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Annotation of mandoc/mandoc.1, Revision 1.78

1.78    ! schwarze    1: .\"    $Id: mandoc.1,v 1.77 2010/08/20 01:02:07 schwarze Exp $
1.1       kristaps    2: .\"
1.72      schwarze    3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.1       kristaps    4: .\"
                      5: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.16      kristaps    6: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
                      7: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1       kristaps    8: .\"
1.16      kristaps    9: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
                     10: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
                     11: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
                     12: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
                     13: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
                     14: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
                     15: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.1       kristaps   16: .\"
1.78    ! schwarze   17: .Dd $Mdocdate: August 20 2010 $
1.14      kristaps   18: .Dt MANDOC 1
1.1       kristaps   19: .Os
                     20: .Sh NAME
                     21: .Nm mandoc
1.8       kristaps   22: .Nd format and display UNIX manuals
1.1       kristaps   23: .Sh SYNOPSIS
                     24: .Nm mandoc
1.58      kristaps   25: .Op Fl V
1.8       kristaps   26: .Op Fl m Ns Ar format
1.58      kristaps   27: .Op Fl O Ns Ar option
1.37      kristaps   28: .Op Fl T Ns Ar output
1.77      schwarze   29: .Op Fl W Ns Ar level
1.58      kristaps   30: .Op Ar file...
1.1       kristaps   31: .Sh DESCRIPTION
                     32: The
                     33: .Nm
1.26      kristaps   34: utility formats
1.8       kristaps   35: .Ux
1.57      kristaps   36: manual pages for display.
                     37: The arguments are as follows:
1.19      kristaps   38: .Bl -tag -width Ds
                     39: .It Fl m Ns Ar format
1.57      kristaps   40: Input format.
                     41: See
1.8       kristaps   42: .Sx Input Formats
1.57      kristaps   43: for available formats.
                     44: Defaults to
1.58      kristaps   45: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc .
                     46: .It Fl O Ns Ar option
1.57      kristaps   47: Comma-separated output options.
1.19      kristaps   48: .It Fl T Ns Ar output
1.57      kristaps   49: Output format.
                     50: See
1.1       kristaps   51: .Sx Output Formats
1.57      kristaps   52: for available formats.
                     53: Defaults to
1.58      kristaps   54: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii .
1.1       kristaps   55: .It Fl V
                     56: Print version and exit.
1.77      schwarze   57: .It Fl W Ns Ar level
                     58: Specify the minimum message
                     59: .Ar level
                     60: to be reported on the standard error output and to affect the exit status.
                     61: The
                     62: .Ar level
                     63: can be
                     64: .Cm warning ,
                     65: .Cm error ,
                     66: or
                     67: .Cm fatal .
                     68: The default is
                     69: .Fl W Ns Cm fatal ;
1.58      kristaps   70: .Fl W Ns Cm all
1.77      schwarze   71: is an alias for
                     72: .Fl W Ns Cm warning .
                     73: See
                     74: .Sx EXIT STATUS
                     75: and
                     76: .Sx DIAGNOSTICS
                     77: for details.
                     78: .Pp
                     79: The special option
                     80: .Fl W Ns Cm stop
                     81: tells
                     82: .Nm
                     83: to exit after parsing a file that causes warnings or errors of at least
                     84: the requested level.
                     85: No formatted output will be produced from that file.
                     86: If both a
                     87: .Ar level
                     88: and
                     89: .Cm stop
                     90: are requested, they can be joined with a comma, for example
                     91: .Fl W Ns Cm error , Ns Cm stop .
1.58      kristaps   92: .It Ar file
                     93: Read input from zero or more files.
1.57      kristaps   94: If unspecified, reads from stdin.
                     95: If multiple files are specified,
1.2       kristaps   96: .Nm
                     97: will halt with the first failed parse.
