Annotation of mandoc/man.7, Revision 1.71
1.71 ! kristaps 1: .\" $Id: man.7,v 1.70 2010/05/14 16:19:26 kristaps Exp $
1.1 kristaps 2: .\"
1.62 kristaps 3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.1 kristaps 4: .\"
5: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.10 kristaps 6: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
7: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
8: .\"
9: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
10: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
11: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
12: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
13: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
14: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
15: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.1 kristaps 16: .\"
1.71 ! kristaps 17: .Dd $Mdocdate: May 14 2010 $
1.9 kristaps 18: .Dt MAN 7
1.1 kristaps 19: .Os
20: .Sh NAME
1.32 kristaps 21: .Nm man
22: .Nd man language reference
1.1 kristaps 23: .Sh DESCRIPTION
24: The
1.32 kristaps 25: .Nm man
1.20 kristaps 26: language was historically used to format
1.32 kristaps 27: .Ux
1.68 kristaps 28: manuals.
29: This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and usage.
1.32 kristaps 30: .Pp
31: .Bf -emphasis
1.20 kristaps 32: Do not use
1.32 kristaps 33: .Nm
1.20 kristaps 34: to write your manuals.
1.32 kristaps 35: .Ef
1.19 kristaps 36: Use the
1.32 kristaps 37: .Xr mdoc 7
1.1 kristaps 38: language, instead.
1.32 kristaps 39: .Pp
1.1 kristaps 40: An
1.32 kristaps 41: .Nm
1.1 kristaps 42: document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
1.20 kristaps 43: character
1.32 kristaps 44: .Sq \&.
1.68 kristaps 45: are parsed for macros.
46: Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
1.1 kristaps 47: prior macros:
1.32 kristaps 48: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.1 kristaps 49: \&.SH Macro lines change control state.
50: Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
1.32 kristaps 51: .Ed
1.1 kristaps 52: .Sh INPUT ENCODING
1.32 kristaps 53: .Nm
1.14 kristaps 54: documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the
1.68 kristaps 55: space character, and the tabs character.
56: All manuals must have
1.32 kristaps 57: .Ux
1.20 kristaps 58: line termination.
1.32 kristaps 59: .Pp
1.5 kristaps 60: Blank lines are acceptable; where found, the output will assert a
1.1 kristaps 61: vertical space.
1.32 kristaps 62: .Ss Comments
1.21 kristaps 63: Text following a
1.32 kristaps 64: .Sq \e\*" ,
1.21 kristaps 65: whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
1.68 kristaps 66: line.
67: A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
1.32 kristaps 68: .Sq \&.\e" ,
1.68 kristaps 69: is also ignored.
70: Macro lines with only a control character and optionally whitespace are
71: stripped from input.
1.32 kristaps 72: .Ss Special Characters
1.21 kristaps 73: Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.
74: Sequences begin with the escape character
1.32 kristaps 75: .Sq \e
1.20 kristaps 76: followed by either an open-parenthesis
1.32 kristaps 77: .Sq \&(
1.1 kristaps 78: for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
1.32 kristaps 79: .Sq \&[
1.1 kristaps 80: for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
1.32 kristaps 81: .Sq \&] ) ;
1.68 kristaps 82: or a single one-character sequence.
83: See
1.32 kristaps 84: .Xr mandoc_char 7
1.68 kristaps 85: for a complete list.
86: Examples include
1.32 kristaps 87: .Sq \e(em
88: .Pq em-dash
1.21 kristaps 89: and
1.32 kristaps 90: .Sq \ee
91: .Pq back-slash .
92: .Ss Text Decoration
1.21 kristaps 93: Terms may be text-decorated using the
1.32 kristaps 94: .Sq \ef
1.47 kristaps 95: escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
1.55 kristaps 96: (revert to previous mode):
1.48 kristaps 97: .Pp
98: .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
99: .Pp
100: A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
1.68 kristaps 101: respectively) may be used instead.
102: A text decoration is only valid, if specified in free-form text, until
103: the next macro invocation; if specified within a macro, it's only valid
104: until the macro closes scope.
1.54 kristaps 105: Note that macros like
106: .Sx \&BR
107: open and close a font scope with each argument.
