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Annotation of mandoc/mandoc.1, Revision 1.172

1.172   ! schwarze    1: .\"    $Id: mandoc.1,v 1.171 2017/01/21 02:32:39 schwarze Exp $
1.1       kristaps    2: .\"
1.92      schwarze    3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.168     schwarze    4: .\" Copyright (c) 2012, 2014-2017 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1       kristaps    5: .\"
                      6: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.16      kristaps    7: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
                      8: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1       kristaps    9: .\"
1.16      kristaps   10: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
                     11: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
                     12: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
                     13: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
                     14: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
                     15: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
                     16: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.1       kristaps   17: .\"
1.172   ! schwarze   18: .Dd $Mdocdate: January 21 2017 $
1.14      kristaps   19: .Dt MANDOC 1
1.1       kristaps   20: .Os
                     21: .Sh NAME
                     22: .Nm mandoc
1.8       kristaps   23: .Nd format and display UNIX manuals
1.1       kristaps   24: .Sh SYNOPSIS
                     25: .Nm mandoc
1.153     schwarze   26: .Op Fl acfhkl
1.156     schwarze   27: .Op Fl I Cm os Ns = Ns Ar name
                     28: .Op Fl K Ar encoding
1.8       kristaps   29: .Op Fl m Ns Ar format
1.156     schwarze   30: .Op Fl O Ar option
                     31: .Op Fl T Ar output
                     32: .Op Fl W Ar level
1.89      kristaps   33: .Op Ar
1.1       kristaps   34: .Sh DESCRIPTION
                     35: The
                     36: .Nm
1.26      kristaps   37: utility formats
1.8       kristaps   38: .Ux
1.57      kristaps   39: manual pages for display.
1.100     kristaps   40: .Pp
                     41: By default,
                     42: .Nm
                     43: reads
                     44: .Xr mdoc 7
                     45: or
                     46: .Xr man 7
                     47: text from stdin, implying
                     48: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
                     49: and produces
1.156     schwarze   50: .Fl T Cm locale
1.100     kristaps   51: output.
                     52: .Pp
1.109     schwarze   53: The options are as follows:
1.19      kristaps   54: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.107     schwarze   55: .It Fl a
                     56: If the standard output is a terminal device and
                     57: .Fl c
                     58: is not specified, use
                     59: .Xr more 1
                     60: to paginate the output, just like
                     61: .Xr man 1
                     62: would.
                     63: .It Fl c
                     64: Copy the formatted manual pages to the standard output without using
                     65: .Xr more 1
                     66: to paginate them.
                     67: This is the default.
                     68: It can be specified to override
                     69: .Fl a .
1.109     schwarze   70: .It Fl f
                     71: A synonym for
                     72: .Xr whatis 1 .
                     73: This overrides any earlier
                     74: .Fl k
                     75: and
                     76: .Fl l
                     77: options.
1.167     schwarze   78: .It Fl h
                     79: Display only the SYNOPSIS lines.
                     80: Implies
                     81: .Fl c .
1.156     schwarze   82: .It Fl I Cm os Ns = Ns Ar name
1.101     schwarze   83: Override the default operating system
                     84: .Ar name
                     85: for the
                     86: .Xr mdoc 7
                     87: .Sq \&Os
1.130     schwarze   88: and for the
                     89: .Xr man 7
                     90: .Sq \&TH
1.101     schwarze   91: macro.
1.156     schwarze   92: .It Fl K Ar encoding
1.119     schwarze   93: Specify the input encoding.
                     94: The supported
                     95: .Ar encoding
                     96: arguments are
                     97: .Cm us-ascii ,
                     98: .Cm iso-8859-1 ,
                     99: and
                    100: .Cm utf-8 .
                    101: If not specified, autodetection uses the first match:
                    102: .Bl -tag -width iso-8859-1
                    103: .It Cm utf-8
                    104: if the first three bytes of the input file
                    105: are the UTF-8 byte order mark (BOM, 0xefbbbf)
                    106: .It Ar encoding
                    107: if the first or second line of the input file matches the
                    108: .Sy emacs
                    109: mode line format
                    110: .Pp
                    111: .D1 .\e" -*- Oo ...; Oc coding: Ar encoding ; No -*-
                    112: .It Cm utf-8
                    113: if the first non-ASCII byte in the file introduces a valid UTF-8 sequence
                    114: .It Cm iso-8859-1
                    115: otherwise
                    116: .El
1.109     schwarze  117: .It Fl k
                    118: A synonym for
                    119: .Xr apropos 1 .
                    120: This overrides any earlier
                    121: .Fl f
                    122: and
                    123: .Fl l
                    124: options.
                    125: .It Fl l
                    126: A synonym for
                    127: .Fl a .
                    128: Also reverts any earlier
                    129: .Fl f
                    130: and
                    131: .Fl k
                    132: options.
1.19      kristaps  133: .It Fl m Ns Ar format
1.57      kristaps  134: Input format.
                    135: See
1.8       kristaps  136: .Sx Input Formats
1.57      kristaps  137: for available formats.
                    138: Defaults to
1.58      kristaps  139: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc .
1.156     schwarze  140: .It Fl O Ar option
1.57      kristaps  141: Comma-separated output options.
1.156     schwarze  142: .It Fl T Ar output
1.57      kristaps  143: Output format.
                    144: See
1.1       kristaps  145: .Sx Output Formats
1.57      kristaps  146: for available formats.
                    147: Defaults to
1.156     schwarze  148: .Fl T Cm locale .
                    149: .It Fl W Ar level
1.77      schwarze  150: Specify the minimum message
                    151: .Ar level
                    152: to be reported on the standard error output and to affect the exit status.
                    153: The
                    154: .Ar level
                    155: can be
1.133     schwarze  156: .Cm warning ,
                    157: .Cm error ,
1.77      schwarze  158: or
1.133     schwarze  159: .Cm unsupp ;
1.132     schwarze  160: .Cm all
1.77      schwarze  161: is an alias for
1.132     schwarze  162: .Cm warning .
                    163: By default,
                    164: .Nm
                    165: is silent.
1.77      schwarze  166: See
                    167: .Sx EXIT STATUS
                    168: and
                    169: .Sx DIAGNOSTICS
                    170: for details.
                    171: .Pp
                    172: The special option
1.156     schwarze  173: .Fl W Cm stop
1.77      schwarze  174: tells
                    175: .Nm
                    176: to exit after parsing a file that causes warnings or errors of at least
                    177: the requested level.
                    178: No formatted output will be produced from that file.
                    179: If both a
                    180: .Ar level
                    181: and
                    182: .Cm stop
                    183: are requested, they can be joined with a comma, for example
1.156     schwarze  184: .Fl W Cm error , Ns Cm stop .
1.58      kristaps  185: .It Ar file
                    186: Read input from zero or more files.
1.57      kristaps  187: If unspecified, reads from stdin.
                    188: If multiple files are specified,
1.2       kristaps  189: .Nm
                    190: will halt with the first failed parse.
1.1       kristaps  191: .El
1.109     schwarze  192: .Pp
                    193: In
                    194: .Fl f
                    195: and
                    196: .Fl k
                    197: mode,
                    198: .Nm
                    199: also supports the options
                    200: .Fl CMmOSsw
                    201: described in the
                    202: .Xr apropos 1
                    203: manual.
1.8       kristaps  204: .Ss Input Formats
                    205: The
                    206: .Nm
                    207: utility accepts
                    208: .Xr mdoc 7
                    209: and
                    210: .Xr man 7
                    211: input with
1.58      kristaps  212: .Fl m Ns Cm doc
1.8       kristaps  213: and
1.58      kristaps  214: .Fl m Ns Cm an ,
1.57      kristaps  215: respectively.
                    216: The
1.8       kristaps  217: .Xr mdoc 7
                    218: format is
                    219: .Em strongly
1.26      kristaps  220: recommended;
1.8       kristaps  221: .Xr man 7
                    222: should only be used for legacy manuals.
1.11      kristaps  223: .Pp
1.12      kristaps  224: A third option,
1.58      kristaps  225: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
1.13      kristaps  226: which is also the default, determines encoding on-the-fly: if the first
1.26      kristaps  227: non-comment macro is
1.27      kristaps  228: .Sq \&Dd
1.13      kristaps  229: or
1.27      kristaps  230: .Sq \&Dt ,
1.26      kristaps  231: the
1.13      kristaps  232: .Xr mdoc 7
                    233: parser is used; otherwise, the
                    234: .Xr man 7
                    235: parser is used.
                    236: .Pp
                    237: If multiple
1.26      kristaps  238: files are specified with
1.58      kristaps  239: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
1.57      kristaps  240: each has its file-type determined this way.
                    241: If multiple files are
1.13      kristaps  242: specified and
1.58      kristaps  243: .Fl m Ns Cm doc
1.12      kristaps  244: or
1.58      kristaps  245: .Fl m Ns Cm an
1.12      kristaps  246: is specified, then this format is used exclusively.
1.1       kristaps  247: .Ss Output Formats
                    248: The
                    249: .Nm
                    250: utility accepts the following
                    251: .Fl T
1.66      kristaps  252: arguments, which correspond to output modes:
1.156     schwarze  253: .Bl -tag -width "-T locale"
                    254: .It Fl T Cm ascii
1.81      kristaps  255: Produce 7-bit ASCII output.