1.1       kristaps   98: .El
                     99: .Pp
1.26      kristaps  100: By default,
                    101: .Nm
                    102: reads
1.8       kristaps  103: .Xr mdoc 7
1.12      kristaps  104: or
                    105: .Xr man 7
1.8       kristaps  106: text from stdin, implying
1.58      kristaps  107: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
1.48      kristaps  108: and produces
1.58      kristaps  109: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
1.48      kristaps  110: output.
1.8       kristaps  111: .Ss Input Formats
                    112: The
                    113: .Nm
                    114: utility accepts
                    115: .Xr mdoc 7
                    116: and
                    117: .Xr man 7
                    118: input with
1.58      kristaps  119: .Fl m Ns Cm doc
1.8       kristaps  120: and
1.58      kristaps  121: .Fl m Ns Cm an ,
1.57      kristaps  122: respectively.
                    123: The
1.8       kristaps  124: .Xr mdoc 7
                    125: format is
                    126: .Em strongly
1.26      kristaps  127: recommended;
1.8       kristaps  128: .Xr man 7
                    129: should only be used for legacy manuals.
1.11      kristaps  130: .Pp
1.12      kristaps  131: A third option,
1.58      kristaps  132: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
1.13      kristaps  133: which is also the default, determines encoding on-the-fly: if the first
1.26      kristaps  134: non-comment macro is
1.27      kristaps  135: .Sq \&Dd
1.13      kristaps  136: or
1.27      kristaps  137: .Sq \&Dt ,
1.26      kristaps  138: the
1.13      kristaps  139: .Xr mdoc 7
                    140: parser is used; otherwise, the
                    141: .Xr man 7
                    142: parser is used.
                    143: .Pp
                    144: If multiple
1.26      kristaps  145: files are specified with
1.58      kristaps  146: .Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
1.57      kristaps  147: each has its file-type determined this way.
                    148: If multiple files are
1.13      kristaps  149: specified and
1.58      kristaps  150: .Fl m Ns Cm doc
1.12      kristaps  151: or
1.58      kristaps  152: .Fl m Ns Cm an
1.12      kristaps  153: is specified, then this format is used exclusively.
1.1       kristaps  154: .Ss Output Formats
                    155: The
                    156: .Nm
                    157: utility accepts the following
                    158: .Fl T
1.66      kristaps  159: arguments, which correspond to output modes:
1.19      kristaps  160: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.58      kristaps  161: .It Fl T Ns Cm ascii
1.1       kristaps  162: Produce 7-bit ASCII output, backspace-encoded for bold and underline
1.57      kristaps  163: styles.
                    164: This is the default.
                    165: See
1.48      kristaps  166: .Sx ASCII Output .
1.58      kristaps  167: .It Fl T Ns Cm html
1.57      kristaps  168: Produce strict HTML-4.01 output, with a sane default style.
                    169: See
1.48      kristaps  170: .Sx HTML Output .
1.58      kristaps  171: .It Fl T Ns Cm lint
                    172: Parse only: produce no output.
                    173: Implies
1.77      schwarze  174: .Fl W Ns Cm warning .
1.73      kristaps  175: .It Fl T Ns Cm pdf
                    176: Produce PDF output.
                    177: See
                    178: .Sx PDF Output .
1.62      kristaps  179: .It Fl T Ns Cm ps
                    180: Produce PostScript output.
                    181: See
                    182: .Sx PostScript Output .
1.58      kristaps  183: .It Fl T Ns Cm tree
                    184: Produce an indented parse tree.
                    185: .It Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
1.57      kristaps  186: Produce strict XHTML-1.0 output, with a sane default style.
                    187: See
1.50      kristaps  188: .Sx XHTML Output .
1.1       kristaps  189: .El
1.13      kristaps  190: .Pp
                    191: If multiple input files are specified, these will be processed by the
                    192: corresponding filter in-order.
1.66      kristaps  193: .Ss ASCII Output
                    194: Output produced by
                    195: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii ,
                    196: which is the default, is rendered in standard 7-bit ASCII documented in
                    197: .Xr ascii 7 .
