Annotation of mandoc/mandoc_char.7, Revision 1.67
1.67 ! schwarze 1: .\" $Id: mandoc_char.7,v 1.66 2017/06/02 12:43:52 schwarze Exp $
1.1 kristaps 2: .\"
1.50 schwarze 3: .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org>
4: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.66 schwarze 5: .\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1 kristaps 6: .\"
7: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.4 kristaps 8: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
9: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1 kristaps 10: .\"
1.4 kristaps 11: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
12: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
13: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
14: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
15: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
16: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
17: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.30 kristaps 18: .\"
1.67 ! schwarze 19: .Dd $Mdocdate: June 2 2017 $
1.2 kristaps 20: .Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7
1.1 kristaps 21: .Os
22: .Sh NAME
23: .Nm mandoc_char
24: .Nd mandoc special characters
25: .Sh DESCRIPTION
1.50 schwarze 26: This page documents the
27: .Xr roff 7
28: escape sequences accepted by
1.1 kristaps 29: .Xr mandoc 1
1.50 schwarze 30: to represent special characters in
1.1 kristaps 31: .Xr mdoc 7
32: and
33: .Xr man 7
1.24 kristaps 34: documents.
1.1 kristaps 35: .Pp
1.50 schwarze 36: The rendering depends on the
37: .Xr mandoc 1
38: output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely
39: unintelligible.
40: For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here,
41: except those discussed in the
42: .Sx DESCRIPTION ,
43: is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards
44: compatibility with existing documents.
45: .Pp
46: In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character
47: escape sequences to represent national language characters in author
48: names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names.
49: .Ss Dashes and Hyphens
50: In typography there are different types of dashes of various width:
51: the hyphen (-),
1.63 schwarze 52: the minus sign (\(mi),
1.50 schwarze 53: the en-dash (\(en),
54: and the em-dash (\(em).
55: .Pp
56: Hyphens are used for adjectives;
57: to separate the two parts of a compound word;
58: or to separate a word across two successive lines of text.
59: The hyphen does not need to be escaped:
60: .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
61: blue-eyed
62: lorry-driver
63: .Ed
1.64 schwarze 64: .Pp
65: If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide
66: to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling
67: the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line.
68: If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this
69: way, a zero-width space
70: .Pq Sq \e&
71: can be inserted before or after the hyphen.
72: While
73: .Xr mandoc 1
74: never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width
75: space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters
76: represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in
77: macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may
78: break the line even in such cases.
79: .Pp
80: Some
81: .Xr roff 7
82: implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line
83: at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens.
84: Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by
85: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
86: which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only
87: after existing hyphens.
1.50 schwarze 88: .Pp
89: The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction.
90: It should be written as
1.63 schwarze 91: .Sq \e(mi :
1.50 schwarze 92: .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
1.63 schwarze 93: a = 3 \e(mi 1;
94: b = \e(mi2;
1.50 schwarze 95: .Ed
96: .Pp
97: The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range,
98: or can be used the same way as an em-dash.
99: It should be written as
100: .Sq \e(en :
101: .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
102: pp. 95\e(en97.
103: Go away \e(en or else!
104: .Ed
105: .Pp
106: The em-dash can be used to show an interruption
107: or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses.
108: It should be written as
109: .Sq \e(em :
110: .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
111: Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas.
112: This is not that \e(em rather, this is that.
113: .Ed
114: .Pp
115: Note:
116: hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output.
117: Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly,
118: with differing widths.
119: .Ss Spaces
120: To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment
121: in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply,
122: just use the normal space character
123: .Pq Sq \ .
124: .Pp
1.56 schwarze 125: When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space
1.50 schwarze 126: characters.
127: To prevent a line break between two particular words,
1.56 schwarze 128: use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence
129: .Pq Sq \e\ \&
1.50 schwarze 130: instead of the normal space character.
131: For example, the input string
1.56 schwarze 132: .Dq number\e\ 1
1.50 schwarze 133: will be kept together as
1.56 schwarze 134: .Dq number\ 1
1.50 schwarze 135: on the same output line.
136: .Pp
137: On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an
138: argument delimiter.
1.56 schwarze 139: To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice;
140: see the MACRO SYNTAX section in
141: .Xr roff 7 .
142: In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence
1.50 schwarze 143: .Pq Sq \e\ \&
1.56 schwarze 144: may be preferable.