1.57      kristaps  256: See
1.48      kristaps  257: .Sx ASCII Output .
1.156     schwarze  258: .It Fl T Cm html
1.116     kristaps  259: Produce HTML5, CSS1, and MathML output.
1.57      kristaps  260: See
1.48      kristaps  261: .Sx HTML Output .
1.156     schwarze  262: .It Fl T Cm lint
1.58      kristaps  263: Parse only: produce no output.
                    264: Implies
1.156     schwarze  265: .Fl W Cm warning .
                    266: .It Fl T Cm locale
1.93      schwarze  267: Encode output using the current locale.
1.128     schwarze  268: This is the default.
1.93      schwarze  269: See
                    270: .Sx Locale Output .
1.156     schwarze  271: .It Fl T Cm man
1.95      kristaps  272: Produce
1.91      schwarze  273: .Xr man 7
1.95      kristaps  274: format output.
                    275: See
                    276: .Sx Man Output .
1.156     schwarze  277: .It Fl T Cm pdf
1.73      kristaps  278: Produce PDF output.
                    279: See
                    280: .Sx PDF Output .
1.156     schwarze  281: .It Fl T Cm ps
1.62      kristaps  282: Produce PostScript output.
                    283: See
                    284: .Sx PostScript Output .
1.156     schwarze  285: .It Fl T Cm tree
1.58      kristaps  286: Produce an indented parse tree.
1.161     schwarze  287: See
                    288: .Sx Syntax tree output .
1.156     schwarze  289: .It Fl T Cm utf8
1.93      schwarze  290: Encode output in the UTF\-8 multi-byte format.
                    291: See
                    292: .Sx UTF\-8 Output .
1.156     schwarze  293: .It Fl T Cm xhtml
1.114     kristaps  294: This is a synonym for
1.156     schwarze  295: .Fl T Cm html .
1.1       kristaps  296: .El
1.13      kristaps  297: .Pp
                    298: If multiple input files are specified, these will be processed by the
                    299: corresponding filter in-order.
1.66      kristaps  300: .Ss ASCII Output
                    301: Output produced by
1.156     schwarze  302: .Fl T Cm ascii
1.128     schwarze  303: is rendered in standard 7-bit ASCII documented in
1.66      kristaps  304: .Xr ascii 7 .
                    305: .Pp
                    306: Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding such that an
                    307: underlined character
                    308: .Sq c
                    309: is rendered as
                    310: .Sq _ Ns \e[bs] Ns c ,
                    311: where
                    312: .Sq \e[bs]
                    313: is the back-space character number 8.
                    314: Emboldened characters are rendered as
                    315: .Sq c Ns \e[bs] Ns c .
                    316: .Pp
                    317: The special characters documented in
                    318: .Xr mandoc_char 7
                    319: are rendered best-effort in an ASCII equivalent.
                    320: .Pp
                    321: Output width is limited to 78 visible columns unless literal input lines
                    322: exceed this limit.
                    323: .Pp
                    324: The following
                    325: .Fl O
                    326: arguments are accepted:
1.19      kristaps  327: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.98      schwarze  328: .It Cm indent Ns = Ns Ar indent
                    329: The left margin for normal text is set to
                    330: .Ar indent
                    331: blank characters instead of the default of five for
                    332: .Xr mdoc 7
                    333: and seven for
                    334: .Xr man 7 .
                    335: Increasing this is not recommended; it may result in degraded formatting,
1.99      schwarze  336: for example overfull lines or ugly line breaks.
1.66      kristaps  337: .It Cm width Ns = Ns Ar width
                    338: The output width is set to
                    339: .Ar width ,
1.141     schwarze  340: which will normalise to \(>=58.
1.1       kristaps  341: .El
1.66      kristaps  342: .Ss HTML Output
                    343: Output produced by
1.156     schwarze  344: .Fl T Cm html
1.114     kristaps  345: conforms to HTML5 using optional self-closing tags.
1.116     kristaps  346: Default styles use only CSS1.
                    347: Equations rendered from
                    348: .Xr eqn 7
                    349: blocks use MathML.
1.66      kristaps  350: .Pp
1.61      kristaps  351: The
1.164     schwarze  352: .Pa mandoc.css
1.83      kristaps  353: file documents style-sheet classes available for customising output.
                    354: If a style-sheet is not specified with
1.156     schwarze  355: .Fl O Cm style ,
                    356: .Fl T Cm html
1.114     kristaps  357: defaults to simple output (via an embedded style-sheet)
                    358: readable in any graphical or text-based web
1.83      kristaps  359: browser.
1.66      kristaps  360: .Pp
1.89      kristaps  361: Special characters are rendered in decimal-encoded UTF\-8.
1.66      kristaps  362: .Pp
                    363: The following
1.64      kristaps  364: .Fl O
1.66      kristaps  365: arguments are accepted:
1.37      kristaps  366: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.94      kristaps  367: .It Cm fragment
1.123     schwarze  368: Omit the <!DOCTYPE> declaration and the <html>, <head>, and <body>
                    369: elements and only emit the subtree below the <body> element.
1.94      kristaps  370: The
                    371: .Cm style
1.97      schwarze  372: argument will be ignored.
1.94      kristaps  373: This is useful when embedding manual content within existing documents.
1.64      kristaps  374: .It Cm includes Ns = Ns Ar fmt
1.40      kristaps  375: The string
                    376: .Ar fmt ,
1.49      kristaps  377: for example,
1.40      kristaps  378: .Ar ../src/%I.html ,
                    379: is used as a template for linked header files (usually via the
                    380: .Sq \&In
1.57      kristaps  381: macro).
                    382: Instances of
1.43      kristaps  383: .Sq \&%I
1.57      kristaps  384: are replaced with the include filename.
                    385: The default is not to present a
1.40      kristaps  386: hyperlink.
1.64      kristaps  387: .It Cm man Ns = Ns Ar fmt
1.39      kristaps  388: The string
                    389: .Ar fmt ,
1.49      kristaps  390: for example,
1.39      kristaps  391: .Ar ../html%S/%N.%S.html ,
                    392: is used as a template for linked manuals (usually via the
1.37      kristaps  393: .Sq \&Xr
1.57      kristaps  394: macro).
                    395: Instances of
1.43      kristaps  396: .Sq \&%N
1.40      kristaps  397: and
                    398: .Sq %S
                    399: are replaced with the linked manual's name and section, respectively.
1.57      kristaps  400: If no section is included, section 1 is assumed.
                    401: The default is not to
1.40      kristaps  402: present a hyperlink.
1.64      kristaps  403: .It Cm style Ns = Ns Ar style.css
1.58      kristaps  404: The file
                    405: .Ar style.css
                    406: is used for an external style-sheet.
                    407: This must be a valid absolute or
                    408: relative URI.
1.61      kristaps  409: .El
1.93      schwarze  410: .Ss Locale Output
                    411: Locale-depending output encoding is triggered with
1.156     schwarze  412: .Fl T Cm locale .
1.128     schwarze  413: This is the default.
                    414: .Pp
1.93      schwarze  415: This option is not available on all systems: systems without locale
                    416: support, or those whose internal representation is not natively UCS-4,
                    417: will fall back to
1.156     schwarze  418: .Fl T Cm ascii .
1.93      schwarze  419: See
                    420: .Sx ASCII Output
                    421: for font style specification and available command-line arguments.
1.95      kristaps  422: .Ss Man Output
                    423: Translate input format into
                    424: .Xr man 7
                    425: output format.
1.102     schwarze  426: This is useful for distributing manual sources to legacy systems
1.96      kristaps  427: lacking
1.95      kristaps  428: .Xr mdoc 7
                    429: formatters.
                    430: .Pp
                    431: If
                    432: .Xr mdoc 7
                    433: is passed as input, it is translated into
1.97      schwarze  434: .Xr man 7 .
                    435: If the input format is
1.95      kristaps  436: .Xr man 7 ,
1.97      schwarze  437: the input is copied to the output, expanding any
1.95      kristaps  438: .Xr roff 7
                    439: .Sq so
1.97      schwarze  440: requests.
                    441: The parser is also run, and as usual, the
                    442: .Fl W
                    443: level controls which
                    444: .Sx DIAGNOSTICS
                    445: are displayed before copying the input to the output.
1.93      schwarze  446: .Ss PDF Output
                    447: PDF-1.1 output may be generated by
1.156     schwarze  448: .Fl T Cm pdf .
1.93      schwarze  449: See
                    450: .Sx PostScript Output
                    451: for
                    452: .Fl O
                    453: arguments and defaults.
1.62      kristaps  454: .Ss PostScript Output
1.65      kristaps  455: PostScript
                    456: .Qq Adobe-3.0
                    457: Level-2 pages may be generated by
1.156     schwarze  458: .Fl T Cm ps .
1.67      kristaps  459: Output pages default to letter sized and are rendered in the Times font
1.70      kristaps  460: family, 11-point.
                    461: Margins are calculated as 1/9 the page length and width.
1.71      kristaps  462: Line-height is 1.4m.
1.66      kristaps  463: .Pp
                    464: Special characters are rendered as in
                    465: .Sx ASCII Output .