                    198: .Pp
                    199: Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding such that an
                    200: underlined character
                    201: .Sq c
                    202: is rendered as
                    203: .Sq _ Ns \e[bs] Ns c ,
                    204: where
                    205: .Sq \e[bs]
                    206: is the back-space character number 8.
                    207: Emboldened characters are rendered as
                    208: .Sq c Ns \e[bs] Ns c .
                    209: .Pp
                    210: The special characters documented in
                    211: .Xr mandoc_char 7
                    212: are rendered best-effort in an ASCII equivalent.
                    213: .Pp
                    214: Output width is limited to 78 visible columns unless literal input lines
                    215: exceed this limit.
                    216: .Pp
                    217: The following
                    218: .Fl O
                    219: arguments are accepted:
1.19      kristaps  220: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.66      kristaps  221: .It Cm width Ns = Ns Ar width
                    222: The output width is set to
                    223: .Ar width ,
                    224: which will normalise to \(>=60.
1.1       kristaps  225: .El
1.66      kristaps  226: .Ss HTML Output
                    227: Output produced by
                    228: .Fl T Ns Cm html
                    229: conforms to HTML-4.01 strict.
                    230: .Pp
                    231: Font styles and page structure are applied using CSS2.
                    232: By default, no font style is applied to any text,
                    233: although CSS2 is hard-coded to format
                    234: the basic structure of output.
                    235: .Pp
1.61      kristaps  236: The
1.66      kristaps  237: .Pa example.style.css
                    238: file documents the range of styles applied to output and, if used, will
                    239: cause rendered documents to appear as they do in
                    240: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii .
                    241: .Pp
                    242: Special characters are rendered in decimal-encoded UTF-8.
                    243: .Pp
                    244: The following
1.64      kristaps  245: .Fl O
1.66      kristaps  246: arguments are accepted:
1.37      kristaps  247: .Bl -tag -width Ds
1.64      kristaps  248: .It Cm includes Ns = Ns Ar fmt
1.40      kristaps  249: The string
                    250: .Ar fmt ,
1.49      kristaps  251: for example,
1.40      kristaps  252: .Ar ../src/%I.html ,
                    253: is used as a template for linked header files (usually via the
                    254: .Sq \&In
1.57      kristaps  255: macro).
                    256: Instances of
1.43      kristaps  257: .Sq \&%I
1.57      kristaps  258: are replaced with the include filename.
                    259: The default is not to present a
1.40      kristaps  260: hyperlink.
1.64      kristaps  261: .It Cm man Ns = Ns Ar fmt
1.39      kristaps  262: The string
                    263: .Ar fmt ,
1.49      kristaps  264: for example,
1.39      kristaps  265: .Ar ../html%S/%N.%S.html ,
                    266: is used as a template for linked manuals (usually via the
1.37      kristaps  267: .Sq \&Xr
1.57      kristaps  268: macro).
                    269: Instances of
1.43      kristaps  270: .Sq \&%N
1.40      kristaps  271: and
                    272: .Sq %S
                    273: are replaced with the linked manual's name and section, respectively.
1.57      kristaps  274: If no section is included, section 1 is assumed.
                    275: The default is not to
1.40      kristaps  276: present a hyperlink.
1.64      kristaps  277: .It Cm style Ns = Ns Ar style.css
1.58      kristaps  278: The file
                    279: .Ar style.css
                    280: is used for an external style-sheet.
                    281: This must be a valid absolute or
                    282: relative URI.
1.61      kristaps  283: .El
1.62      kristaps  284: .Ss PostScript Output
1.65      kristaps  285: PostScript
                    286: .Qq Adobe-3.0
                    287: Level-2 pages may be generated by
1.62      kristaps  288: .Fl T Ns Cm ps .
1.67      kristaps  289: Output pages default to letter sized and are rendered in the Times font
1.70      kristaps  290: family, 11-point.
                    291: Margins are calculated as 1/9 the page length and width.
1.71      kristaps  292: Line-height is 1.4m.
