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Diff for /mandoc/mdoc.7 between version 1.108 and 1.135

version 1.108, 2010/05/15 16:24:37 version 1.135, 2010/07/16 21:09:39
Line 1 
Line 1 
 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
Line 33  section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdo
Line 34  section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdo
 .Pp  .Pp
 An  An
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
 character  character
 .Sq \.  .Sq \.
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
Line 51  manuals must have
Line 52  manuals must have
 line terminators.  line terminators.
 .Ss Comments  .Ss Comments
 Text following a  Text following a
 .Sq \e" ,  .Sq \e\*q ,
 whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of  whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
 line.  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,  line.  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
 .Sq \&.\e" ,  .Sq \&.\e\*q ,
 is also ignored.  Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally  is also ignored.  Macro lines with only a control character and optionally
 whitespace are stripped from input.  whitespace are stripped from input.
 .Ss Reserved Characters  .Ss Reserved Characters
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
Line 122  escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic)
Line 123  escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic)
 A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,  A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
 respectively) may be used instead.  respectively) may be used instead.
 A text decoration is valid within  A text decoration is valid within
 the current font scope only:  if a macro opens a font scope alongside  the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
 its own scope, such as  its own scope, such as
 .Sx \&Bf  .Sx \&Bf
 .Cm \&Sy ,  .Cm \&Sy ,
Line 167  also defined a set of package-specific
Line 168  also defined a set of package-specific
 .Dq predefined strings ,  .Dq predefined strings ,
 which, like  which, like
 .Sx Special Characters ,  .Sx Special Characters ,
 demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.  mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
 Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,  Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
 .Sq \e* :  .Sq \e* :
 single-character  single-character
Line 333  must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
Line 334  must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
 followed by  followed by
 .Sx \&Nd .  .Sx \&Nd .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and  Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
 DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections.  .Em SYNOPSIS
   and
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   sections, although this varies between manual sections.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The following is a well-formed skeleton  The following is a well-formed skeleton
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 343  file:
Line 347  file:
 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 \&.Dt mdoc 7  \&.Dt mdoc 7
 \&.Os  \&.Os
 \&.  
 \&.Sh NAME  \&.Sh NAME
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Nd a description goes here  \&.Nd a description goes here
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY  \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
 \&.  
 \&.Sh SYNOPSIS  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Op Fl options  \&.Op Fl options
 \&.Ar  \&.Ar
 \&.  
 \&.Sh DESCRIPTION  \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 \&.Nm  \&.Nm
Line 453  And for the third, configurations (section 4):
Line 454  And for the third, configurations (section 4):
 Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a  Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
 .Em SYNOPSIS .  .Em SYNOPSIS .
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  Some macros are displayed differently in the
 .Sx \&Op ,  .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, particularly
   .Sx \&Nm ,
 .Sx \&Cd ,  .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Fd ,
 .Sx \&Fn ,  .Sx \&Fn ,
 .Sx \&Ft ,  .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Vt .  .Sx \&Ft .
   All of these macros are output on their own line.  If two such
   dissimilar macros are pair-wise invoked (except for
   .Sx \&Ft
   before
   .Sx \&Fo
   or
   .Sx \&Fn ) ,
   they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which are always separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   When text and macros following an
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
   all output lines but the first will be indented to align
   with the text immediately following the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro, up to the next
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Sx ,
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
 .It Em DESCRIPTION  .It Em DESCRIPTION
 This expands upon the brief, one-line description in  This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
 .Em NAME .  .Em NAME .
Line 654  has multiple heads.
Line 686  has multiple heads.
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
 .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El  .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
 .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    \&No     Ta  Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
 .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro is a
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   macro only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  .Ss Block partial-explicit
 Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.  Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
 Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head  Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
Line 731  Note that the
Line 774  Note that the
 macro is a  macro is a
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 only when invoked as the first macro  only when invoked as the first macro
 in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is  in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
 .Sx In-line .  .Sx In-line .
 .Ss In-line  .Ss In-line
 Closed by  Closed by
Line 953  See also
Line 998  See also
 .Sx \&Aq .  .Sx \&Aq .
 .Ss \&Ap  .Ss \&Ap
 Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space.  Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space.
 This is generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb  This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
 form of a function:  form of a function:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Fn execve Ap d  \&.Fn execve Ap d
Line 1019  Closes a
Line 1064  Closes a
 block.  Does not have any tail arguments.  block.  Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Bd  .Ss \&Bd
 Begins a display block.  Begins a display block.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
   .Fl type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .Ed
   .Pp
 A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively  A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively
 offset or justified in a manner different from that  offset or justified in a manner different from that
 of the enclosing context.  of the enclosing context.