                    466: .Pp
                    467: The following
                    468: .Fl O
                    469: arguments are accepted:
                    470: .Bl -tag -width Ds
                    471: .It Cm paper Ns = Ns Ar name
                    472: The paper size
                    473: .Ar name
                    474: may be one of
1.68      kristaps  475: .Ar a3 ,
                    476: .Ar a4 ,
                    477: .Ar a5 ,
                    478: .Ar legal ,
1.66      kristaps  479: or
                    480: .Ar letter .
1.68      kristaps  481: You may also manually specify dimensions as
                    482: .Ar NNxNN ,
                    483: width by height in millimetres.
                    484: If an unknown value is encountered,
                    485: .Ar letter
                    486: is used.
1.66      kristaps  487: .El
1.93      schwarze  488: .Ss UTF\-8 Output
                    489: Use
1.156     schwarze  490: .Fl T Cm utf8
1.93      schwarze  491: to force a UTF\-8 locale.
1.73      kristaps  492: See
1.93      schwarze  493: .Sx Locale Output
                    494: for details and options.
1.161     schwarze  495: .Ss Syntax tree output
                    496: Use
                    497: .Fl T Cm tree
                    498: to show a human readable representation of the syntax tree.
                    499: It is useful for debugging the source code of manual pages.
1.162     schwarze  500: The exact format is subject to change, so don't write parsers for it.
1.170     schwarze  501: .Pp
                    502: The first paragraph shows meta data found in the
                    503: .Xr mdoc 7
                    504: prologue, on the
                    505: .Xr man 7
                    506: .Ic \&TH
                    507: line, or the fallbacks used.
                    508: .Pp
                    509: In the tree dump, each output line shows one syntax tree node.
1.161     schwarze  510: Child nodes are indented with respect to their parent node.
                    511: The columns are:
                    512: .Pp
                    513: .Bl -enum -compact
                    514: .It
                    515: For macro nodes, the macro name; for text and
                    516: .Xr tbl 7
1.162     schwarze  517: nodes, the content.
                    518: There is a special format for
1.161     schwarze  519: .Xr eqn 7
                    520: nodes.
                    521: .It
                    522: Node type (text, elem, block, head, body, body-end, tail, tbl, eqn).
                    523: .It
                    524: Flags:
                    525: .Bl -dash -compact
                    526: .It
                    527: An opening parenthesis if the node is an opening delimiter.
                    528: .It
                    529: An asterisk if the node starts a new input line.
                    530: .It
                    531: The input line number (starting at one).
                    532: .It
                    533: A colon.
                    534: .It
                    535: The input column number (starting at one).
                    536: .It
                    537: A closing parenthesis if the node is a closing delimiter.
                    538: .It
                    539: A full stop if the node ends a sentence.
1.169     schwarze  540: .It
                    541: NOSRC if the node is not in the input file,
                    542: but automatically generated from macros.
                    543: .It
                    544: NOPRT if the node is not supposed to generate output
                    545: for any output format.
1.161     schwarze  546: .El
                    547: .El
1.108     schwarze  548: .Sh ENVIRONMENT
                    549: .Bl -tag -width MANPAGER
                    550: .It Ev MANPAGER
                    551: Any non-empty value of the environment variable
                    552: .Ev MANPAGER
                    553: will be used instead of the standard pagination program,
                    554: .Xr more 1 .
                    555: .It Ev PAGER
                    556: Specifies the pagination program to use when
                    557: .Ev MANPAGER
                    558: is not defined.
                    559: If neither PAGER nor MANPAGER is defined,
1.159     schwarze  560: .Xr more 1
                    561: .Fl s
1.108     schwarze  562: will be used.
                    563: .El
1.77      schwarze  564: .Sh EXIT STATUS
                    565: The
                    566: .Nm
                    567: utility exits with one of the following values, controlled by the message
                    568: .Ar level
                    569: associated with the
                    570: .Fl W
                    571: option:
                    572: .Pp
                    573: .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
                    574: .It 0
                    575: No warnings or errors occurred, or those that did were ignored because
                    576: they were lower than the requested
                    577: .Ar level .
                    578: .It 2
                    579: At least one warning occurred, but no error, and
1.156     schwarze  580: .Fl W Cm warning
1.77      schwarze  581: was specified.
                    582: .It 3
1.133     schwarze  583: At least one parsing error occurred,
                    584: but no unsupported feature was encountered, and
1.156     schwarze  585: .Fl W Cm error
1.133     schwarze  586: or
1.156     schwarze  587: .Fl W Cm warning
1.133     schwarze  588: was specified.
                    589: .It 4
1.134     schwarze  590: At least one unsupported feature was encountered, and
1.156     schwarze  591: .Fl W Cm unsupp ,
                    592: .Fl W Cm error
1.77      schwarze  593: or
1.156     schwarze  594: .Fl W Cm warning
1.77      schwarze  595: was specified.
                    596: .It 5
                    597: Invalid command line arguments were specified.
                    598: No input files have been read.
                    599: .It 6
1.131     schwarze  600: An operating system error occurred, for example exhaustion
                    601: of memory, file descriptors, or process table entries.
1.77      schwarze  602: Such errors cause
                    603: .Nm
                    604: to exit at once, possibly in the middle of parsing or formatting a file.
                    605: .El
                    606: .Pp
                    607: Note that selecting
1.156     schwarze  608: .Fl T Cm lint
1.77      schwarze  609: output mode implies
1.156     schwarze  610: .Fl W Cm warning .
1.1       kristaps  611: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.13      kristaps  612: To page manuals to the terminal:
1.1       kristaps  613: .Pp
1.156     schwarze  614: .Dl $ mandoc \-W all,stop mandoc.1 2\*(Gt&1 | less
1.82      kristaps  615: .Dl $ mandoc mandoc.1 mdoc.3 mdoc.7 | less
1.28      kristaps  616: .Pp
1.41      kristaps  617: To produce HTML manuals with
1.164     schwarze  618: .Pa mandoc.css
1.41      kristaps  619: as the style-sheet:
1.38      kristaps  620: .Pp
1.164     schwarze  621: .Dl $ mandoc \-T html -O style=mandoc.css mdoc.7 \*(Gt mdoc.7.html
1.38      kristaps  622: .Pp
1.28      kristaps  623: To check over a large set of manuals:
                    624: .Pp
1.158     schwarze  625: .Dl $ mandoc \-T lint \(gafind /usr/src -name \e*\e.[1-9]\(ga
1.66      kristaps  626: .Pp
                    627: To produce a series of PostScript manuals for A4 paper:
                    628: .Pp
1.156     schwarze  629: .Dl $ mandoc \-T ps \-O paper=a4 mdoc.7 man.7 \*(Gt manuals.ps
1.91      schwarze  630: .Pp
                    631: Convert a modern
                    632: .Xr mdoc 7
                    633: manual to the older
                    634: .Xr man 7
                    635: format, for use on systems lacking an
                    636: .Xr mdoc 7
                    637: parser:
                    638: .Pp
1.156     schwarze  639: .Dl $ mandoc \-T man foo.mdoc \*(Gt foo.man
1.77      schwarze  640: .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
1.106     schwarze  641: Messages displayed by
                    642: .Nm
                    643: follow this format:
1.77      schwarze  644: .Pp
1.106     schwarze  645: .D1 Nm Ns : Ar file : Ns Ar line : Ns Ar column : level : message : macro args
1.77      schwarze  646: .Pp
1.106     schwarze  647: Line and column numbers start at 1.
                    648: Both are omitted for messages referring to an input file as a whole.
                    649: Macro names and arguments are omitted where meaningless.
                    650: Fatal messages about invalid command line arguments
                    651: or operating system errors, for example when memory is exhausted,
                    652: may also omit the
                    653: .Ar file
1.104     schwarze  654: and
1.106     schwarze  655: .Ar level
                    656: fields.
1.104     schwarze  657: .Pp
1.77      schwarze  658: Message levels have the following meanings:
                    659: .Bl -tag -width "warning"
1.133     schwarze  660: .It Cm unsupp
                    661: An input file uses unsupported low-level
                    662: .Xr roff 7
                    663: features.
                    664: The output may be incomplete and/or misformatted,
                    665: so using GNU troff instead of
                    666: .Nm
                    667: to process the file may be preferable.
1.77      schwarze  668: .It Cm error
1.133     schwarze  669: An input file contains invalid syntax that cannot be safely interpreted.
1.77      schwarze  670: By discarding part of the input or inserting missing tokens,
                    671: the parser is able to continue, and the error does not prevent
                    672: generation of formatted output, but typically, preparing that
                    673: output involves information loss, broken document structure
1.133     schwarze  674: or unintended formatting, no matter whether
                    675: .Nm
                    676: or GNU troff is used.
                    677: In many cases, the output of
                    678: .Nm
                    679: and GNU troff is identical, but in some,
                    680: .Nm
                    681: is more resilient than GNU troff with respect to malformed input.
1.131     schwarze  682: .Pp
                    683: Non-existent or unreadable input files are also reported on the
                    684: .Cm error
                    685: level.
                    686: In that case, the parser cannot even be started and no output
                    687: is produced from those input files.
1.77      schwarze  688: .It Cm warning
                    689: An input file uses obsolete, discouraged or non-portable syntax.
                    690: All the same, the meaning of the input is unambiguous and a correct
                    691: rendering can be produced.