1.66      kristaps  293: .Pp
                    294: Special characters are rendered as in
                    295: .Sx ASCII Output .
                    296: .Pp
                    297: The following
                    298: .Fl O
                    299: arguments are accepted:
                    300: .Bl -tag -width Ds
                    301: .It Cm paper Ns = Ns Ar name
                    302: The paper size
                    303: .Ar name
                    304: may be one of
1.68      kristaps  305: .Ar a3 ,
                    306: .Ar a4 ,
                    307: .Ar a5 ,
                    308: .Ar legal ,
1.66      kristaps  309: or
                    310: .Ar letter .
1.68      kristaps  311: You may also manually specify dimensions as
                    312: .Ar NNxNN ,
                    313: width by height in millimetres.
                    314: If an unknown value is encountered,
                    315: .Ar letter
                    316: is used.
1.66      kristaps  317: .El
1.73      kristaps  318: .Ss PDF Output
                    319: PDF-1.1 output may be generated by
                    320: .Fl T Ns Cm pdf .
                    321: See
                    322: .Sx PostScript Output
                    323: for
                    324: .Fl O
                    325: arguments and defaults.
1.50      kristaps  326: .Ss XHTML Output
                    327: Output produced by
1.58      kristaps  328: .Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
1.50      kristaps  329: conforms to XHTML-1.0 strict.
                    330: .Pp
                    331: See
                    332: .Sx HTML Output
                    333: for details; beyond generating XHTML tags instead of HTML tags, these
                    334: output modes are identical.
1.77      schwarze  335: .Sh EXIT STATUS
                    336: The
                    337: .Nm
                    338: utility exits with one of the following values, controlled by the message
                    339: .Ar level
                    340: associated with the
                    341: .Fl W
                    342: option:
                    343: .Pp
                    344: .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
                    345: .It 0
                    346: No warnings or errors occurred, or those that did were ignored because
                    347: they were lower than the requested
                    348: .Ar level .
                    349: .It 2
                    350: At least one warning occurred, but no error, and
                    351: .Fl W Ns Cm warning
                    352: was specified.
                    353: .It 3
                    354: At least one parsing error occurred, but no fatal error, and
                    355: .Fl W Ns Cm error
                    356: or
                    357: .Fl W Ns Cm warning
                    358: was specified.
                    359: .It 4
                    360: A fatal parsing error occurred.
                    361: .It 5
                    362: Invalid command line arguments were specified.
                    363: No input files have been read.
                    364: .It 6
                    365: An operating system error occurred, for example memory exhaustion or an
                    366: error accessing input files.
                    367: Such errors cause
                    368: .Nm
                    369: to exit at once, possibly in the middle of parsing or formatting a file.
                    370: .El
                    371: .Pp
                    372: Note that selecting
                    373: .Fl T Ns Cm lint
                    374: output mode implies
                    375: .Fl W Ns Cm warning .
1.1       kristaps  376: .Sh EXAMPLES
1.13      kristaps  377: To page manuals to the terminal:
1.1       kristaps  378: .Pp
1.77      schwarze  379: .D1 $ mandoc \-Wall,stop mandoc.1 2\*(Gt&1 | less
1.58      kristaps  380: .D1 $ mandoc mandoc.1 mdoc.3 mdoc.7 | less
1.28      kristaps  381: .Pp
1.41      kristaps  382: To produce HTML manuals with
                    383: .Ar style.css
                    384: as the style-sheet:
1.38      kristaps  385: .Pp
1.58      kristaps  386: .D1 $ mandoc \-Thtml -Ostyle=style.css mdoc.7 \*(Gt mdoc.7.html
1.38      kristaps  387: .Pp
1.28      kristaps  388: To check over a large set of manuals:
                    389: .Pp
1.77      schwarze  390: .Dl $ mandoc \-Tlint `find /usr/src -name \e*\e.[1-9]`
1.66      kristaps  391: .Pp
                    392: To produce a series of PostScript manuals for A4 paper:
                    393: .Pp
                    394: .D1 $ mandoc \-Tps \-Opaper=a4 mdoc.7 man.7 \*(Gt manuals.ps
1.77      schwarze  395: .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
                    396: Standard error messages reporting parsing errors are prefixed by
                    397: .Pp
                    398: .Sm off
                    399: .D1 Ar file : line : column : \ level :
                    400: .Sm on
                    401: .Pp
                    402: where the fields have the following meanings:
                    403: .Bl -tag -width "column"
                    404: .It Ar file
                    405: The name of the input file causing the message.