145: .Pp
1.50 schwarze 146: To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end
147: of input lines, the zero-width space
148: .Pq Sq \e&
149: is often useful.
150: For example, in
151: .Xr mdoc 7 ,
152: a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either
153: of the following ways:
154: .Pp
155: .Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq
156: .Dl .Sq \e \e&
157: .Ss Quotes
158: On request and macro lines, the double-quote character
159: .Pq Sq \(dq
160: is handled specially to allow quoting.
161: One way to prevent this special handling is by using the
162: .Sq \e(dq
163: escape sequence.
164: .Pp
165: Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used
166: verbatim.
167: All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well,
168: even on request and macro lines.
1.61 schwarze 169: .Ss Accents
170: In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example
171: .Fl T Cm pdf ,
1.66 schwarze 172: and sometimes less consistently in
173: .Fl T Cm utf8 ,
1.61 schwarze 174: some
175: .Xr roff 7
176: formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the
177: following Unicode special output characters:
178: .Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent
179: .It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark
180: .It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark
181: .It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde
1.66 schwarze 182: .It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex
1.61 schwarze 183: .El
184: .Pp
185: In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable;
186: but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII
187: characters, for example in source code samples, they require
188: escaping to render as follows:
189: .Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent
190: .It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent
191: .It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe
192: .It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde
1.66 schwarze 193: .It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent
1.61 schwarze 194: .El
1.50 schwarze 195: .Ss Periods
196: The period
197: .Pq Sq \&.
198: is handled specially at the beginning of an input line,
199: where it introduces a
200: .Xr roff 7
201: request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in
202: .Xr mdoc 7 .
203: In such situations, prepend a zero-width space
204: .Pq Sq \e&.
205: to make it behave like normal text.
206: .Pp
207: Do not use the
208: .Sq \e.
209: escape sequence.
210: It does not prevent special handling of the period.
211: .Ss Backslashes
212: To include a literal backslash
213: .Pq Sq \e
214: into the output, use the
215: .Pq Sq \ee
216: escape sequence.
217: .Pp
218: Note that doubling it
219: .Pq Sq \e\e
220: is not the right way to output a backslash.
221: Because
222: .Xr mandoc 1
223: does not implement full
224: .Xr roff 7
225: functionality, it may work with
226: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
227: but it may have weird effects on complete
228: .Xr roff 7
229: implementations.
230: .Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS
231: Special characters are encoded as
1.9 kristaps 232: .Sq \eX
233: .Pq for a one-character escape ,
234: .Sq \e(XX
235: .Pq two-character ,
236: and
237: .Sq \e[N]
238: .Pq N-character .
1.50 schwarze 239: For details, see the
240: .Em Special Characters
241: subsection of the
242: .Xr roff 7
243: manual.
1.8 kristaps 244: .Pp
1.23 kristaps 245: Spacing:
1.49 kristaps 246: .Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 247: .It Em Input Ta Em Description
1.56 schwarze 248: .It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space
1.62 schwarze 249: .It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space
1.56 schwarze 250: .It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space
251: .It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode
252: .It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff
1.24 kristaps 253: .It \e& Ta zero-width space
1.56 schwarze 254: .It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation
1.8 kristaps 255: .El
1.1 kristaps 256: .Pp
1.23 kristaps 257: Lines:
1.49 kristaps 258: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 259: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
260: .It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar
261: .It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule
262: .It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore
1.67 ! schwarze 263: .It \e(ru Ta \(ru Ta underscore (width 0.5m)
1.57 schwarze 264: .It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline
1.24 kristaps 265: .It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar
266: .It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash
267: .It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash
1.23 kristaps 268: .El
269: .Pp
270: Text markers:
1.49 kristaps 271: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 272: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
273: .It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle
274: .It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet
275: .It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger
276: .It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger
277: .It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge
278: .It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square
279: .It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph
280: .It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section
281: .It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand
282: .It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand
283: .It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at
284: .It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound)
285: .It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return
286: .It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark
1.66 schwarze 287: .It \e(CL Ta \(CL Ta club suit
288: .It \e(SP Ta \(SP Ta spade suit
289: .It \e(HE Ta \(HE Ta heart suit
290: .It \e(DI Ta \(DI Ta diamond suit
1.23 kristaps 291: .El
292: .Pp
293: Legal symbols:
1.49 kristaps 294: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 295: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
296: .It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright
297: .It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered
298: .It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked
1.23 kristaps 299: .El
300: .Pp
301: Punctuation:
1.49 kristaps 302: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 303: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
304: .It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash
305: .It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash
306: .It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen
307: .It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash
308: .It \e. Ta \. Ta period
309: .It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation
310: .It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question
1.1 kristaps 311: .El
312: .Pp
1.19 kristaps 313: Quotes:
1.49 kristaps 314: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 315: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
316: .It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote
317: .It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote
318: .It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote
319: .It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote
320: .It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote
321: .It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote
322: .It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text)
323: .It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text)
324: .It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet
325: .It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet
326: .It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet
327: .It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet
1.19 kristaps 328: .El
329: .Pp
330: Brackets:
1.57 schwarze 331: .Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 332: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
333: .It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket
334: .It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket
335: .It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace
336: .It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace
337: .It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle
338: .It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle
339: .It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension
1.20 kristaps 340: .It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension
341: .It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket
1.57 schwarze 342: .It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket
1.20 kristaps 343: .It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension
344: .It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket
1.57 schwarze 345: .It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket
1.20 kristaps 346: .It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension
1.24 kristaps 347: .It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 348: .It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace
1.24 kristaps 349: .It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 350: .It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace
1.24 kristaps 351: .It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace
1.57 schwarze 352: .It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 353: .It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension
1.24 kristaps 354: .It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 355: .It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace
1.24 kristaps 356: .It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 357: .It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace
1.24 kristaps 358: .It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace
1.57 schwarze 359: .It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace
1.20 kristaps 360: .It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension
361: .It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis
1.57 schwarze 362: .It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis
1.20 kristaps 363: .It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension
364: .It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis
1.57 schwarze 365: .It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis
1.20 kristaps 366: .It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension
1.1 kristaps 367: .El
368: .Pp
1.20 kristaps 369: Arrows:
1.49 kristaps 370: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 371: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
372: .It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow
373: .It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow
374: .It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow
375: .It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow
376: .It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow
377: .It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow
378: .It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow
379: .It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow
380: .It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow
381: .It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow
382: .It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow
383: .It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow
1.66 schwarze 384: .It \e(an Ta \(an Ta horizontal arrow extension
1.1 kristaps 385: .El
386: .Pp
1.17 kristaps 387: Logical:
1.49 kristaps 388: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 389: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
390: .It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and
391: .It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or
392: .It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not
393: .It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text)
394: .It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier
395: .It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier
396: .It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that
397: .It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore
398: .It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore
399: .It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or
1.17 kristaps 400: .El
401: .Pp
402: Mathematical:
1.49 kristaps 403: .Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 404: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
405: .It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus
406: .It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus
407: .It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text)
408: .It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus
409: .It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus
410: .It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text)
1.59 schwarze 411: .It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot
1.24 kristaps 412: .It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply
413: .It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text)
414: .It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply
415: .It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus
416: .It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide
417: .It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text)
418: .It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction
419: .It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk
420: .It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal
421: .It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal
422: .It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less
423: .It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater
424: .It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal
425: .It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal
426: .It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent
427: .It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent
1.58 schwarze 428: .It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator
429: .It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal
1.62 schwarze 430: .It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal
431: .It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal
432: .It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal
1.24 kristaps 433: .It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate
434: .It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set
435: .It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element
436: .It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element
437: .It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset
438: .It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset
439: .It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset
440: .It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset
441: .It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset
442: .It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset
443: .It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection
444: .It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union
445: .It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle
446: .It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular
447: .It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral
1.17 kristaps 448: .It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral
449: .It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation
450: .It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product
451: .It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct
1.24 kristaps 452: .It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient
453: .It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root
454: .It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root
455: .It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling
456: .It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling
457: .It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor
458: .It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor
459: .It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity
460: .It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph
461: .It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary
462: .It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real
1.66 schwarze 463: .It \e(wp Ta \(wp Ta Weierstrass p
1.24 kristaps 464: .It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential
465: .It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p
1.66 schwarze 466: .It \e[hbar] Ta \[hbar] Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p
467: .It \e(12 Ta \(12 Ta one-half
468: .It \e(14 Ta \(14 Ta one-fourth
469: .It \e(34 Ta \(34 Ta three-fourths
470: .It \e(18 Ta \(18 Ta one-eighth
471: .It \e(38 Ta \(38 Ta three-eighths
472: .It \e(58 Ta \(58 Ta five-eighths
473: .It \e(78 Ta \(78 Ta seven-eighths
474: .It \e(S1 Ta \(S1 Ta superscript 1
475: .It \e(S2 Ta \(S2 Ta superscript 2
476: .It \e(S3 Ta \(S3 Ta superscript 3
1.1 kristaps 477: .El
478: .Pp
479: Ligatures:
1.49 kristaps 480: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 481: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
482: .It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature
483: .It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature
484: .It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature
485: .It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature
486: .It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature
487: .It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE
488: .It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae
489: .It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE
490: .It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe
491: .It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett
492: .It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature
493: .It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature
1.1 kristaps 494: .El
495: .Pp
1.18 kristaps 496: Accents:
1.49 kristaps 497: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 498: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
499: .It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut
500: .It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron
501: .It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted
502: .It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex
503: .It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute
1.62 schwarze 504: .It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute
1.24 kristaps 505: .It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave
1.62 schwarze 506: .It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave
1.24 kristaps 507: .It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve
508: .It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla
509: .It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis
510: .It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron
511: .It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring
1.62 schwarze 512: .It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde
1.24 kristaps 513: .It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek
514: .It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text)
515: .It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text)
1.18 kristaps 516: .El
517: .Pp
1.21 kristaps 518: Accented letters:
1.49 kristaps 519: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 520: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
1.62 schwarze 521: .It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A
522: .It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E
523: .It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I
524: .It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O
525: .It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U
526: .It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a
527: .It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e
528: .It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i
529: .It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o
530: .It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u
531: .It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A
532: .It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E
533: .It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I
534: .It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O
535: .It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U
536: .It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a
537: .It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e
538: .It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i
539: .It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o
540: .It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u
541: .It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A
542: .It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N
543: .It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O
544: .It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a
545: .It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n
546: .It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o
1.24 kristaps 547: .It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A
548: .It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E
549: .It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I
550: .It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O
551: .It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U
552: .It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a
553: .It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e
554: .It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i
555: .It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o
556: .It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u
557: .It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y
558: .It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A
559: .It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E
560: .It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I
561: .It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O
562: .It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U
563: .It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a
564: .It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e
565: .It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i
566: .It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o
567: .It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u
568: .It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C
569: .It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c
570: .It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L
571: .It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l
572: .It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O
573: .It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o
574: .It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A
575: .It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a
1.1 kristaps 576: .El
577: .Pp
1.21 kristaps 578: Special letters:
1.49 kristaps 579: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 580: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
581: .It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth
582: .It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth
583: .It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn
584: .It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn
585: .It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i
586: .It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j
1.21 kristaps 587: .El
588: .Pp
1.22 kristaps 589: Currency:
1.49 kristaps 590: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 591: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
592: .It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar
593: .It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent
594: .It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol
595: .It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol
596: .It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen
597: .It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound
598: .It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian
599: .It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin
1.11 kristaps 600: .El
601: .Pp
1.23 kristaps 602: Units:
1.49 kristaps 603: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 604: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
605: .It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree
606: .It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand
607: .It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute
608: .It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second
609: .It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro
1.66 schwarze 610: .It \e(Of Ta \(Of Ta Spanish female ordinal
611: .It \e(Om Ta \(Om Ta Spanish masculine ordinal
1.23 kristaps 612: .El
613: .Pp
1.11 kristaps 614: Greek letters:
1.49 kristaps 615: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
1.24 kristaps 616: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
617: .It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha
618: .It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta
619: .It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma
620: .It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta
621: .It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon
622: .It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta
623: .It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta
624: .It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta
625: .It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota
626: .It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa
627: .It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda
628: .It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu
629: .It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu
630: .It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi
631: .It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron
632: .It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi
633: .It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho
634: .It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma
635: .It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau
636: .It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon
637: .It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi
638: .It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi
639: .It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi
640: .It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega
641: .It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha
642: .It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta
643: .It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma
644: .It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta
645: .It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon
646: .It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta
647: .It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta
648: .It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta
649: .It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota
650: .It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa
651: .It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda
652: .It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu
653: .It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu
654: .It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi
655: .It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron
656: .It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi
657: .It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho
658: .It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma
659: .It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau
660: .It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon
661: .It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi
662: .It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi
663: .It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi
664: .It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega
665: .It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant
666: .It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant
667: .It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant
668: .It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant
669: .It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal
1.1 kristaps 670: .El
1.10 kristaps 671: .Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS
1.43 kristaps 672: Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical
673: troff implementations.