                    692: Documents causing warnings may render poorly when using other
                    693: formatting tools instead of
                    694: .Nm .
                    695: .El
                    696: .Pp
                    697: Messages of the
1.133     schwarze  698: .Cm warning ,
                    699: .Cm error ,
1.77      schwarze  700: and
1.133     schwarze  701: .Cm unsupp
1.131     schwarze  702: levels except those about non-existent or unreadable input files
                    703: are hidden unless their level, or a lower level, is requested using a
1.77      schwarze  704: .Fl W
                    705: option or
1.156     schwarze  706: .Fl T Cm lint
1.77      schwarze  707: output mode.
1.106     schwarze  708: .Ss Warnings related to the document prologue
                    709: .Bl -ohang
                    710: .It Sy "missing manual title, using UNTITLED"
                    711: .Pq mdoc
                    712: A
                    713: .Ic \&Dt
                    714: macro has no arguments, or there is no
                    715: .Ic \&Dt
                    716: macro before the first non-prologue macro.
                    717: .It Sy "missing manual title, using \(dq\(dq"
                    718: .Pq man
                    719: There is no
                    720: .Ic \&TH
                    721: macro, or it has no arguments.
                    722: .It Sy "lower case character in document title"
                    723: .Pq mdoc , man
                    724: The title is still used as given in the
                    725: .Ic \&Dt
                    726: or
                    727: .Ic \&TH
                    728: macro.
                    729: .It Sy "missing manual section, using \(dq\(dq"
                    730: .Pq mdoc , man
                    731: A
                    732: .Ic \&Dt
                    733: or
                    734: .Ic \&TH
                    735: macro lacks the mandatory section argument.
                    736: .It Sy "unknown manual section"
                    737: .Pq mdoc
                    738: The section number in a
                    739: .Ic \&Dt
                    740: line is invalid, but still used.
                    741: .It Sy "missing date, using today's date"
                    742: .Pq mdoc, man
                    743: The document was parsed as
                    744: .Xr mdoc 7
                    745: and it has no
                    746: .Ic \&Dd
                    747: macro, or the
                    748: .Ic \&Dd
                    749: macro has no arguments or only empty arguments;
                    750: or the document was parsed as
                    751: .Xr man 7
                    752: and it has no
                    753: .Ic \&TH
                    754: macro, or the
                    755: .Ic \&TH
                    756: macro has less than three arguments or its third argument is empty.
                    757: .It Sy "cannot parse date, using it verbatim"
                    758: .Pq mdoc , man
                    759: The date given in a
                    760: .Ic \&Dd
                    761: or
                    762: .Ic \&TH
                    763: macro does not follow the conventional format.
                    764: .It Sy "missing Os macro, using \(dq\(dq"
                    765: .Pq mdoc
                    766: The default or current system is not shown in this case.
                    767: .It Sy "duplicate prologue macro"
                    768: .Pq mdoc
                    769: One of the prologue macros occurs more than once.
                    770: The last instance overrides all previous ones.
                    771: .It Sy "late prologue macro"
                    772: .Pq mdoc
                    773: A
                    774: .Ic \&Dd
                    775: or
                    776: .Ic \&Os
                    777: macro occurs after some non-prologue macro, but still takes effect.
                    778: .It Sy "skipping late title macro"
                    779: .Pq mdoc
                    780: The
                    781: .Ic \&Dt
1.152     schwarze  782: macro appears after the first non-prologue macro.
                    783: Traditional formatters cannot handle this because
                    784: they write the page header before parsing the document body.
1.106     schwarze  785: Even though this technical restriction does not apply to
                    786: .Nm ,
                    787: traditional semantics is preserved.
                    788: The late macro is discarded including its arguments.
                    789: .It Sy "prologue macros out of order"
                    790: .Pq mdoc
                    791: The prologue macros are not given in the conventional order
                    792: .Ic \&Dd ,
                    793: .Ic \&Dt ,
                    794: .Ic \&Os .
                    795: All three macros are used even when given in another order.
                    796: .El
                    797: .Ss Warnings regarding document structure
                    798: .Bl -ohang
                    799: .It Sy ".so is fragile, better use ln(1)"
                    800: .Pq roff
                    801: Including files only works when the parser program runs with the correct
                    802: current working directory.
                    803: .It Sy "no document body"
                    804: .Pq mdoc , man
                    805: The document body contains neither text nor macros.
                    806: An empty document is shown, consisting only of a header and a footer line.
                    807: .It Sy "content before first section header"
                    808: .Pq mdoc , man
                    809: Some macros or text precede the first
                    810: .Ic \&Sh
                    811: or
                    812: .Ic \&SH
                    813: section header.
                    814: The offending macros and text are parsed and added to the top level
                    815: of the syntax tree, outside any section block.
                    816: .It Sy "first section is not NAME"
                    817: .Pq mdoc
                    818: The argument of the first
                    819: .Ic \&Sh
                    820: macro is not
                    821: .Sq NAME .
                    822: This may confuse
                    823: .Xr makewhatis 8
                    824: and
                    825: .Xr apropos 1 .
1.168     schwarze  826: .It Sy "NAME section without Nm before Nd"
1.106     schwarze  827: .Pq mdoc
1.155     schwarze  828: The NAME section does not contain any
                    829: .Ic \&Nm
1.168     schwarze  830: child macro before the first
                    831: .Ic \&Nd
                    832: macro.
1.155     schwarze  833: .It Sy "NAME section without description"
                    834: .Pq mdoc
                    835: The NAME section lacks the mandatory
                    836: .Ic \&Nd
                    837: child macro.
                    838: .It Sy "description not at the end of NAME"
                    839: .Pq mdoc
                    840: The NAME section does contain an
1.106     schwarze  841: .Ic \&Nd
1.155     schwarze  842: child macro, but other content follows it.
                    843: .It Sy "bad NAME section content"
                    844: .Pq mdoc
                    845: The NAME section contains plain text or macros other than
                    846: .Ic \&Nm
1.106     schwarze  847: and
1.155     schwarze  848: .Ic \&Nd .
1.168     schwarze  849: .It Sy "missing comma before name"
                    850: .Pq mdoc
                    851: The NAME section contains an
                    852: .Ic \&Nm
                    853: macro that is neither the first one nor preceded by a comma.
1.142     schwarze  854: .It Sy "missing description line, using \(dq\(dq"
                    855: .Pq mdoc
                    856: The
                    857: .Ic \&Nd
                    858: macro lacks the required argument.
                    859: The title line of the manual will end after the dash.
1.106     schwarze  860: .It Sy "sections out of conventional order"
                    861: .Pq mdoc
                    862: A standard section occurs after another section it usually precedes.
                    863: All section titles are used as given,
                    864: and the order of sections is not changed.
                    865: .It Sy "duplicate section title"
                    866: .Pq mdoc
                    867: The same standard section title occurs more than once.
                    868: .It Sy "unexpected section"
                    869: .Pq mdoc
                    870: A standard section header occurs in a section of the manual
                    871: where it normally isn't useful.
1.112     schwarze  872: .It Sy "unusual Xr order"
                    873: .Pq mdoc
                    874: In the SEE ALSO section, an
                    875: .Ic \&Xr
                    876: macro with a lower section number follows one with a higher number,
                    877: or two
                    878: .Ic \&Xr
1.157     schwarze  879: macros referring to the same section are out of alphabetical order.
1.112     schwarze  880: .It Sy "unusual Xr punctuation"
                    881: .Pq mdoc
                    882: In the SEE ALSO section, punctuation between two
                    883: .Ic \&Xr
                    884: macros differs from a single comma, or there is trailing punctuation
                    885: after the last
                    886: .Ic \&Xr
                    887: macro.
1.111     schwarze  888: .It Sy "AUTHORS section without An macro"
                    889: .Pq mdoc
                    890: An AUTHORS sections contains no
                    891: .Ic \&An
                    892: macros, or only empty ones.
                    893: Probably, there are author names lacking markup.
1.106     schwarze  894: .El
                    895: .Ss "Warnings related to macros and nesting"
                    896: .Bl -ohang
                    897: .It Sy "obsolete macro"
                    898: .Pq mdoc
                    899: See the
                    900: .Xr mdoc 7
                    901: manual for replacements.
1.126     schwarze  902: .It Sy "macro neither callable nor escaped"
                    903: .Pq mdoc
                    904: The name of a macro that is not callable appears on a macro line.
                    905: It is printed verbatim.
1.152     schwarze  906: If the intention is to call it, move it to its own input line;
1.126     schwarze  907: otherwise, escape it by prepending
                    908: .Sq \e& .
1.106     schwarze  909: .It Sy "skipping paragraph macro"
                    910: In
                    911: .Xr mdoc 7
                    912: documents, this happens
                    913: .Bl -dash -compact
                    914: .It
                    915: at the beginning and end of sections and subsections
                    916: .It
                    917: right before non-compact lists and displays
                    918: .It
                    919: at the end of items in non-column, non-compact lists
                    920: .It
                    921: and for multiple consecutive paragraph macros.