Line 1043  Centre-justify each line.
Line 1096  Centre-justify each line.
 The type must be provided first.  The type must be provided first.
 Secondary arguments are as follows:  Secondary arguments are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
 .It Fl offset Ar width  .It Fl offset Ar val
 Offset by the value of  Offset by the value of
 .Ar width ,  .Ar val ,
 which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:  which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:
 .Bl -item  .Bl -item
 .It  .It
Line 1056  the width of standard indentation;
Line 1109  the width of standard indentation;
 twice  twice
 .Ar indent ;  .Ar indent ;
 .Ar left ,  .Ar left ,
 which has no effect ;  which has no effect;
 .Ar right ,  .Ar right ,
 which justifies to the right margin; and  which justifies to the right margin; and
 .Ar center ,  .Ar center ,
Line 1074  As a scaling unit following the syntax described in
Line 1127  As a scaling unit following the syntax described in
 As the calculated string length of the opaque string.  As the calculated string length of the opaque string.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 If unset, it will revert to the value of  If not provided an argument, it will be ignored.
 .Ar 8n  
 as described in  
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  
 .It Fl compact  .It Fl compact
 Do not assert a vertical space before the block.  Do not assert a vertical space before the block.
 .It Fl file Ar file  
 Prepend the file  
 .Ar file  
 before any text or macros within the block.  
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
Line 1098  See also
Line 1144  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dl .  .Sx \&Dl .
 .Ss \&Bf  .Ss \&Bf
   Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
   .Oo
   .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
   .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .Oc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl emphasis
   and
   .Cm \&Em
   argument are equivalent, as are
   .Fl symbolic
   and
   .Cm \&Sy,
   and
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Cm \&Li .
   Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
   The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
   scope or
   .Sx \&Ef
   is encountered.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&Ef ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Bk  .Ss \&Bk
   Begins a collection of macros or text not breaking the line.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
   .Pp
   Subsequent arguments are ignored.
   The
   .Fl words
   argument is required.
   .Pp
   Each line within a keep block is kept intact, so the following example
   will not break within each
   .Sx \&Op
   macro line:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bk \-words
   \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
   \&.Op Fl o Ar output
   \&.Ek
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
   Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Ss \&Bl  .Ss \&Bl
 Begins a list composed of one or more list entries.  Begins a list composed of one or more list entries.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
   .Fl type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .Op HEAD ...
   .Ed
   .Pp
 A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument.  A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument.
 Other arguments are  Other arguments are
 .Fl width ,  .Fl width ,
Line 1137  macro.
Line 1249  macro.
 These dictate the width of columns either as  These dictate the width of columns either as
 .Sx Scaling Widths  .Sx Scaling Widths
 or literal text.  or literal text.
 List entry bodies must be left empty.  If the initial macro of a
 Column bodies have the following syntax:  .Fl column
 .Pp  list is not an
 .D1 .It col1 <TAB> ... coln  .Sx \&It ,
 .D1 .It col1 Ta ... coln  an
 .D1 .It col1 <TAB> col2 Ta coln  .Sx \&It
 .Pp  context spanning each line is implied until an
 where columns may be separated by tabs, the literal string  .Sx \&It
 .Qq Ta ,  line macro is encountered, at which point list bodies are interpreted as
 or a mixture of both.  described in the
 These are equivalent except that quoted sections propogate over tabs,  .Sx \&It
 for example,  documentation.
 .Pp  
 .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq ;  
 .Pp  
 will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.  
 .It Fl dash  .It Fl dash
 A list offset by a dash (hyphen).  A list offset by a dash (hyphen).
 The head of list entries must be empty.  The head of list entries must be empty.
Line 1207  after the head as specified by the
Line 1315  after the head as specified by the
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument.  argument.
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Bo  .Ss \&Bo
 Begins a block enclosed by square brackets.  Begins a block enclosed by square brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
Line 1334  See also
Line 1445  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dl .  .Sx \&Dl .
 .Ss \&Db  .Ss \&Db
   Start a debugging context.
   This macro is parsed, but generally ignored.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
 .Ss \&Dc  .Ss \&Dc
 Closes a  Closes a
 .Sx \&Do  .Sx \&Do
Line 1343  Document date.
Line 1459  Document date.
 This is the mandatory first macro of any  This is the mandatory first macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 manual.  manual.
 Its calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Cm date
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm date  .Cm date
Line 1404  Document title.
Line 1520  Document title.