674: They are
675: .Em not recommended
676: for use, as they differ across implementations.
677: Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not
678: portable.
1.50 schwarze 679: .Pp
680: Their syntax is similar to special characters, using
681: .Sq \e*X
682: .Pq for a one-character escape ,
683: .Sq \e*(XX
684: .Pq two-character ,
685: and
686: .Sq \e*[N]
687: .Pq N-character .
688: For details, see the
689: .Em Predefined Strings
690: subsection of the
691: .Xr roff 7
692: manual.
1.49 kristaps 693: .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent
1.24 kristaps 694: .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
695: .It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar
696: .It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal
697: .It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal
698: .It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal
699: .It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than
700: .It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than
701: .It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus
702: .It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity
703: .It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi
704: .It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN
705: .It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand
706: .It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark
707: .It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark
708: .It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote
709: .It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote
710: .It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote
711: .It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis
712: .It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis
713: .It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote
714: .It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote
715: .It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow
716: .It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow
717: .It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal
718: .It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal
719: .It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute
720: .It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave
1.43 kristaps 721: .It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name
722: .It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name
1.10 kristaps 723: .El
1.45 kristaps 724: .Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS
1.55 schwarze 725: The escape sequences
1.45 kristaps 726: .Pp
1.62 schwarze 727: .Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq
1.45 kristaps 728: .Pp
1.55 schwarze 729: are interpreted as Unicode codepoints.
1.45 kristaps 730: The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF.
1.56 schwarze 731: For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits
1.54 schwarze 732: .Sq A
733: to
734: .Sq F
735: must be given as uppercase characters,
736: and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if
1.45 kristaps 737: greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed.
738: Unicode surrogates are not allowed.
1.41 schwarze 739: .Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS
740: For backward compatibility with existing manuals,
741: .Xr mandoc 1
742: also supports the
743: .Pp
744: .Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq
745: .Pp
746: escape sequence, inserting the character
747: .Ar number
748: from the current character set into the output.
749: Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked
750: as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual.
1.62 schwarze 751: For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain
1.41 schwarze 752: .Sq \(dq
753: character where possible.
1.3 kristaps 754: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.52 schwarze 755: This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other
1.42 schwarze 756: troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
757: .Pq Qq groff .
758: .Pp
759: .Bl -dash -compact
1.44 kristaps 760: .It
761: The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in
762: groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers.
1.42 schwarze 763: .It
764: In
765: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii ,
766: the
1.17 kristaps 767: \e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product],
1.63 schwarze 768: \e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render
1.42 schwarze 769: differently between mandoc and groff.
770: .It
771: In
1.65 schwarze 772: .Fl T Ns Cm html ,
1.62 schwarze 773: the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently
1.42 schwarze 774: between mandoc and groff.
775: .It
776: The
777: .Fl T Ns Cm ps
778: and
779: .Fl T Ns Cm pdf
780: modes format like
781: .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
782: instead of rendering glyphs as in groff.
783: .It
784: The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted
785: from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no
786: known representation.
787: .El
1.1 kristaps 788: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.50 schwarze 789: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
790: .Xr man 7 ,
791: .Xr mdoc 7 ,
792: .Xr roff 7
1.1 kristaps 793: .Sh AUTHORS
794: The
795: .Nm
1.30 kristaps 796: manual page was written by
1.53 schwarze 797: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
1.38 kristaps 798: .Sh CAVEATS
1.56 schwarze 799: The predefined string
1.38 kristaps 800: .Sq \e*(Ba
1.56 schwarze 801: mimics the behaviour of the
1.39 kristaps 802: .Sq \&|
1.38 kristaps 803: character in
804: .Xr mdoc 7 ;
805: thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use
806: the
807: .Sq \e(ba
808: escape.
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