is equivalent to the +.Sx \&br macro. +Defaults to 1, if unspecified. +.Pp +See also +.Sx \&br . +.Sh MACRO SYNTAX +The +.Nm +macros are classified by scope: line scope or block scope. +Line macros are only scoped to the current line (and, in some +situations, the subsequent line). +Block macros are scoped to the current line and subsequent lines until +closed by another block macro. +.Ss Line Macros +Line macros are generally scoped to the current line, with the body +consisting of zero or more arguments. +If a macro is scoped to the next line and the line arguments are empty, +the next line, which must be text, is used instead. +Thus: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.I +foo +.Ed +.Pp +is equivalent to +.Sq \&.I foo . +If next-line macros are invoked consecutively, only the last is used. +If a next-line macro is followed by a non-next-line macro, an error is +raised, except for +.Sx \&br , +.Sx \&sp , +and +.Sx \&na . +.Pp +The syntax is as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.YO \(lBbody...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +.Ed +.Bl -column "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "ScopeXXXXX" "CompatX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Scope Ta Em Notes +.It Sx \&AT Ta <=1 Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&B Ta n Ta next-line Ta \& +.It Sx \&BI Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&BR Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&DT Ta 0 Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&EE Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&EX Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&I Ta n Ta next-line Ta \& +.It Sx \&IB Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&IR Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&OP Ta 0, 1 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&PD Ta 1 Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&R Ta n Ta next-line Ta \& +.It Sx \&RB Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&RI Ta n Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&SB Ta n Ta next-line Ta \& +.It Sx \&SM Ta n Ta next-line Ta \& +.It Sx \&TH Ta >1, <6 Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&UC Ta <=1 Ta current Ta \& +.It Sx \&br Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&fi Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&in Ta 1 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&na Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&nf Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat +.It Sx \&sp Ta 1 Ta current Ta compat .El -. -. +.Pp +Macros marked as +.Qq compat +are included for compatibility with the significant corpus of existing +manuals that mix dialects of roff. +These macros should not be used for portable +.Nm +manuals. +.Ss Block Macros +Block macros comprise a head and body. +As with in-line macros, the head is scoped to the current line and, in +one circumstance, the next line (the next-line stipulations as in +.Sx Line Macros +apply here as well). +.Pp +The syntax is as follows: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +\&.YO \(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBhead...\(rB +\(lBbody...\(rB +.Ed +.Pp +The closure of body scope may be to the section, where a macro is closed +by +.Sx \&SH ; +sub-section, closed by a section or +.Sx \&SS ; +part, closed by a section, sub-section, or +.Sx \&RE ; +or paragraph, closed by a section, sub-section, part, +.Sx \&HP , +.Sx \&IP , +.Sx \&LP , +.Sx \&P , +.Sx \&PP , +or +.Sx \&TP . +No closure refers to an explicit block closing macro. +.Pp +As a rule, block macros may not be nested; thus, calling a block macro +while another block macro scope is open, and the open scope is not +implicitly closed, is syntactically incorrect. +.Bl -column "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "Head ScopeX" "sub-sectionX" "compatX" -offset indent +.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Head Scope Ta Em Body Scope Ta Em Notes +.It Sx \&HP Ta <2 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&IP Ta <3 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&LP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&P Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&PP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&RE Ta 0 Ta current Ta none Ta compat +.It Sx \&RS Ta 1 Ta current Ta part Ta compat +.It Sx \&SH Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta section Ta \& +.It Sx \&SS Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta sub-section Ta \& +.It Sx \&TP Ta n Ta next-line Ta paragraph Ta \& +.It Sx \&UE Ta 0 Ta current Ta none Ta compat +.It Sx \&UR Ta 1 Ta current Ta part Ta compat +.El +.Pp +Macros marked +.Qq compat +are as mentioned in +.Sx Line Macros . +.Pp +If a block macro is next-line scoped, it may only be followed by in-line +macros for decorating text. +.Ss Font handling +In +.Nm +documents, both +.Sx Physical markup +macros and +.Xr roff 7 +.Ql \ef +font escape sequences can be used to choose fonts. +In text lines, the effect of manual font selection by escape sequences +only lasts until the next macro invocation; in macro lines, it only lasts +until the end of the macro scope. +Note that macros like +.Sx \&BR +open and close a font scope for each argument. .Sh COMPATIBILITY -This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at -this time limited to -.Xr groff 1 . -.Bl -hyphen +This section mentions some areas of questionable portability between +implementations of the +.Nm +language. +More incompatibilities exist. +.Pp +.Bl -dash -compact .It -In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a -standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic -behaviour is no longer applicable. +Do not depend on +.Sx \&SH +or +.Sx \&SS +to close out a literal context opened with +.Sx \&nf . +This behaviour may not be portable. .It -The -.Sq sp -macro does not accept negative numbers. +troff suppresses a newline before +.Sq \(aq +macro output; in mandoc, it is an alias for the standard +.Sq \&. +control character. .It -Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text -lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace -in free-form text lines. +In page header lines, GNU troff versions up to and including 1.21 +only print +.Ar volume +names explicitly specified in the +.Sx \&TH +macro; mandoc and newer groff print the default volume name +corresponding to the +.Ar section +number when no +.Ar volume +is given, like in +.Xr mdoc 7 . .El -. -. +.Pp +The +.Sx EE , +.Sx EX , +.Sx OP , +.Sx UE , +and +.Sx UR +macros are part of the GNU extended +.Nm +macro set, and may not be portable to non-GNU troff implementations. .Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr man 1 , .Xr mandoc 1 , -.Xr mandoc_char 7 -. -. -.Sh AUTHORS +.Xr eqn 7 , +.Xr mandoc_char 7 , +.Xr mdoc 7 , +.Xr roff 7 , +.Xr tbl 7 +.Sh HISTORY The .Nm +language first appeared as a macro package for the roff typesetting +system in +.At v7 . +It was later rewritten by James Clark as a macro package for groff. +Eric S. Raymond wrote the extended +.Nm +macros for groff in 2007. +The stand-alone implementation that is part of the +.Xr mandoc 1 +utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in +.Ox 4.6 . +.Sh AUTHORS +This +.Nm reference was written by -.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se . -. -. +.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . .Sh CAVEATS -Do not use this language. Use +Do not use this language. +Use .Xr mdoc 7 , instead. -.