 This is the mandatory second macro of any  This is the mandatory second macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 file.  file.
 Its calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
   .Oo
   .Cm title
   .Oo
   .Cm section
   .Op Cm volume | arch
   .Oc
   .Oc
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch  
 .Pp  
 Its arguments are as follows:  Its arguments are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
 .It Cm title  .It Cm title
 The document's title (name).  The document's title (name), defaulting to
 This should be capitalised and is required.  .Qq UNKNOWN
   if unspecified.
   It should be capitalised.
 .It Cm section  .It Cm section
 The manual section.  The manual section.
 This may be one of  This may be one of
Line 1449  This may be one of
Line 1575  This may be one of
 or  or
 .Ar paper  .Ar paper
 .Pq paper .  .Pq paper .
 It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename  It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
 suffix.  .Qq 1
   if unspecified.
 .It Cm volume  .It Cm volume
 This overrides the volume inferred from  This overrides the volume inferred from
 .Ar section .  .Ar section .
Line 1522  Examples:
Line 1649  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386  .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386  
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
Line 1555  See also
Line 1681  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Ec  .Ss \&Ec
   Close a scope started by
   .Sx \&Eo .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Cm TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Dc .
 .Ss \&Ed  .Ss \&Ed
   End a display context started by
   .Sx \&Bd .
 .Ss \&Ef  .Ss \&Ef
   Ends a font mode context started by
   .Sx \&Bf .
 .Ss \&Ek  .Ss \&Ek
   Ends a keep context started by
   .Sx \&Bk .
 .Ss \&El  .Ss \&El
   Ends a list context started by
   .Sx \&Bl .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl
   and
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Em  .Ss \&Em
 Denotes text that should be emphasised.  Denotes text that should be emphasised.
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
Line 1568  Examples:
Line 1718  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Em Warnings!  .D1 \&.Em Warnings!
 .D1 \&.Em Remarks :  .D1 \&.Em Remarks :
 .Ss \&En  .Ss \&En
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
 .Ss \&Eo  .Ss \&Eo
   An arbitrary enclosure.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Cm TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Do .
 .Ss \&Er  .Ss \&Er
 Display error constants.  Display error constants.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 1579  Examples:
Line 1740  Examples:
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dv .  .Sx \&Dv .
 .Ss \&Es  .Ss \&Es
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
 .Ss \&Ev  .Ss \&Ev
 Environmental variables such as those specified in  Environmental variables such as those specified in
 .Xr environ 7 .  .Xr environ 7 .
Line 1598  is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in
Line 1760  is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 is provided.  is provided.
 .Ss \&Fa  .Ss \&Fa
   Function argument.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
   .Op Cm argtype
   .Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
   It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   Most often, the
   .Sx \&Fa
   macro is used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   within
   .Sx \&Fo
   section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
   If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
   comma.
   Furthermore, if the following macro is another
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
   .D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
   .D1 \&.Fa foo
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fc  .Ss \&Fc
   Ends a function context started by
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fd  .Ss \&Fd
   Historically used to document include files.
   This usage has been deprecated in favour of
   .Sx \&In .
   Do not use this macro.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&In .
 .Ss \&Fl  .Ss \&Fl
 Command-line flag.  Command-line flag.
 Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.  Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
Line 1619  Examples:
Line 1822  Examples:
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Cm .  .Sx \&Cm .
 .Ss \&Fn  .Ss \&Fn
   A function name.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
   .Op Cm functype
   .Cm funcname
   .Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
   are delimited by commas.
   If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"
   .D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"
   .D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
 .Ss \&Fo  .Ss \&Fo
 .Ss \&Fr  Begin a function block.
   This is a multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Fn .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
   .Pp
   Invocations usually occur in the following context:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
   .br
   \.\.\.
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   A
   .Sx \&Fo
   scope is closed by
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   .Sx \&Fc ,
   and
 .Ss \&Ft  .Ss \&Ft
   A function type.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ft int
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fx  .Ss \&Fx
 Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
Line 1640  See also
Line 1914  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Hf  .Ss \&Hf
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
 .Ss \&Ic  .Ss \&Ic
   Designate an internal or interactive command.
   This is similar to
   .Sx \&Cm
   but used for instructions rather than values.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Ic hash
   .D1 \&.Ic alias
   .Pp
   Note that using
   .Sx \&Bd No Fl literal
   or
   .Sx \&D1
   is preferred for displaying code; the
   .Sx \&Ic
   macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
 .Ss \&In  .Ss \&In
   An
   .Qq include
   file.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is
   preceded by
   .Qq #include ,
   the arguments is enclosed in angled braces.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.In sys/types
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 .Ss \&It  .Ss \&It
   A list item.