                    922: .El
                    923: In
                    924: .Xr man 7
                    925: documents, it happens
                    926: .Bl -dash -compact
                    927: .It
                    928: for empty
                    929: .Ic \&P ,
                    930: .Ic \&PP ,
                    931: and
                    932: .Ic \&LP
                    933: macros
                    934: .It
                    935: for
                    936: .Ic \&IP
                    937: macros having neither head nor body arguments
                    938: .It
                    939: for
                    940: .Ic \&br
                    941: or
                    942: .Ic \&sp
                    943: right after
                    944: .Ic \&SH
                    945: or
                    946: .Ic \&SS
                    947: .El
                    948: .It Sy "moving paragraph macro out of list"
                    949: .Pq mdoc
                    950: A list item in a
                    951: .Ic \&Bl
                    952: list contains a trailing paragraph macro.
                    953: The paragraph macro is moved after the end of the list.
                    954: .It Sy "skipping no-space macro"
                    955: .Pq mdoc
                    956: An input line begins with an
                    957: .Ic \&Ns
                    958: macro.
                    959: The macro is ignored.
                    960: .It Sy "blocks badly nested"
                    961: .Pq mdoc
                    962: If two blocks intersect, one should completely contain the other.
                    963: Otherwise, rendered output is likely to look strange in any output
                    964: format, and rendering in SGML-based output formats is likely to be
                    965: outright wrong because such languages do not support badly nested
                    966: blocks at all.
                    967: Typical examples of badly nested blocks are
                    968: .Qq Ic \&Ao \&Bo \&Ac \&Bc
                    969: and
                    970: .Qq Ic \&Ao \&Bq \&Ac .
                    971: In these examples,
                    972: .Ic \&Ac
                    973: breaks
                    974: .Ic \&Bo
                    975: and
                    976: .Ic \&Bq ,
                    977: respectively.
                    978: .It Sy "nested displays are not portable"
                    979: .Pq mdoc
                    980: A
                    981: .Ic \&Bd ,
                    982: .Ic \&D1 ,
                    983: or
                    984: .Ic \&Dl
                    985: display occurs nested inside another
                    986: .Ic \&Bd
                    987: display.
                    988: This works with
                    989: .Nm ,
                    990: but fails with most other implementations.
                    991: .It Sy "moving content out of list"
                    992: .Pq mdoc
                    993: A
                    994: .Ic \&Bl
                    995: list block contains text or macros before the first
                    996: .Ic \&It
                    997: macro.
                    998: The offending children are moved before the beginning of the list.
                    999: .It Sy "fill mode already enabled, skipping"
                   1000: .Pq man
                   1001: A
                   1002: .Ic \&fi
                   1003: request occurs even though the document is still in fill mode,
                   1004: or already switched back to fill mode.
                   1005: It has no effect.
                   1006: .It Sy "fill mode already disabled, skipping"
                   1007: .Pq man
                   1008: An
                   1009: .Ic \&nf
                   1010: request occurs even though the document already switched to no-fill mode
                   1011: and did not switch back to fill mode yet.
                   1012: It has no effect.
                   1013: .It Sy "line scope broken"
                   1014: .Pq man
                   1015: While parsing the next-line scope of the previous macro,
                   1016: another macro is found that prematurely terminates the previous one.
                   1017: The previous, interrupted macro is deleted from the parse tree.
                   1018: .El
                   1019: .Ss "Warnings related to missing arguments"
                   1020: .Bl -ohang
                   1021: .It Sy "skipping empty request"
1.118     schwarze 1022: .Pq roff , eqn
                   1023: The macro name is missing from a macro definition request,
                   1024: or an
                   1025: .Xr eqn 7
                   1026: control statement or operation keyword lacks its required argument.
1.106     schwarze 1027: .It Sy "conditional request controls empty scope"
                   1028: .Pq roff
                   1029: A conditional request is only useful if any of the following
                   1030: follows it on the same logical input line:
                   1031: .Bl -dash -compact
                   1032: .It
                   1033: The
                   1034: .Sq \e{
                   1035: keyword to open a multi-line scope.
                   1036: .It
                   1037: A request or macro or some text, resulting in a single-line scope.
                   1038: .It
                   1039: The immediate end of the logical line without any intervening whitespace,
                   1040: resulting in next-line scope.
                   1041: .El
                   1042: Here, a conditional request is followed by trailing whitespace only,
                   1043: and there is no other content on its logical input line.
                   1044: Note that it doesn't matter whether the logical input line is split
                   1045: across multiple physical input lines using
                   1046: .Sq \e
                   1047: line continuation characters.
                   1048: This is one of the rare cases
                   1049: where trailing whitespace is syntactically significant.
                   1050: The conditional request controls a scope containing whitespace only,
                   1051: so it is unlikely to have a significant effect,
                   1052: except that it may control a following
                   1053: .Ic \&el
                   1054: clause.
                   1055: .It Sy "skipping empty macro"
                   1056: .Pq mdoc
1.147     schwarze 1057: The indicated macro has no arguments and hence no effect.
                   1058: .It Sy "empty block"
                   1059: .Pq mdoc , man
                   1060: A
                   1061: .Ic \&Bd ,
                   1062: .Ic \&Bk ,
                   1063: .Ic \&Bl ,
                   1064: .Ic \&D1 ,
                   1065: .Ic \&Dl ,
                   1066: .Ic \&RS ,
                   1067: or
                   1068: .Ic \&UR
                   1069: block contains nothing in its body and will produce no output.
1.106     schwarze 1070: .It Sy "empty argument, using 0n"
                   1071: .Pq mdoc
                   1072: The required width is missing after
                   1073: .Ic \&Bd
                   1074: or
                   1075: .Ic \&Bl
                   1076: .Fl offset
                   1077: or
                   1078: .Fl width.
                   1079: .It Sy "missing display type, using -ragged"
                   1080: .Pq mdoc
                   1081: The
                   1082: .Ic \&Bd
                   1083: macro is invoked without the required display type.
                   1084: .It Sy "list type is not the first argument"
                   1085: .Pq mdoc
                   1086: In a
                   1087: .Ic \&Bl
                   1088: macro, at least one other argument precedes the type argument.
                   1089: The
                   1090: .Nm
                   1091: utility copes with any argument order, but some other
                   1092: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1093: implementations do not.
                   1094: .It Sy "missing -width in -tag list, using 8n"
                   1095: .Pq mdoc
                   1096: Every
                   1097: .Ic \&Bl
                   1098: macro having the
                   1099: .Fl tag
                   1100: argument requires
                   1101: .Fl width ,
                   1102: too.
                   1103: .It Sy "missing utility name, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1104: .Pq mdoc
                   1105: The
                   1106: .Ic \&Ex Fl std
                   1107: macro is called without an argument before
                   1108: .Ic \&Nm
                   1109: has first been called with an argument.
1.146     schwarze 1110: .It Sy "missing function name, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1111: .Pq mdoc
                   1112: The
                   1113: .Ic \&Fo
                   1114: macro is called without an argument.
                   1115: No function name is printed.
1.106     schwarze 1116: .It Sy "empty head in list item"
                   1117: .Pq mdoc
                   1118: In a
                   1119: .Ic \&Bl
                   1120: .Fl diag ,
                   1121: .Fl hang ,
                   1122: .Fl inset ,
                   1123: .Fl ohang ,
                   1124: or
                   1125: .Fl tag
                   1126: list, an
                   1127: .Ic \&It
                   1128: macro lacks the required argument.
                   1129: The item head is left empty.
                   1130: .It Sy "empty list item"
                   1131: .Pq mdoc
                   1132: In a
                   1133: .Ic \&Bl
                   1134: .Fl bullet ,
                   1135: .Fl dash ,
                   1136: .Fl enum ,
                   1137: or
                   1138: .Fl hyphen
                   1139: list, an
                   1140: .Ic \&It
                   1141: block is empty.
                   1142: An empty list item is shown.
1.152     schwarze 1143: .It Sy "missing font type, using \efR"
1.106     schwarze 1144: .Pq mdoc
                   1145: A
                   1146: .Ic \&Bf
                   1147: macro has no argument.
1.152     schwarze 1148: It switches to the default font.
                   1149: .It Sy "unknown font type, using \efR"
1.106     schwarze 1150: .Pq mdoc
                   1151: The
                   1152: .Ic \&Bf
                   1153: argument is invalid.
1.152     schwarze 1154: The default font is used instead.
1.127     schwarze 1155: .It Sy "nothing follows prefix"
                   1156: .Pq mdoc
                   1157: A
                   1158: .Ic \&Pf
                   1159: macro has no argument, or only one argument and no macro follows
                   1160: on the same input line.
                   1161: This defeats its purpose; in particular, spacing is not suppressed
                   1162: before the text or macros following on the next input line.
1.143     schwarze 1163: .It Sy "empty reference block"
                   1164: .Pq mdoc
                   1165: An
                   1166: .Ic \&Rs
                   1167: macro is immediately followed by an
                   1168: .Ic \&Re
                   1169: macro on the next input line.
                   1170: Such an empty block does not produce any output.
1.165     schwarze 1171: .It Sy "missing section argument"
                   1172: .Pq mdoc
                   1173: An
                   1174: .Ic \&Xr
                   1175: macro lacks its second, section number argument.
                   1176: The first argument, i.e. the name, is printed, but without subsequent
1.166     schwarze 1177: parentheses.