                    406: .It Ar line
                    407: The line number in that input file.
                    408: Line numbering starts at 1.
                    409: .It Ar column
                    410: The column number in that input file.
                    411: Column numbering starts at 1.
                    412: If the issue is caused by a word, the column number usually
                    413: points to the first character of the word.
                    414: .It Ar level
                    415: The message level, printed in capital letters.
                    416: .El
                    417: .Pp
                    418: Message levels have the following meanings:
                    419: .Bl -tag -width "warning"
                    420: .It Cm fatal
                    421: The parser is unable to parse a given input file at all.
                    422: No formatted output is produced from that input file.
                    423: .It Cm error
                    424: An input file contains syntax that cannot be safely interpreted,
                    425: either because it is invalid or because
                    426: .Nm
                    427: does not implement it yet.
                    428: By discarding part of the input or inserting missing tokens,
                    429: the parser is able to continue, and the error does not prevent
                    430: generation of formatted output, but typically, preparing that
                    431: output involves information loss, broken document structure
                    432: or unintended formatting.
                    433: .It Cm warning
                    434: An input file uses obsolete, discouraged or non-portable syntax.
                    435: All the same, the meaning of the input is unambiguous and a correct
                    436: rendering can be produced.
                    437: Documents causing warnings may render poorly when using other
                    438: formatting tools instead of
                    439: .Nm .
                    440: .El
                    441: .Pp
                    442: Messages of the
                    443: .Cm warning
                    444: and
                    445: .Cm error
                    446: levels are hidden unless their level, or a lower level, is requested using a
                    447: .Fl W
                    448: option or
                    449: .Fl T Ns Cm lint
                    450: output mode.
                    451: .Pp
                    452: The
                    453: .Nm
                    454: utility may also print messages related to invalid command line arguments
                    455: or operating system errors, for example when memory is exhausted or
1.78    ! schwarze  456: input files cannot be read.
        !           457: Such messages do not carry the prefix described above.
1.20      kristaps  458: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.26      kristaps  459: This section summarises
1.20      kristaps  460: .Nm
1.76      kristaps  461: compatibility with GNU troff.
1.32      kristaps  462: Each input and output format is separately noted.
1.48      kristaps  463: .Ss ASCII Compatibility
1.37      kristaps  464: .Bl -bullet -compact
1.29      kristaps  465: .It
1.49      kristaps  466: The
1.33      kristaps  467: .Sq \&Bd \-literal
1.49      kristaps  468: and
1.32      kristaps  469: .Sq \&Bd \-unfilled
                    470: macros of
                    471: .Xr mdoc 7
                    472: in
1.58      kristaps  473: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
1.32      kristaps  474: are synonyms, as are \-filled and \-ragged.
1.26      kristaps  475: .It
1.76      kristaps  476: In GNU troff, the
1.27      kristaps  477: .Sq \&Pa
1.32      kristaps  478: .Xr mdoc 7
                    479: macro does not underline when scoped under an
1.30      kristaps  480: .Sq \&It
1.57      kristaps  481: in the FILES section.
                    482: This behaves correctly in
1.27      kristaps  483: .Nm .
                    484: .It
1.58      kristaps  485: A list or display following the
1.27      kristaps  486: .Sq \&Ss
1.32      kristaps  487: .Xr mdoc 7
                    488: macro in
1.58      kristaps  489: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
1.20      kristaps  490: does not assert a prior vertical break, just as it doesn't with
1.27      kristaps  491: .Sq \&Sh .