1.48 kristaps 108: .Pp
109: Text may also be sized with the
110: .Sq \es
111: escape, whose syntax is one of
112: .Sq \es+-n
113: for one-digit numerals;
114: .Sq \es(+-nn
115: or
116: .Sq \es+-(nn
117: for two-digit numerals; and
118: .Sq \es[+-N] ,
119: .Sq \es+-[N] ,
120: .Sq \es'+-N' ,
121: or
122: .Sq \es+-'N'
123: for arbitrary-digit numerals:
124: .Pp
125: .D1 \es+1bigger\es-1
126: .D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10]
127: .D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10
128: .D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100'
1.49 kristaps 129: .Pp
130: Both
131: .Sq \es
132: and
133: .Sq \ef
1.53 kristaps 134: attributes are forgotten when entering or exiting a macro block.
1.32 kristaps 135: .Ss Whitespace
1.66 kristaps 136: Whitespace consists of the space character.
1.64 kristaps 137: In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped
138: trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
139: Blank free-form lines, which may include spaces, are permitted and
140: rendered as an empty line.
141: .Pp
1.68 kristaps 142: In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
143: If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.
1.43 kristaps 144: .Ss Dates
145: The
146: .Sx \&TH
147: macro is the only
148: .Nm
1.68 kristaps 149: macro that requires a date.
150: The form for this date is the ISO-8601
1.43 kristaps 151: standard
152: .Cm YYYY-MM-DD .
1.38 kristaps 153: .Ss Scaling Widths
154: Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
155: stipulating a two-inch paragraph indentation with the following:
156: .Bd -literal -offset indent
157: \&.HP 2i
158: .Ed
159: .Pp
160: The syntax for scaled widths is
161: .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:]? ,
162: where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
1.68 kristaps 163: Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.
164: The following scaling units are accepted:
1.38 kristaps 165: .Pp
166: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
167: .It c
168: centimetre
169: .It i
170: inch
171: .It P
172: pica (~1/6 inch)
173: .It p
174: point (~1/72 inch)
175: .It f
176: synonym for
177: .Sq u
178: .It v
179: default vertical span
180: .It m
181: width of rendered
182: .Sq m
183: .Pq em
184: character
185: .It n
186: width of rendered
187: .Sq n
188: .Pq en
189: character
190: .It u
191: default horizontal span
192: .It M
193: mini-em (~1/100 em)
194: .El
195: .Pp
196: Using anything other than
197: .Sq m ,
198: .Sq n ,
199: .Sq u ,
200: or
201: .Sq v
1.44 kristaps 202: is necessarily non-portable across output media.
1.38 kristaps 203: .Pp
204: If a scaling unit is not provided, the numerical value is interpreted
205: under the default rules of
206: .Sq v
207: for vertical spaces and
208: .Sq u
209: for horizontal ones.
210: .Em Note :
211: this differs from
212: .Xr mdoc 7 ,
213: which, if a unit is not provided, will instead interpret the string as
214: literal text.
1.69 kristaps 215: .Ss Sentence Spacing
216: When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of
217: a line.
218: By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
1.71 ! kristaps 219: spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
! 220: or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
! 221: delimiters (
! 222: .Ns Sq \&) ,
! 223: .Sq \&] ,
! 224: .Sq \&' ,
! 225: .Sq \&" ) .
1.22 kristaps 226: .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.16 kristaps 227: Each
1.32 kristaps 228: .Nm
1.16 kristaps 229: document must contain contains at least the
1.39 kristaps 230: .Sx \&TH
1.68 kristaps 231: macro describing the document's section and title.
232: It may occur anywhere in the document, although conventionally, it
233: appears as the first macro.
1.32 kristaps 234: .Pp
1.22 kristaps 235: Beyond
1.39 kristaps 236: .Sx \&TH ,
1.68 kristaps 237: at least one macro or text node must appear in the document.
238: Documents are generally structured as follows:
1.32 kristaps 239: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.43 kristaps 240: \&.TH FOO 1 2009-10-10
1.22 kristaps 241: \&.
242: \&.SH NAME
1.29 kristaps 243: \efBfoo\efR \e(en a description goes here
1.33 kristaps 244: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only.
245: \&.\e\*q .SH LIBRARY
1.22 kristaps 246: \&.
247: \&.SH SYNOPSIS
248: \efBfoo\efR [\efB\e-options\efR] arguments...
249: \&.
250: \&.SH DESCRIPTION
1.33 kristaps 251: The \efBfoo\efR utility processes files...
1.22 kristaps 252: \&.