   The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
   .Pp
   Lists
   of type
   .Fl hang ,
   .Fl ohang ,
   .Fl inset ,
   and
   .Fl diag
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args
   .Pp
   Lists of type
   .Fl bullet ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl hyphen
   and
   .Fl item
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
   .Pp
   with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
   .Sx \&It
   until either a closing
   .Sx \&El
   or another
   .Sx \&It .
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl tag
   list has the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
   .Fl bullet
   and family.
   The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
   arguments correspond to the list's contents.
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl column
   list is the most complicated.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm args
   are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,
   delimited by tabs or the special
   .Sq \&Ta
   pseudo-macro.
   Lines subsequent the
   .Sx \&It
   are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.
   Calling the pseudo-macro
   .Sq \&Ta
   will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be
   interpreted as a macro).  Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be
   used within the
   .Sx \&It
   line itself.
   Subsequent this, only the
   .Sq \&Ta
   pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.
   Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited
   phrases on an
   .Sx \&It ,
   for example,
   .Pp
   .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
   .Pp
   will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl .
 .Ss \&Lb  .Ss \&Lb
   Specify a library.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm library
   parameter may be a system library, such as
   .Cm libz
   or
   .Cm libpam ,
   in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
   invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
   printed in quotes.
   This is most commonly used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section as described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Lb libz
   .D1 \&.Lb mdoc
 .Ss \&Li  .Ss \&Li
   Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
 .Ss \&Lk  .Ss \&Lk
 Format a hyperlink.  Format a hyperlink.
 The calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"  .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
Line 1658  Examples:
Line 2070  Examples:
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Mt .  .Sx \&Mt .
 .Ss \&Lp  .Ss \&Lp
   Synonym for
   .Sx \&Pp .
 .Ss \&Ms  .Ss \&Ms
 .Ss \&Mt  .Ss \&Mt
   Format a
   .Qq mailto:
   hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Nd  .Ss \&Nd
   A one-line description of the manual's content.
   This may only be invoked in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section subsequent the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
   .Sx \&Sh
   invocation.
   Do not assume this behaviour: some
   .Xr whatis 1
   database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
   arguments and will display macros verbatim.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Nm .
 .Ss \&Nm  .Ss \&Nm
   The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
   and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
   the manual page.
   When first invoked, the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
   Usually, the first invocation happens in the
   .Em NAME
   section of the page.
   The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
   called again without arguments later in the page.
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro uses
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   semantics.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm cat
   \&.Op Fl benstuv
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
   .Sx \&Fn
   macro rather than
   .Sx \&Nm
   to mark up the name of the manual page.
 .Ss \&No  .Ss \&No
   A
   .Qq noop
   macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef
 .Ss \&Ns  .Ss \&Ns
 .Ss \&Nx  .Ss \&Nx
 Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if  Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if
Line 1682  See also
Line 2170  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Oc  .Ss \&Oc
   Closes multi-line
   .Sx \&Oo
   context.
 .Ss \&Oo  .Ss \&Oo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Op .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Oo
   \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
   \&.Oc
   .Ed
 .Ss \&Op  .Ss \&Op
   Command-line option.
   Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
   Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
   .D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Oo .
 .Ss \&Os  .Ss \&Os
 Document operating system version.  Document operating system version.
 This is the mandatory third macro of  This is the mandatory third macro of
 any  any
 .Nm  .Nm
 file.  Its calling syntax is as follows:  file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system
 .Pp  .Pp
 The optional  The optional
 .Cm system  .Cm system
Line 1731  See also
Line 2242  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Pa  .Ss \&Pa
   A file-system path.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
   .D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Lk .
 .Ss \&Pc  .Ss \&Pc
   Close parenthesised context opened by
   .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Pf  .Ss \&Pf
   Removes the space
   .Pq Qq prefix
   between its arguments.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix
   .Pp
   The
   .Cm suffix
   argument may be a macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix
 .Ss \&Po  .Ss \&Po
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Pq .
 .Ss \&Pp  .Ss \&Pp
   Break a paragraph.
   This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
   and/or text.
 .Ss \&Pq  .Ss \&Pq
   Parenthesised enclosure.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Qc  .Ss \&Qc
 .Ss \&Ql  .Ss \&Ql
 .Ss \&Qo  .Ss \&Qo
Line 1763  The block macro may only contain
Line 2306  The block macro may only contain
 .Sx \&%Q ,  .Sx \&%Q ,
 .Sx \&%R ,  .Sx \&%R ,
 .Sx \&%T ,  .Sx \&%T ,
   .Sx \&%U ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&%V  .Sx \&%V
 child macros (at least one must be specified).  child macros (at least one must be specified).