1.106     schwarze 1178: .It Sy "missing -std argument, adding it"
                   1179: .Pq mdoc
                   1180: An
                   1181: .Ic \&Ex
                   1182: or
                   1183: .Ic \&Rv
                   1184: macro lacks the required
                   1185: .Fl std
                   1186: argument.
                   1187: The
                   1188: .Nm
                   1189: utility assumes
                   1190: .Fl std
                   1191: even when it is not specified, but other implementations may not.
1.150     schwarze 1192: .It Sy "missing option string, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1193: .Pq man
                   1194: The
                   1195: .Ic \&OP
                   1196: macro is invoked without any argument.
                   1197: An empty pair of square brackets is shown.
                   1198: .It Sy "missing resource identifier, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1199: .Pq man
                   1200: The
                   1201: .Ic \&UR
                   1202: macro is invoked without any argument.
                   1203: An empty pair of angle brackets is shown.
1.118     schwarze 1204: .It Sy "missing eqn box, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1205: .Pq eqn
                   1206: A diacritic mark or a binary operator is found,
                   1207: but there is nothing to the left of it.
                   1208: An empty box is inserted.
1.106     schwarze 1209: .El
                   1210: .Ss "Warnings related to bad macro arguments"
                   1211: .Bl -ohang
                   1212: .It Sy "unterminated quoted argument"
                   1213: .Pq roff
                   1214: Macro arguments can be enclosed in double quote characters
                   1215: such that space characters and macro names contained in the quoted
                   1216: argument need not be escaped.
                   1217: The closing quote of the last argument of a macro can be omitted.
                   1218: However, omitting it is not recommended because it makes the code
                   1219: harder to read.
                   1220: .It Sy "duplicate argument"
                   1221: .Pq mdoc
                   1222: A
                   1223: .Ic \&Bd
                   1224: or
                   1225: .Ic \&Bl
                   1226: macro has more than one
                   1227: .Fl compact ,
                   1228: more than one
                   1229: .Fl offset ,
                   1230: or more than one
                   1231: .Fl width
                   1232: argument.
                   1233: All but the last instances of these arguments are ignored.
                   1234: .It Sy "skipping duplicate argument"
                   1235: .Pq mdoc
                   1236: An
                   1237: .Ic \&An
                   1238: macro has more than one
                   1239: .Fl split
                   1240: or
                   1241: .Fl nosplit
                   1242: argument.
                   1243: All but the first of these arguments are ignored.
                   1244: .It Sy "skipping duplicate display type"
                   1245: .Pq mdoc
                   1246: A
                   1247: .Ic \&Bd
                   1248: macro has more than one type argument; the first one is used.
                   1249: .It Sy "skipping duplicate list type"
                   1250: .Pq mdoc
                   1251: A
                   1252: .Ic \&Bl
                   1253: macro has more than one type argument; the first one is used.
                   1254: .It Sy "skipping -width argument"
                   1255: .Pq mdoc
                   1256: A
                   1257: .Ic \&Bl
                   1258: .Fl column ,
                   1259: .Fl diag ,
                   1260: .Fl ohang ,
                   1261: .Fl inset ,
                   1262: or
                   1263: .Fl item
                   1264: list has a
                   1265: .Fl width
                   1266: argument.
                   1267: That has no effect.
1.151     schwarze 1268: .It Sy "wrong number of cells"
                   1269: In a line of a
                   1270: .Ic \&Bl Fl column
                   1271: list, the number of tabs or
                   1272: .Ic \&Ta
                   1273: macros is less than the number expected from the list header line
                   1274: or exceeds the expected number by more than one.
                   1275: Missing cells remain empty, and all cells exceeding the number of
                   1276: columns are joined into one single cell.
1.106     schwarze 1277: .It Sy "unknown AT&T UNIX version"
                   1278: .Pq mdoc
                   1279: An
                   1280: .Ic \&At
                   1281: macro has an invalid argument.
                   1282: It is used verbatim, with
                   1283: .Qq "AT&T UNIX "
                   1284: prefixed to it.
1.113     schwarze 1285: .It Sy "comma in function argument"
                   1286: .Pq mdoc
                   1287: An argument of an
                   1288: .Ic \&Fa
                   1289: or
                   1290: .Ic \&Fn
                   1291: macro contains a comma; it should probably be split into two arguments.
1.117     schwarze 1292: .It Sy "parenthesis in function name"
                   1293: .Pq mdoc
                   1294: The first argument of an
                   1295: .Ic \&Fc
                   1296: or
                   1297: .Ic \&Fn
                   1298: macro contains an opening or closing parenthesis; that's probably wrong,
                   1299: parentheses are added automatically.
1.106     schwarze 1300: .It Sy "invalid content in Rs block"
                   1301: .Pq mdoc
                   1302: An
                   1303: .Ic \&Rs
                   1304: block contains plain text or non-% macros.
                   1305: The bogus content is left in the syntax tree.
                   1306: Formatting may be poor.
                   1307: .It Sy "invalid Boolean argument"
                   1308: .Pq mdoc
                   1309: An
                   1310: .Ic \&Sm
                   1311: macro has an argument other than
                   1312: .Cm on
                   1313: or
                   1314: .Cm off .
                   1315: The invalid argument is moved out of the macro, which leaves the macro
                   1316: empty, causing it to toggle the spacing mode.
                   1317: .It Sy "unknown font, skipping request"
1.115     schwarze 1318: .Pq man , tbl
1.106     schwarze 1319: A
                   1320: .Xr roff 7
                   1321: .Ic \&ft
1.115     schwarze 1322: request or a
                   1323: .Xr tbl 7
                   1324: .Ic \&f
                   1325: layout modifier has an unknown
                   1326: .Ar font
                   1327: argument.
1.151     schwarze 1328: .It Sy "odd number of characters in request"
                   1329: .Pq roff
                   1330: A
                   1331: .Ic \&tr
                   1332: request contains an odd number of characters.
                   1333: The last character is mapped to the blank character.
1.106     schwarze 1334: .El
                   1335: .Ss "Warnings related to plain text"
                   1336: .Bl -ohang
                   1337: .It Sy "blank line in fill mode, using .sp"
                   1338: .Pq mdoc
                   1339: The meaning of blank input lines is only well-defined in non-fill mode:
                   1340: In fill mode, line breaks of text input lines are not supposed to be
                   1341: significant.
                   1342: However, for compatibility with groff, blank lines in fill mode
                   1343: are replaced with
                   1344: .Ic \&sp
                   1345: requests.
                   1346: .It Sy "tab in filled text"
                   1347: .Pq mdoc , man
                   1348: The meaning of tab characters is only well-defined in non-fill mode:
                   1349: In fill mode, whitespace is not supposed to be significant
                   1350: on text input lines.
                   1351: As an implementation dependent choice, tab characters on text lines
                   1352: are passed through to the formatters in any case.
                   1353: Given that the text before the tab character will be filled,
                   1354: it is hard to predict which tab stop position the tab will advance to.
                   1355: .It Sy "whitespace at end of input line"
                   1356: .Pq mdoc , man , roff
                   1357: Whitespace at the end of input lines is almost never semantically
                   1358: significant \(em but in the odd case where it might be, it is
                   1359: extremely confusing when reviewing and maintaining documents.
1.172   ! schwarze 1360: .It Sy "new sentence, new line"
        !          1361: .Pq mdoc
        !          1362: A new sentence starts in the middle of a text line.
        !          1363: Start it on a new input line to help formatters produce correct spacing.
1.106     schwarze 1364: .It Sy "bad comment style"
                   1365: .Pq roff
                   1366: Comment lines start with a dot, a backslash, and a double-quote character.
                   1367: The
                   1368: .Nm
                   1369: utility treats the line as a comment line even without the backslash,
                   1370: but leaving out the backslash might not be portable.
                   1371: .It Sy "invalid escape sequence"
                   1372: .Pq roff
                   1373: An escape sequence has an invalid opening argument delimiter, lacks the
                   1374: closing argument delimiter, or the argument has too few characters.
                   1375: If the argument is incomplete,
                   1376: .Ic \e*
                   1377: and
                   1378: .Ic \en
                   1379: expand to an empty string,
                   1380: .Ic \eB
                   1381: to the digit
                   1382: .Sq 0 ,
                   1383: and
                   1384: .Ic \ew
                   1385: to the length of the incomplete argument.
                   1386: All other invalid escape sequences are ignored.
                   1387: .It Sy "undefined string, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1388: .Pq roff
                   1389: If a string is used without being defined before,
                   1390: its value is implicitly set to the empty string.
                   1391: However, defining strings explicitly before use
                   1392: keeps the code more readable.
                   1393: .El
1.138     schwarze 1394: .Ss "Warnings related to tables"
                   1395: .Bl -ohang
                   1396: .It Sy "tbl line starts with span"
                   1397: .Pq tbl
                   1398: The first cell in a table layout line is a horizontal span
                   1399: .Pq Sq Cm s .
                   1400: Data provided for this cell is ignored, and nothing is printed in the cell.
                   1401: .It Sy "tbl column starts with span"
                   1402: .Pq tbl
                   1403: The first line of a table layout specification
                   1404: requests a vertical span
                   1405: .Pq Sq Cm ^ .
                   1406: Data provided for this cell is ignored, and nothing is printed in the cell.