1.33 kristaps 253: \&.\e\*q .SH IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
254: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
1.22 kristaps 255: \&.\e\*q .SH RETURN VALUES
1.33 kristaps 256: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
1.22 kristaps 257: \&.\e\*q .SH ENVIRONMENT
258: \&.\e\*q .SH FILES
1.67 kristaps 259: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
260: \&.\e\*q .SH EXIT STATUS
1.22 kristaps 261: \&.\e\*q .SH EXAMPLES
1.33 kristaps 262: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
1.22 kristaps 263: \&.\e\*q .SH DIAGNOSTICS
1.33 kristaps 264: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
1.22 kristaps 265: \&.\e\*q .SH ERRORS
266: \&.\e\*q .SH SEE ALSO
1.42 kristaps 267: \&.\e\*q .BR foo ( 1 )
1.22 kristaps 268: \&.\e\*q .SH STANDARDS
269: \&.\e\*q .SH HISTORY
270: \&.\e\*q .SH AUTHORS
271: \&.\e\*q .SH CAVEATS
272: \&.\e\*q .SH BUGS
1.33 kristaps 273: \&.\e\*q .SH SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1.32 kristaps 274: .Ed
1.41 kristaps 275: .Pp
276: The sections in a
277: .Nm
1.68 kristaps 278: document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
279: Sections should be composed as follows:
1.42 kristaps 280: .Bl -ohang -offset indent
281: .It Em NAME
1.68 kristaps 282: The name(s) and a short description of the documented material.
283: The syntax for this is generally as follows:
1.41 kristaps 284: .Pp
285: .D1 \efBname\efR \e(en description
1.42 kristaps 286: .It Em LIBRARY
1.41 kristaps 287: The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
1.68 kristaps 288: assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual.
289: For functions in the C library, this may be as follows:
1.41 kristaps 290: .Pp
291: .D1 Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
1.42 kristaps 292: .It Em SYNOPSIS
1.41 kristaps 293: Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
1.55 kristaps 294: configuration.
1.41 kristaps 295: .Pp
296: For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
297: generally structured as follows:
298: .Pp
299: .D1 \efBname\efR [-\efBab\efR] [-\efBc\efR\efIarg\efR] \efBpath\efR...
300: .Pp
301: For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
302: .Pp
1.44 kristaps 303: .D1 \&.B char *name(char *\efIarg\efR);
1.41 kristaps 304: .Pp
305: And for the third, configurations (section 4):
306: .Pp
1.44 kristaps 307: .D1 \&.B name* at cardbus ? function ?
1.41 kristaps 308: .Pp
1.55 kristaps 309: Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
1.42 kristaps 310: .Em SYNOPSIS .
311: .It Em DESCRIPTION
1.55 kristaps 312: This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
1.42 kristaps 313: .Em NAME .
314: It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
315: command).
316: .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1.68 kristaps 317: Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
318: This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
319: effects or notable algorithmic implications.
1.42 kristaps 320: .It Em RETURN VALUES
321: This section is the dual of
322: .Em EXIT STATUS ,
1.68 kristaps 323: which is used for commands.
324: It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
1.42 kristaps 325: .It Em ENVIRONMENT
326: Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,
327: .Xr environ 7 .
328: .It Em FILES
1.68 kristaps 329: Documents files used.
330: It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how
331: the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
1.67 kristaps 332: .It Em EXIT STATUS
1.68 kristaps 333: Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.
334: This section is the dual of
1.67 kristaps 335: .Em RETURN VALUES ,
1.68 kristaps 336: which is used for functions.
337: Historically, this information was described in
1.67 kristaps 338: .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
339: a practise that is now discouraged.
1.42 kristaps 340: .It Em EXAMPLES
1.68 kristaps 341: Example usages.
342: This often contains snippets of well-formed,
343: well-tested invocations.
344: Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!
1.42 kristaps 345: .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
1.68 kristaps 346: Documents error conditions.
347: This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
1.42 kristaps 348: Historically, this section was used in place of
349: .Em EXIT STATUS
350: for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
351: discouraged.
352: .It Em ERRORS
353: Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
354: .It Em SEE ALSO
1.68 kristaps 355: References other manuals with related topics.
356: This section should exist for most manuals.
1.44 kristaps 357: .Pp
358: .D1 \&.BR bar \&( 1 \&),
359: .Pp
360: Cross-references should conventionally be ordered
1.42 kristaps 361: first by section, then alphabetically.
362: .It Em STANDARDS
363: References any standards implemented or used, such as
364: .Pp
365: .D1 IEEE Std 1003.2 (\e(lqPOSIX.2\e(rq)
366: .Pp
367: If not adhering to any standards, the
368: .Em HISTORY
369: section should be used.
370: .It Em HISTORY
371: The history of any manual without a
372: .Em STANDARDS
373: section should be described in this section.