Line 1788  line.
Line 2332  line.
 .Ss \&Sc  .Ss \&Sc
 .Ss \&Sh  .Ss \&Sh
 .Ss \&Sm  .Ss \&Sm
   Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
   .Pp
   By default, spacing is
   .Cm on .
   When switched
   .Cm off ,
   no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
   output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines
   still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
 .Ss \&So  .Ss \&So
 .Ss \&Sq  .Ss \&Sq
 .Ss \&Ss  .Ss \&Ss
Line 1796  line.
Line 2352  line.
 .Ss \&Sy  .Ss \&Sy
 .Ss \&Tn  .Ss \&Tn
 .Ss \&Ud  .Ss \&Ud
   Prints out
   .Dq currently under development.
 .Ss \&Ux  .Ss \&Ux
 Format the UNIX name.  Format the UNIX name.
 Accepts no argument.  Accepts no argument.
Line 1813  See also
Line 2371  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ox .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Va  .Ss \&Va
   A variable name.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .D1 \&.Va foo
   .D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;
 .Ss \&Vt  .Ss \&Vt
 A variable type.  A variable type.
 This is also used for indicating global variables in the SYNOPSIS  This is also used for indicating global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
 section, in which case a variable name is also specified.  section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
 Note that it accepts  Note that it accepts
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it  syntax when invoked as the first macro in the
 accepts ordinary  .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, else it accepts ordinary
 .Sx In-line  .Sx In-line
 syntax.  syntax.
 .Pp  .Pp
Line 1830  which is used for function return types.
Line 2395  which is used for function return types.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char  .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char
 .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ;  .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
 and  and
 .Sx \&Va .  .Sx \&Va .
 .Ss \&Xc  .Ss \&Xc
Line 1846  since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been d
Line 2411  since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been d
 .Ss \&Xr  .Ss \&Xr
 Link to another manual  Link to another manual
 .Pq Qq cross-reference .  .Pq Qq cross-reference .
 Its calling syntax is  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm name  .Cm name
Line 1865  This behaviour is for compatibility with
Line 2430  This behaviour is for compatibility with
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1  .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 ;  .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour  .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
 .Ss \&br  .Ss \&br
 .Ss \&sp  .Ss \&sp
Line 1885  Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementa
Line 2450  Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementa
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
   Old groff fails to assert a newline before
   .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .
   .It
   groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
   .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
   children of
   .Sx \&Fo
   regarding spacing between arguments.
   In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed
   by a single space and the trailing
   .Sq \&)
   suppresses prior spacing.
   .It
   groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
   .Sx \&Ft
   and
   .Sx \&Fn
   in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS :
   at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior
   .Sx \&Fn
   has been invoked.
   In mandoc, this is not the case.
   See
   .Sx \&Ft
   and
   .Sx \&Fn
   for the normalised behaviour.
   .It
   Historic groff does not break before an
   .Sx \&Fn
   when not invoked as the line macro in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section.
   .It
   Historic groff formats the
   .Sx \&In
   badly: trailing arguments are trashed and
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   is not specially treated.
   .It
   groff does not accept the
   .Sq \&Ta
   pseudo-macro as a line macro.
   mandoc does.
   .It
 The comment syntax  The comment syntax
 .Sq \e."  .Sq \e."
 is no longer accepted.  is no longer accepted.
Line 1916  In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quo
Line 2527  In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quo
 standalone double-quote in formatted output.  standalone double-quote in formatted output.
 This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.  This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 Display types  Display offsets
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 .Fl center  .Fl offset Ar center
 and  and
 .Fl right  .Fl offset Ar right
 are aliases for  are disregarded in mandoc.
 .Fl left  Furthermore, troff specifies a
 in manodc.  Furthermore, the  
 .Fl file Ar file  .Fl file Ar file
 argument is ignored.  argument that is not supported in mandoc.
 Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),  Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),
 .Fl ragged  .Fl ragged
 and  and
Line 1955  Some manuals use
Line 2565  Some manuals use
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
 delimiter to render.  delimiter to render.
 This is not supported in mandoc.  This is not supported in mandoc.
 .It  
 In groff, the  
 .Sx \&Fo  
 macro only produces the first parameter.  
 This is not the case in mandoc.  
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  In groff, the
 .Sx \&Cd ,  .Sx \&Cd ,
Legend:
Removed from v.1.108  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.135
CVSweb