                   1407: .It Sy "skipping vertical bar in tbl layout"
                   1408: .Pq tbl
                   1409: A table layout specification contains more than two consecutive vertical bars.
                   1410: A double bar is printed, all additional bars are discarded.
1.106     schwarze 1411: .El
                   1412: .Ss "Errors related to tables"
1.136     schwarze 1413: .Bl -ohang
                   1414: .It Sy "non-alphabetic character in tbl options"
                   1415: .Pq tbl
                   1416: The table options line contains a character other than a letter,
                   1417: blank, or comma where the beginning of an option name is expected.
                   1418: The character is ignored.
                   1419: .It Sy "skipping unknown tbl option"
                   1420: .Pq tbl
                   1421: The table options line contains a string of letters that does not
                   1422: match any known option name.
                   1423: The word is ignored.
                   1424: .It Sy "missing tbl option argument"
                   1425: .Pq tbl
                   1426: A table option that requires an argument is not followed by an
                   1427: opening parenthesis, or the opening parenthesis is immediately
                   1428: followed by a closing parenthesis.
                   1429: The option is ignored.
                   1430: .It Sy "wrong tbl option argument size"
                   1431: .Pq tbl
                   1432: A table option argument contains an invalid number of characters.
                   1433: Both the option and the argument are ignored.
1.138     schwarze 1434: .It Sy "empty tbl layout"
                   1435: .Pq tbl
                   1436: A table layout specification is completely empty,
                   1437: specifying zero lines and zero columns.
                   1438: As a fallback, a single left-justified column is used.
                   1439: .It Sy "invalid character in tbl layout"
                   1440: .Pq tbl
                   1441: A table layout specification contains a character that can neither
                   1442: be interpreted as a layout key character nor as a layout modifier,
                   1443: or a modifier precedes the first key.
                   1444: The invalid character is discarded.
                   1445: .It Sy "unmatched parenthesis in tbl layout"
                   1446: .Pq tbl
                   1447: A table layout specification contains an opening parenthesis,
                   1448: but no matching closing parenthesis.
                   1449: The rest of the input line, starting from the parenthesis, has no effect.
1.139     schwarze 1450: .It Sy "tbl without any data cells"
                   1451: .Pq tbl
                   1452: A table does not contain any data cells.
                   1453: It will probably produce no output.
                   1454: .It Sy "ignoring data in spanned tbl cell"
                   1455: .Pq tbl
                   1456: A table cell is marked as a horizontal span
                   1457: .Pq Sq Cm s
                   1458: or vertical span
                   1459: .Pq Sq Cm ^
                   1460: in the table layout, but it contains data.
                   1461: The data is ignored.
                   1462: .It Sy "ignoring extra tbl data cells"
                   1463: .Pq tbl
                   1464: A data line contains more cells than the corresponding layout line.
                   1465: The data in the extra cells is ignored.
                   1466: .It Sy "data block open at end of tbl"
                   1467: .Pq tbl
                   1468: A data block is opened with
                   1469: .Cm T{ ,
                   1470: but never closed with a matching
                   1471: .Cm T} .
                   1472: The remaining data lines of the table are all put into one cell,
                   1473: and any remaining cells stay empty.
1.106     schwarze 1474: .El
                   1475: .Ss "Errors related to roff, mdoc, and man code"
                   1476: .Bl -ohang
                   1477: .It Sy "input stack limit exceeded, infinite loop?"
                   1478: .Pq roff
                   1479: Explicit recursion limits are implemented for the following features,
                   1480: in order to prevent infinite loops:
                   1481: .Bl -dash -compact
                   1482: .It
                   1483: expansion of nested escape sequences
                   1484: including expansion of strings and number registers,
                   1485: .It
                   1486: expansion of nested user-defined macros,
                   1487: .It
                   1488: and
                   1489: .Ic \&so
                   1490: file inclusion.
                   1491: .El
                   1492: When a limit is hit, the output is incorrect, typically losing
                   1493: some content, but the parser can continue.
                   1494: .It Sy "skipping bad character"
                   1495: .Pq mdoc , man , roff
                   1496: The input file contains a byte that is not a printable
                   1497: .Xr ascii 7
                   1498: character.
                   1499: The message mentions the character number.
                   1500: The offending byte is replaced with a question mark
                   1501: .Pq Sq \&? .
                   1502: Consider editing the input file to replace the byte with an ASCII
                   1503: transliteration of the intended character.
                   1504: .It Sy "skipping unknown macro"
                   1505: .Pq mdoc , man , roff
                   1506: The first identifier on a request or macro line is neither recognized as a
                   1507: .Xr roff 7
                   1508: request, nor as a user-defined macro, nor, respectively, as an
                   1509: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1510: or
                   1511: .Xr man 7
                   1512: macro.
                   1513: It may be mistyped or unsupported.
                   1514: The request or macro is discarded including its arguments.
1.133     schwarze 1515: .It Sy "skipping insecure request"
                   1516: .Pq roff
                   1517: An input file attempted to run a shell command
                   1518: or to read or write an external file.
                   1519: Such attempts are denied for security reasons.
1.106     schwarze 1520: .It Sy "skipping item outside list"
1.118     schwarze 1521: .Pq mdoc , eqn
1.106     schwarze 1522: An
                   1523: .Ic \&It
                   1524: macro occurs outside any
                   1525: .Ic \&Bl
1.118     schwarze 1526: list, or an
                   1527: .Xr eqn 7
                   1528: .Ic above
                   1529: delimiter occurs outside any pile.
1.106     schwarze 1530: It is discarded including its arguments.
                   1531: .It Sy "skipping column outside column list"
                   1532: .Pq mdoc
                   1533: A
                   1534: .Ic \&Ta
                   1535: macro occurs outside any
                   1536: .Ic \&Bl Fl column
                   1537: block.
                   1538: It is discarded including its arguments.
                   1539: .It Sy "skipping end of block that is not open"
                   1540: .Pq mdoc , man , eqn , tbl , roff
                   1541: Various syntax elements can only be used to explicitly close blocks
                   1542: that have previously been opened.
                   1543: An
                   1544: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1545: block closing macro, a
                   1546: .Xr man 7
                   1547: .Ic \&RE
                   1548: or
                   1549: .Ic \&UE
1.118     schwarze 1550: macro, an
                   1551: .Xr eqn 7
                   1552: right delimiter or closing brace, or the end of an equation, table, or
1.106     schwarze 1553: .Xr roff 7
                   1554: conditional request is encountered but no matching block is open.
                   1555: The offending request or macro is discarded.
1.135     schwarze 1556: .It Sy "fewer RS blocks open, skipping"
                   1557: .Pq man
                   1558: The
                   1559: .Ic \&RE
                   1560: macro is invoked with an argument, but less than the specified number of
                   1561: .Ic \&RS
                   1562: blocks is open.
                   1563: The
                   1564: .Ic \&RE
                   1565: macro is discarded.
1.106     schwarze 1566: .It Sy "inserting missing end of block"
                   1567: .Pq mdoc , tbl
                   1568: Various
                   1569: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1570: macros as well as tables require explicit closing by dedicated macros.
                   1571: A block that doesn't support bad nesting
                   1572: ends before all of its children are properly closed.
                   1573: The open child nodes are closed implicitly.
1.152     schwarze 1574: .It Sy "appending missing end of block"
1.106     schwarze 1575: .Pq mdoc , man , eqn , tbl , roff
                   1576: At the end of the document, an explicit
                   1577: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1578: block, a
                   1579: .Xr man 7
                   1580: next-line scope or
                   1581: .Ic \&RS
                   1582: or
                   1583: .Ic \&UR
                   1584: block, an equation, table, or
                   1585: .Xr roff 7
                   1586: conditional or ignore block is still open.
                   1587: The open block is closed implicitly.
                   1588: .It Sy "escaped character not allowed in a name"
                   1589: .Pq roff
                   1590: Macro, string and register identifiers consist of printable,
                   1591: non-whitespace ASCII characters.
                   1592: Escape sequences and characters and strings expressed in terms of them
                   1593: cannot form part of a name.
                   1594: The first argument of an
                   1595: .Ic \&am ,
                   1596: .Ic \&as ,
                   1597: .Ic \&de ,
                   1598: .Ic \&ds ,
                   1599: .Ic \&nr ,
                   1600: or
                   1601: .Ic \&rr
                   1602: request, or any argument of an
                   1603: .Ic \&rm
                   1604: request, or the name of a request or user defined macro being called,
                   1605: is terminated by an escape sequence.
                   1606: In the cases of
                   1607: .Ic \&as ,
                   1608: .Ic \&ds ,
                   1609: and
                   1610: .Ic \&nr ,
                   1611: the request has no effect at all.
                   1612: In the cases of
                   1613: .Ic \&am ,
                   1614: .Ic \&de ,
                   1615: .Ic \&rr ,
                   1616: and
                   1617: .Ic \&rm ,
                   1618: what was parsed up to this point is used as the arguments to the request,
                   1619: and the rest of the input line is discarded including the escape sequence.
                   1620: When parsing for a request or a user-defined macro name to be called,
                   1621: only the escape sequence is discarded.
                   1622: The characters preceding it are used as the request or macro name,
                   1623: the characters following it are used as the arguments to the request or macro.