374: .It Em AUTHORS
375: Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
376: Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.
377: .It Em CAVEATS
378: Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
379: in this section.
380: .It Em BUGS
381: Extant bugs should be described in this section.
382: .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
383: Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
1.41 kristaps 384: .El
1.22 kristaps 385: .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
1.2 kristaps 386: Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
1.4 kristaps 387: control character ,
1.32 kristaps 388: .Sq \&. ,
1.68 kristaps 389: at the beginning of the line.
390: The
1.59 kristaps 391: .Sq \(aq
1.68 kristaps 392: macro control character is also accepted.
393: An arbitrary amount of whitespace (spaces or tabs) may sit between the
394: control character and the macro name.
395: Thus, the following are equivalent:
1.39 kristaps 396: .Bd -literal -offset indent
397: \&.PP
398: \&.\ \ \ PP
399: .Ed
1.32 kristaps 400: .Pp
1.1 kristaps 401: The
1.32 kristaps 402: .Nm
1.68 kristaps 403: macros are classified by scope: line scope or block scope.
404: Line macros are only scoped to the current line (and, in some
405: situations, the subsequent line).
406: Block macros are scoped to the current line and subsequent lines until
407: closed by another block macro.
1.32 kristaps 408: .Ss Line Macros
1.30 kristaps 409: Line macros are generally scoped to the current line, with the body
1.68 kristaps 410: consisting of zero or more arguments.
411: If a macro is scoped to the next line and the line arguments are empty,
412: the next line, which must be text, is used instead.
413: Thus:
1.32 kristaps 414: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.30 kristaps 415: \&.I
1.4 kristaps 416: foo
1.32 kristaps 417: .Ed
418: .Pp
1.20 kristaps 419: is equivalent to
1.32 kristaps 420: .Sq \&.I foo .
1.56 kristaps 421: If next-line macros are invoked consecutively, only the last is used.
422: If a next-line macro is followed by a non-next-line macro, an error is
423: raised (unless in the case of
424: .Sx \&br ,
425: .Sx \&sp ,
426: or
427: .Sx \&na ) .
428: .Pp
429: The syntax is as follows:
1.32 kristaps 430: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.22 kristaps 431: \&.YO \(lBbody...\(rB
432: \(lBbody...\(rB
1.32 kristaps 433: .Ed
434: .Pp
1.57 kristaps 435: .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "ScopeXXXXX" "CompatX"
436: .It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Scope Ta Em Notes
437: .It Sx \&B Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
438: .It Sx \&BI Ta n Ta current Ta \&
439: .It Sx \&BR Ta n Ta current Ta \&
440: .It Sx \&DT Ta 0 Ta current Ta \&
441: .It Sx \&I Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
442: .It Sx \&IB Ta n Ta current Ta \&
443: .It Sx \&IR Ta n Ta current Ta \&
1.58 kristaps 444: .\" .It Sx \&PD Ta n Ta current Ta compat
1.57 kristaps 445: .It Sx \&R Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
446: .It Sx \&RB Ta n Ta current Ta \&
447: .It Sx \&RI Ta n Ta current Ta \&
448: .It Sx \&SB Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
449: .It Sx \&SM Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
450: .It Sx \&TH Ta >1, <6 Ta current Ta \&
1.58 kristaps 451: .\" .It Sx \&UC Ta n Ta current Ta compat
1.57 kristaps 452: .It Sx \&br Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
453: .It Sx \&fi Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
454: .It Sx \&i Ta n Ta current Ta compat
455: .It Sx \&na Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
456: .It Sx \&nf Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
457: .It Sx \&r Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
458: .It Sx \&sp Ta 1 Ta current Ta compat
1.70 kristaps 459: .\" .It Sx \&Sp Ta <1 Ta current Ta compat
1.58 kristaps 460: .\" .It Sx \&Vb Ta <1 Ta current Ta compat
461: .\" .It Sx \&Ve Ta 0 Ta current Ta compat
1.32 kristaps 462: .El
463: .Pp
1.57 kristaps 464: Macros marked as
465: .Qq compat
466: are included for compatibility with the significant corpus of existing
1.68 kristaps 467: manuals that mix dialects of roff.
468: These macros should not be used for portable
1.58 kristaps 469: .Nm
470: manuals.
1.32 kristaps 471: .Ss Block Macros
1.68 kristaps 472: Block macros are comprised of a head and body.
473: Like for in-line macros, the head is scoped to the current line and, in
474: one circumstance, the next line (the next-line stipulations as in
1.57 kristaps 475: .Sx Line Macros
476: apply here as well).