1.20      kristaps  492: .It
1.32      kristaps  493: The
                    494: .Sq \&na
                    495: .Xr man 7
1.34      kristaps  496: macro in
1.58      kristaps  497: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
1.34      kristaps  498: has no effect.
1.20      kristaps  499: .It
                    500: Words aren't hyphenated.
1.32      kristaps  501: .It
                    502: Sentences are unilaterally monospaced.
1.20      kristaps  503: .El
1.50      kristaps  504: .Ss HTML/XHTML Compatibility
1.42      kristaps  505: .Bl -bullet -compact
                    506: .It
                    507: The
1.47      kristaps  508: .Sq \efP
                    509: escape will revert the font to the previous
                    510: .Sq \ef
                    511: escape, not to the last rendered decoration, which is now dictated by
1.57      kristaps  512: CSS instead of hard-coded.
                    513: It also will not span past the current scope,
                    514: for the same reason.
                    515: Note that in
1.47      kristaps  516: .Sx ASCII Output
                    517: mode, this will work fine.
                    518: .It
                    519: The
1.42      kristaps  520: .Xr mdoc 7
                    521: .Sq \&Bl \-hang
                    522: and
                    523: .Sq \&Bl \-tag
                    524: list types render similarly (no break following overreached left-hand
                    525: side) due to the expressive constraints of HTML.
                    526: .It
                    527: The
                    528: .Xr man 7
                    529: .Sq IP
                    530: and
                    531: .Sq TP
                    532: lists render similarly.
                    533: .El
1.1       kristaps  534: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.57      kristaps  535: .Xr man 7 ,
1.13      kristaps  536: .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
1.57      kristaps  537: .Xr mdoc 7
1.1       kristaps  538: .Sh AUTHORS
                    539: The
                    540: .Nm
1.26      kristaps  541: utility was written by
1.59      kristaps  542: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .
1.39      kristaps  543: .Sh CAVEATS
1.48      kristaps  544: The
1.58      kristaps  545: .Fl T Ns Cm html
1.50      kristaps  546: and
1.58      kristaps  547: .Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
1.48      kristaps  548: CSS2 styling used for
1.58      kristaps  549: .Fl m Ns Cm doc
1.51      kristaps  550: input lists does not render properly in older browsers, such as Internet
                    551: Explorer 6 and earlier.
1.48      kristaps  552: .Pp
1.39      kristaps  553: In
1.58      kristaps  554: .Fl T Ns Cm html
1.50      kristaps  555: and
1.58      kristaps  556: .Fl T Ns Cm xhtml ,
1.39      kristaps  557: the maximum size of an element attribute is determined by
                    558: .Dv BUFSIZ ,
1.57      kristaps  559: which is usually 1024 bytes.
                    560: Be aware of this when setting long link
1.58      kristaps  561: formats such as
                    562: .Fl O Ns Cm style Ns = Ns Ar really/long/link .
1.51      kristaps  563: .Pp
                    564: Nesting elements within next-line element scopes of
1.58      kristaps  565: .Fl m Ns Cm an ,
1.51      kristaps  566: such as
                    567: .Sq br
                    568: within an empty
                    569: .Sq B ,
                    570: will confuse
1.58      kristaps  571: .Fl T Ns Cm html
1.51      kristaps  572: and
1.58      kristaps  573: .Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
1.52      kristaps  574: and cause them to forget the formatting of the prior next-line scope.
1.53      kristaps  575: .Pp
                    576: The
                    577: .Sq i
                    578: macro in
1.58      kristaps  579: .Fl m Ns Cm an
1.53      kristaps  580: should italicise all subsequent text if a line argument is not provided.
                    581: This behaviour is not implemented.
1.54      kristaps  582: The
                    583: .Sq \(aq
1.55      kristaps  584: control character is an alias for the standard macro control character
                    585: and does not emit a line-break as stipulated in GNU troff.

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