1.124     schwarze 1624: .It Sy "NOT IMPLEMENTED: Bd -file"
                   1625: .Pq mdoc
                   1626: For security reasons, the
                   1627: .Ic \&Bd
                   1628: macro does not support the
                   1629: .Fl file
                   1630: argument.
                   1631: By requesting the inclusion of a sensitive file, a malicious document
                   1632: might otherwise trick a privileged user into inadvertently displaying
                   1633: the file on the screen, revealing the file content to bystanders.
                   1634: The argument is ignored including the file name following it.
1.163     schwarze 1635: .It Sy "skipping display without arguments"
                   1636: .Pq mdoc
                   1637: A
                   1638: .Ic \&Bd
                   1639: block macro does not have any arguments.
                   1640: The block is discarded, and the block content is displayed in
                   1641: whatever mode was active before the block.
1.106     schwarze 1642: .It Sy "missing list type, using -item"
                   1643: .Pq mdoc
                   1644: A
                   1645: .Ic \&Bl
                   1646: macro fails to specify the list type.
                   1647: .It Sy "missing manual name, using \(dq\(dq"
                   1648: .Pq mdoc
                   1649: The first call to
1.168     schwarze 1650: .Ic \&Nm ,
                   1651: or any call in the NAME section, lacks the required argument.
1.106     schwarze 1652: .It Sy "uname(3) system call failed, using UNKNOWN"
                   1653: .Pq mdoc
                   1654: The
                   1655: .Ic \&Os
                   1656: macro is called without arguments, and the
                   1657: .Xr uname 3
                   1658: system call failed.
                   1659: As a workaround,
                   1660: .Nm
                   1661: can be compiled with
                   1662: .Sm off
                   1663: .Fl D Cm OSNAME=\(dq\e\(dq Ar string Cm \e\(dq\(dq .
                   1664: .Sm on
                   1665: .It Sy "unknown standard specifier"
                   1666: .Pq mdoc
                   1667: An
                   1668: .Ic \&St
                   1669: macro has an unknown argument and is discarded.
                   1670: .It Sy "skipping request without numeric argument"
1.118     schwarze 1671: .Pq roff , eqn
1.106     schwarze 1672: An
                   1673: .Ic \&it
1.118     schwarze 1674: request or an
                   1675: .Xr eqn 7
                   1676: .Ic \&size
                   1677: or
                   1678: .Ic \&gsize
                   1679: statement has a non-numeric or negative argument or no argument at all.
                   1680: The invalid request or statement is ignored.
1.132     schwarze 1681: .It Sy "NOT IMPLEMENTED: .so with absolute path or \(dq..\(dq"
                   1682: .Pq roff
                   1683: For security reasons,
                   1684: .Nm
                   1685: allows
                   1686: .Ic \&so
                   1687: file inclusion requests only with relative paths
                   1688: and only without ascending to any parent directory.
                   1689: By requesting the inclusion of a sensitive file, a malicious document
                   1690: might otherwise trick a privileged user into inadvertently displaying
                   1691: the file on the screen, revealing the file content to bystanders.
                   1692: .Nm
                   1693: only shows the path as it appears behind
                   1694: .Ic \&so .
                   1695: .It Sy ".so request failed"
                   1696: .Pq roff
                   1697: Servicing a
                   1698: .Ic \&so
                   1699: request requires reading an external file, but the file could not be
                   1700: opened.
                   1701: .Nm
                   1702: only shows the path as it appears behind
                   1703: .Ic \&so .
1.106     schwarze 1704: .It Sy "skipping all arguments"
                   1705: .Pq mdoc , man , eqn , roff
                   1706: An
                   1707: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1708: .Ic \&Bt ,
                   1709: .Ic \&Ed ,
                   1710: .Ic \&Ef ,
                   1711: .Ic \&Ek ,
                   1712: .Ic \&El ,
1.144     schwarze 1713: .Ic \&Lp ,
                   1714: .Ic \&Pp ,
1.106     schwarze 1715: .Ic \&Re ,
1.143     schwarze 1716: .Ic \&Rs ,
1.106     schwarze 1717: or
                   1718: .Ic \&Ud
                   1719: macro, an
                   1720: .Ic \&It
                   1721: macro in a list that don't support item heads, a
                   1722: .Xr man 7
                   1723: .Ic \&LP ,
                   1724: .Ic \&P ,
                   1725: or
                   1726: .Ic \&PP
                   1727: macro, an
                   1728: .Xr eqn 7
1.120     schwarze 1729: .Ic \&EQ
                   1730: or
1.106     schwarze 1731: .Ic \&EN
                   1732: macro, or a
                   1733: .Xr roff 7
1.148     schwarze 1734: .Ic \&br ,
                   1735: .Ic \&fi ,
                   1736: or
                   1737: .Ic \&nf
1.144     schwarze 1738: request or
1.106     schwarze 1739: .Sq \&..
                   1740: block closing request is invoked with at least one argument.
                   1741: All arguments are ignored.
                   1742: .It Sy "skipping excess arguments"
1.135     schwarze 1743: .Pq mdoc , man , roff
1.150     schwarze 1744: A macro or request is invoked with too many arguments:
                   1745: .Bl -dash -offset 2n -width 2n -compact
                   1746: .It
                   1747: .Ic \&Fo ,
                   1748: .Ic \&PD ,
                   1749: .Ic \&RS ,
                   1750: .Ic \&UR ,
                   1751: .Ic \&ft ,
                   1752: or
                   1753: .Ic \&sp
                   1754: with more than one argument
                   1755: .It
1.144     schwarze 1756: .Ic \&An
1.150     schwarze 1757: with another argument after
1.144     schwarze 1758: .Fl split
                   1759: or
1.150     schwarze 1760: .Fl nosplit
                   1761: .It
                   1762: .Ic \&RE
                   1763: with more than one argument or with a non-integer argument
                   1764: .It
                   1765: .Ic \&OP
                   1766: or a request of the
                   1767: .Ic \&de
                   1768: family with more than two arguments
1.154     schwarze 1769: .It
                   1770: .Ic \&Dt
                   1771: with more than three arguments
1.150     schwarze 1772: .It
                   1773: .Ic \&TH
                   1774: with more than five arguments
                   1775: .It
1.145     schwarze 1776: .Ic \&Bd ,
                   1777: .Ic \&Bk ,
                   1778: or
                   1779: .Ic \&Bl
1.150     schwarze 1780: with invalid arguments
                   1781: .El
1.106     schwarze 1782: The excess arguments are ignored.
1.133     schwarze 1783: .El
                   1784: .Ss Unsupported features
                   1785: .Bl -ohang
                   1786: .It Sy "input too large"
                   1787: .Pq mdoc , man
                   1788: Currently,
                   1789: .Nm
                   1790: cannot handle input files larger than its arbitrary size limit
                   1791: of 2^31 bytes (2 Gigabytes).
                   1792: Since useful manuals are always small, this is not a problem in practice.
                   1793: Parsing is aborted as soon as the condition is detected.
1.136     schwarze 1794: .It Sy "unsupported control character"
                   1795: .Pq roff
                   1796: An ASCII control character supported by other
                   1797: .Xr roff 7
                   1798: implementations but not by
                   1799: .Nm
                   1800: was found in an input file.
                   1801: It is replaced by a question mark.
1.133     schwarze 1802: .It Sy "unsupported roff request"
                   1803: .Pq roff
                   1804: An input file contains a
                   1805: .Xr roff 7
                   1806: request supported by GNU troff or Heirloom troff but not by
                   1807: .Nm ,
                   1808: and it is likely that this will cause information loss
                   1809: or considerable misformatting.
1.139     schwarze 1810: .It Sy "eqn delim option in tbl"
                   1811: .Pq eqn , tbl
                   1812: The options line of a table defines equation delimiters.
                   1813: Any equation source code contained in the table will be printed unformatted.
                   1814: .It Sy "unsupported table layout modifier"
1.138     schwarze 1815: .Pq tbl
                   1816: A table layout specification contains an
                   1817: .Sq Cm m
                   1818: modifier.
                   1819: The modifier is discarded.
1.133     schwarze 1820: .It Sy "ignoring macro in table"
1.139     schwarze 1821: .Pq tbl , mdoc , man
                   1822: A table contains an invocation of an
                   1823: .Xr mdoc 7
                   1824: or
                   1825: .Xr man 7
                   1826: macro or of an undefined macro.
                   1827: The macro is ignored, and its arguments are handled
                   1828: as if they were a text line.
1.106     schwarze 1829: .El
1.1       kristaps 1830: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.141     schwarze 1831: .Xr apropos 1 ,
                   1832: .Xr man 1 ,
1.85      kristaps 1833: .Xr eqn 7 ,
1.57      kristaps 1834: .Xr man 7 ,
1.13      kristaps 1835: .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
1.84      kristaps 1836: .Xr mdoc 7 ,
                   1837: .Xr roff 7 ,
                   1838: .Xr tbl 7
1.1       kristaps 1839: .Sh AUTHORS
1.156     schwarze 1840: .An -nosplit
1.1       kristaps 1841: The
                   1842: .Nm
1.26      kristaps 1843: utility was written by
1.141     schwarze 1844: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
                   1845: and is maintained by
                   1846: .An Ingo Schwarze Aq Mt schwarze@openbsd.org .

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