1.56 kristaps 477: .Pp
478: The syntax is as follows:
1.32 kristaps 479: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.22 kristaps 480: \&.YO \(lBhead...\(rB
481: \(lBhead...\(rB
482: \(lBbody...\(rB
1.32 kristaps 483: .Ed
484: .Pp
1.30 kristaps 485: The closure of body scope may be to the section, where a macro is closed
486: by
1.39 kristaps 487: .Sx \&SH ;
1.30 kristaps 488: sub-section, closed by a section or
1.39 kristaps 489: .Sx \&SS ;
1.30 kristaps 490: part, closed by a section, sub-section, or
1.39 kristaps 491: .Sx \&RE ;
1.55 kristaps 492: or paragraph, closed by a section, sub-section, part,
1.39 kristaps 493: .Sx \&HP ,
494: .Sx \&IP ,
495: .Sx \&LP ,
496: .Sx \&P ,
497: .Sx \&PP ,
1.30 kristaps 498: or
1.39 kristaps 499: .Sx \&TP .
1.30 kristaps 500: No closure refers to an explicit block closing macro.
1.32 kristaps 501: .Pp
1.58 kristaps 502: As a rule, block macros may not be nested; thus, calling a block macro
503: while another block macro scope is open, and the open scope is not
504: implicitly closed, is syntactically incorrect.
505: .Pp
1.57 kristaps 506: .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "Head ScopeX" "sub-sectionX" "compatX"
507: .It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Head Scope Ta Em Body Scope Ta Em Notes
508: .It Sx \&HP Ta <2 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
509: .It Sx \&IP Ta <3 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
510: .It Sx \&LP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
511: .It Sx \&P Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
512: .It Sx \&PP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
513: .It Sx \&RE Ta 0 Ta current Ta none Ta compat
514: .It Sx \&RS Ta 1 Ta current Ta part Ta compat
515: .It Sx \&SH Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta section Ta \&
516: .It Sx \&SS Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta sub-section Ta \&
517: .It Sx \&TP Ta n Ta next-line Ta paragraph Ta \&
1.32 kristaps 518: .El
1.57 kristaps 519: .Pp
520: Macros marked
521: .Qq compat
522: are as mentioned in
523: .Sx Line Macros .
1.32 kristaps 524: .Pp
1.22 kristaps 525: If a block macro is next-line scoped, it may only be followed by in-line
1.57 kristaps 526: macros for decorating text.
1.22 kristaps 527: .Sh REFERENCE
528: This section is a canonical reference to all macros, arranged
1.68 kristaps 529: alphabetically.
530: For the scoping of individual macros, see
1.32 kristaps 531: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
1.39 kristaps 532: .Ss \&B
1.22 kristaps 533: Text is rendered in bold face.
1.44 kristaps 534: .Pp
535: See also
536: .Sx \&I ,
537: .Sx \&R ,
538: .Sx \&b ,
539: .Sx \&i ,
540: and
541: .Sx \&r .
1.39 kristaps 542: .Ss \&BI
1.68 kristaps 543: Text is rendered alternately in bold face and italic.
544: Thus,
1.32 kristaps 545: .Sq .BI this word and that
1.22 kristaps 546: causes
1.32 kristaps 547: .Sq this
1.22 kristaps 548: and
1.32 kristaps 549: .Sq and
1.55 kristaps 550: to render in bold face, while
1.32 kristaps 551: .Sq word
1.22 kristaps 552: and
1.32 kristaps 553: .Sq that
1.68 kristaps 554: render in italics.
555: Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 556: .Pp
557: Examples:
1.46 kristaps 558: .Pp
559: .D1 \&.BI bold italic bold italic
1.44 kristaps 560: .Pp
561: The output of this example will be emboldened
562: .Dq bold
563: and italicised
564: .Dq italic ,
565: with spaces stripped between arguments.
566: .Pp
567: See also
568: .Sx \&IB ,
569: .Sx \&BR ,
570: .Sx \&RB ,
571: .Sx \&RI ,
572: and
573: .Sx \&IR .
1.39 kristaps 574: .Ss \&BR
1.22 kristaps 575: Text is rendered alternately in bold face and roman (the default font).
576: Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 577: .Pp
578: See
579: .Sx \&BI
580: for an equivalent example.
581: .Pp
582: See also
583: .Sx \&BI ,
584: .Sx \&IB ,
585: .Sx \&RB ,
586: .Sx \&RI ,
587: and
588: .Sx \&IR .
1.39 kristaps 589: .Ss \&DT
1.68 kristaps 590: Has no effect.
591: Included for compatibility.
1.39 kristaps 592: .Ss \&HP
1.23 kristaps 593: Begin a paragraph whose initial output line is left-justified, but
1.27 kristaps 594: subsequent output lines are indented, with the following syntax:
1.44 kristaps 595: .Bd -filled -offset indent
596: .Pf \. Sx \&HP
597: .Op Cm width
1.32 kristaps 598: .Ed
1.44 kristaps 599: .Pp
600: The
601: .Cm width
602: argument must conform to
603: .Sx Scaling Widths .
604: If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if unspecified, the
605: saved or default width is used.
606: .Pp
607: See also
1.45 kristaps 608: .Sx \&IP ,
609: .Sx \&LP ,
610: .Sx \&P ,
611: .Sx \&PP ,
1.44 kristaps 612: and
1.45 kristaps 613: .Sx \&TP .
1.39 kristaps 614: .Ss \&I
1.22 kristaps 615: Text is rendered in italics.
1.44 kristaps 616: .Pp
617: See also
618: .Sx \&B ,
619: .Sx \&R ,
620: .Sx \&b ,
621: .Sx \&i ,
622: and
623: .Sx \&r .
1.39 kristaps 624: .Ss \&IB
1.22 kristaps 625: Text is rendered alternately in italics and bold face. Whitespace
626: between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 627: .Pp
628: See
629: .Sx \&BI
630: for an equivalent example.
631: .Pp
632: See also
633: .Sx \&BI ,
634: .Sx \&BR ,
635: .Sx \&RB ,
636: .Sx \&RI ,
637: and
638: .Sx \&IR .
1.39 kristaps 639: .Ss \&IP
1.44 kristaps 640: Begin an indented paragraph with the following syntax:
641: .Bd -filled -offset indent
642: .Pf \. Sx \&IP
643: .Op Cm head Op Cm width
1.32 kristaps 644: .Ed
1.44 kristaps 645: .Pp
646: The
647: .Cm width
648: argument defines the width of the left margin and is defined by
649: .Sx Scaling Widths ,
650: It's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if unspecified, the saved or
651: default width is used.
652: .Pp
653: The
654: .Cm head
1.68 kristaps 655: argument is used as a leading term, flushed to the left margin.
656: This is useful for bulleted paragraphs and so on.
1.44 kristaps 657: .Pp
658: See also
1.45 kristaps 659: .Sx \&HP ,
660: .Sx \&LP ,
661: .Sx \&P ,
662: .Sx \&PP ,
1.44 kristaps 663: and
1.45 kristaps 664: .Sx \&TP .
1.39 kristaps 665: .Ss \&IR
1.22 kristaps 666: Text is rendered alternately in italics and roman (the default font).
667: Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 668: .Pp
669: See
670: .Sx \&BI
671: for an equivalent example.
672: .Pp
673: See also
674: .Sx \&BI ,
675: .Sx \&IB ,
676: .Sx \&BR ,
677: .Sx \&RB ,
678: and
679: .Sx \&RI .
1.39 kristaps 680: .Ss \&LP
1.68 kristaps 681: Begin an undecorated paragraph.
682: The scope of a paragraph is closed by a subsequent paragraph,
683: sub-section, section, or end of file.
684: The saved paragraph left-margin width is re-set to the default.
1.44 kristaps 685: .Pp
686: See also
1.45 kristaps 687: .Sx \&HP ,
688: .Sx \&IP ,
689: .Sx \&P ,
690: .Sx \&PP ,
1.44 kristaps 691: and
1.45 kristaps 692: .Sx \&TP .
1.39 kristaps 693: .Ss \&P
694: Synonym for
695: .Sx \&LP .
1.44 kristaps 696: .Pp
697: See also
1.45 kristaps 698: .Sx \&HP ,
699: .Sx \&IP ,
700: .Sx \&LP ,
701: .Sx \&PP ,
1.44 kristaps 702: and
1.45 kristaps 703: .Sx \&TP .
1.39 kristaps 704: .Ss \&PP
705: Synonym for
706: .Sx \&LP .
1.44 kristaps 707: .Pp
708: See also
1.45 kristaps 709: .Sx \&HP ,
710: .Sx \&IP ,
711: .Sx \&LP ,
712: .Sx \&P ,
1.44 kristaps 713: and
1.45 kristaps 714: .Sx \&TP .
1.39 kristaps 715: .Ss \&R
1.22 kristaps 716: Text is rendered in roman (the default font).
1.44 kristaps 717: .Pp
718: See also
719: .Sx \&I ,
720: .Sx \&B ,
721: .Sx \&b ,
722: .Sx \&i ,
723: and
724: .Sx \&r .
1.39 kristaps 725: .Ss \&RB
1.22 kristaps 726: Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and bold face.
727: Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 728: .Pp
729: See
730: .Sx \&BI
731: for an equivalent example.
732: .Pp
733: See also
734: .Sx \&BI ,
735: .Sx \&IB ,
736: .Sx \&BR ,
737: .Sx \&RI ,
738: and
739: .Sx \&IR .
1.39 kristaps 740: .Ss \&RE
1.30 kristaps 741: Explicitly close out the scope of a prior
1.39 kristaps 742: .Sx \&RS .
743: .Ss \&RI
1.22 kristaps 744: Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and italics.
745: Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
1.44 kristaps 746: .Pp
747: See
748: .Sx \&BI
749: for an equivalent example.
750: .Pp
751: See also
752: .Sx \&BI ,
753: .Sx \&IB ,
754: .Sx \&BR ,
755: .Sx \&RB ,
756: and
757: .Sx \&IR .
1.39 kristaps 758: .Ss \&RS
1.68 kristaps 759: Begin a part setting the left margin.
760: The left margin controls the offset, following an initial indentation,
761: to un-indented text such as that of
1.39 kristaps 762: .Sx \&PP .
1.44 kristaps 763: This has the following syntax:
764: .Bd -filled -offset indent
765: .Pf \. Sx \&Rs
766: .Op Cm width
1.32 kristaps 767: .Ed
1.44 kristaps 768: .Pp
769: The
770: .Cm width
771: argument must conform to
772: .Sx Scaling Widths .
1.55 kristaps 773: If not specified, the saved or default width is used.
1.39 kristaps 774: .Ss \&SB
1.22 kristaps 775: Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default font)
776: bold face.
1.39 kristaps 777: .Ss \&SH
1.68 kristaps 778: Begin a section.
779: The scope of a section is only closed by another section or the end of
780: file.
781: The paragraph left-margin width is re-set to the default.
1.39 kristaps 782: .Ss \&SM
1.22 kristaps 783: Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default
784: font).
1.39 kristaps 785: .Ss \&SS
1.68 kristaps 786: Begin a sub-section.
787: The scope of a sub-section is closed by a subsequent sub-section,
788: section, or end of file.
789: The paragraph left-margin width is re-set to the default.
1.39 kristaps 790: .Ss \&TH
1.22 kristaps 791: Sets the title of the manual page with the following syntax:
1.44 kristaps 792: .Bd -filled -offset indent
793: .Pf \. Sx \&TH
794: .Cm title section
795: .Op Cm date Op Cm source Op Cm volume
796: .Ed
1.43 kristaps 797: .Pp
798: At least the upper-case document title
799: .Cm title
800: and numeric manual section
1.44 kristaps 801: .Cm section
1.68 kristaps 802: arguments must be provided.
803: The
1.43 kristaps 804: .Cm date
805: argument should be formatted as described in
806: .Sx Dates :
1.68 kristaps 807: if it does not conform, the current date is used instead.
808: The
1.44 kristaps 809: .Cm source
1.68 kristaps 810: string specifies the organisation providing the utility.
811: The
1.44 kristaps 812: .Cm volume
1.43 kristaps 813: string replaces the default rendered volume, which is dictated by the
814: manual section.
815: .Pp
816: Examples:
1.46 kristaps 817: .Pp
818: .D1 \&.TH CVS 5 "1992-02-12" GNU
1.39 kristaps 819: .Ss \&TP
1.25 kristaps 820: Begin a paragraph where the head, if exceeding the indentation width, is
1.24 kristaps 821: followed by a newline; if not, the body follows on the same line after a
1.68 kristaps 822: buffer to the indentation width.
823: Subsequent output lines are indented.
1.44 kristaps 824: The syntax is as follows:
825: .Bd -filled -offset indent
826: .Pf \. Sx \&TP
827: .Op Cm width
1.32 kristaps 828: .Ed
829: .Pp
1.44 kristaps 830: The
831: .Cm width
832: argument must conform to
833: .Sx Scaling Widths .
834: If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if
1.27 kristaps 835: unspecified, the saved or default width is used.
1.44 kristaps 836: .Pp
837: See also
1.45 kristaps 838: .Sx \&HP ,
839: .Sx \&IP ,
840: .Sx \&LP ,
841: .Sx \&P ,
1.44 kristaps 842: and
1.45 kristaps 843: .Sx \&PP .
1.58 kristaps 844: .\" .
845: .\" .
846: .\" .Ss \&PD
847: .\" Has no effect. Included for compatibility.
848: .\" .
849: .\" .
850: .\" .Ss \&UC
851: .\" Has no effect. Included for compatibility.
1.39 kristaps 852: .Ss \&br
1.68 kristaps 853: Breaks the current line.
854: Consecutive invocations have no further effect.
1.44 kristaps 855: .Pp
856: See also
857: .Sx \&sp .
1.39 kristaps 858: .Ss \&fi
1.22 kristaps 859: End literal mode begun by
1.39 kristaps 860: .Sx \&nf .
861: .Ss \&i
1.68 kristaps 862: Italicise arguments.
863: Synonym for
1.51 kristaps 864: .Sx \&I .
1.44 kristaps 865: .Pp
866: See also
867: .Sx \&B ,
868: .Sx \&I ,
869: .Sx \&R .
870: .Sx \&b ,
871: and
872: .Sx \&r .
1.39 kristaps 873: .Ss \&na
1.36 kristaps 874: Don't align to the right margin.
1.39 kristaps 875: .Ss \&nf
1.22 kristaps 876: Begin literal mode: all subsequent free-form lines have their end of
1.68 kristaps 877: line boundaries preserved.
878: May be ended by
1.39 kristaps 879: .Sx \&fi .
880: .Ss \&r
1.22 kristaps 881: Fonts and styles (bold face, italics) reset to roman (default font).
1.44 kristaps 882: .Pp
883: See also
884: .Sx \&B ,
885: .Sx \&I ,
886: .Sx \&R ,
887: .Sx \&b ,
888: and
889: .Sx \&i .
1.39 kristaps 890: .Ss \&sp
1.44 kristaps 891: Insert vertical spaces into output with the following syntax:
892: .Bd -filled -offset indent
893: .Pf \. Sx \&sp
894: .Op Cm height
895: .Ed
896: .Pp
1.55 kristaps 897: Insert
1.44 kristaps 898: .Cm height
899: spaces, which must conform to
900: .Sx Scaling Widths .
901: If 0, this is equivalent to the
1.39 kristaps 902: .Sx \&br
1.68 kristaps 903: macro.
904: Defaults to 1, if unspecified.
1.44 kristaps 905: .Pp
906: See also
907: .Sx \&br .
1.58 kristaps 908: .\" .Ss \&Sp
909: .\" A synonym for
910: .\" .Sx \&sp
911: .\" .Cm 0.5v .
912: .\" .
913: .\" .Ss \&Vb
914: .\" A synonym for
915: .\" .Sx \&nf .
916: .\" Accepts an argument (the height of the formatted space) which is
917: .\" disregarded.
918: .\" .
919: .\" .Ss \&Ve
920: .\" A synonym for
921: .\" .Sx \&fi .
922: .\" .
1.18 kristaps 923: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.58 kristaps 924: This section documents areas of questionable portability between
925: implementations of the
926: .Nm
927: language.
1.51 kristaps 928: .Pp
929: .Bl -dash -compact
930: .It
1.58 kristaps 931: In quoted literals, GNU troff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce
1.68 kristaps 932: a standalone double-quote in formatted output.
933: It is not known whether this behaviour is exhibited by other formatters.
1.32 kristaps 934: .It
1.23 kristaps 935: The
1.51 kristaps 936: .Sx \&sp
1.68 kristaps 937: macro does not accept negative values in mandoc.
938: In GNU troff, this would result in strange behaviour.
1.59 kristaps 939: .It
940: The
941: .Sq \(aq
942: macro control character, in GNU troff (and prior troffs) suppresses a
943: newline before macro output; in mandoc, it is an alias for the standard
944: .Sq \&.
945: control character.
1.32 kristaps 946: .El
1.1 kristaps 947: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.32 kristaps 948: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
949: .Xr mandoc_char 7
1.1 kristaps 950: .Sh AUTHORS
951: The
1.32 kristaps 952: .Nm
1.23 kristaps 953: reference was written by
1.62 kristaps 954: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .
1.1 kristaps 955: .Sh CAVEATS
1.68 kristaps 956: Do not use this language.
957: Use
1.32 kristaps 958: .Xr mdoc 7 ,
1.1 kristaps 959: instead.
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