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version 1.210, 2011/09/18 07:57:16 version 1.256, 2015/10/11 18:56:51
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
 .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>  .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 .Os  .Os
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc language reference  .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language supports authoring of manual pages for the
 .Bx  .Xr man 1
 .Ux  utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
 manuals.  page sections and complete manual pages.
 This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and  Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
 usage.  presentation across all manuals written in
 The reference implementation for  .Nm ,
   and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
   .Pp
   This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
   and the syntax and usage of the
 .Nm  .Nm
 formatting is  language.
   The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
 .Xr mandoc 1 ;  .Xr mandoc 1 ;
 the  the
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 section describes compatibility with other implementations.  section describes compatibility with other implementations.
 .Pp  .Pp
 An  In an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control  document, lines beginning with the control character
 character  
 .Sq \&.  .Sq \&.
 are parsed for macros.  are called
 Lines not beginning with the control character are  .Dq macro lines .
 interpreted within the scope of prior macros:  The first word is the macro name.
   It consists of two or three letters.
   Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
   For a list of available macros, see
   .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
   The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
   including the names of other, callable macros; see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
   for details.
   .Pp
   Lines not beginning with the control character are called
   .Dq text lines .
   They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
   depends on the respective processing context:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
 Text lines are interpreted within the current state.  Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX  
 .Nm  
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  
 character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  
 The back-space character  
 .Sq \e  
 indicates the start of an escape sequence for  
 .Sx Comments ,  
 .Sx Predefined Strings ,  
 and  
 .Sx Special Characters .  
 .Ss Comments  
 Text following an escaped double-quote  
 .Sq \e\(dq ,  
 whether in a macro or text line, is ignored to the end of  
 line.  
 A macro line beginning with a control character and comment escape  
 .Sq \&.\e\(dq  
 is also ignored.  
 Furthermore,  
 macro lines with only a control character and optional trailing  
 whitespace are  
 stripped from input.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  
 \&.\e\(dq This is a comment line.  
 \&.\e\(dq The next line is ignored:  
 \&.  
 \&.Em Emphasis \e\(dq This is also a comment.  
 .Ed  
 .Ss Special Characters  
 Special characters are used to encode special glyphs and are rendered  
 differently across output media.  
 They may occur in both macro and text lines.  
 Sequences begin with the escape character  
 .Sq \e  
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  
 .Sq \&(  
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  
 .Sq \&[  
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  
 .Sq \&] ) ;  
 or a single one character sequence.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It Li \e(em  
 Two-letter em dash escape.  
 .It Li \ee  
 One-letter backslash escape.  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 See  
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  
 for a complete list.  
 .Ss Text Decoration  
 Terms may be text-decorated using the  
 .Sq \ef  
 escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I (italic), R (regular), or P  
 (revert to previous mode).  
 A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and regular,  
 respectively) may be used instead.  
 If a macro opens a font scope after calling  
 .Sq \ef ,  
 such as with  
 .Sx \&Bf ,  
 the  
 .Sq \ef  
 mode will be restored upon exiting the  
 .Sx \&Bf  
 scope.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It Li \efBbold\efR  
 Write in bold, then switch to regular font mode.  
 .It Li \efIitalic\efP  
 Write in italic, then return to previous font mode.  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Text decoration is  
 .Em not  
 recommended for  
 .Nm ,  
 which encourages semantic annotation.  
 .Ss Predefined Strings  
 Predefined strings, like  
 .Sx Special Characters ,  
 mark special output glyphs.  
 Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,  
 .Sq \e* :  
 single-character  
 .Sq \e*X ,  
 two-character  
 .Sq \e*(XX ,  
 and N-character  
 .Sq \e*[N] .  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It Li \e*(Am  
 Two-letter ampersand predefined string.  
 .It Li \e*q  
 One-letter double-quote predefined string.  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 These strings are set using  
 .Xr roff 7 ,  
 although  
 .Nm  .Nm
 consists of several pre-set escapes listed in  language are based on the
 .Xr mandoc_char 7 .  .Xr roff 7
 .Ss Whitespace  language; see the
 Whitespace consists of the space character.  .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 In text lines, whitespace is preserved within a line.  
 In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.  
 .Pp  
 Unescaped trailing spaces are stripped from text line input unless in a  
 literal context.  
 In general, trailing whitespace on any input line is discouraged for  
 reasons of portability.  
 In the rare case that a blank character is needed at the end of an  
 input line, it may be forced by  
 .Sq \e\ \e& .  
 .Pp  
 In general, space characters can be rendered as literal  
 characters by using non-breaking space escapes or  
 .Sx Quotation .  
 .Pp  
 Blank text lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted  
 within literal contexts.  
 If the first character of a text line is a space, that line is printed  
 with a leading newline.  
 .Ss Quotation  
 Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to so that the  
 enclosed text is one literal term.  
 Quoted text, even if whitespace or if it would cause a macro invocation  
 when unquoted, is considered literal text.  
 .Pp  
 A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.  
 The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote  
 terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It Li .Fn strlen \(dqconst char *s\(dq  
 Group arguments  
 .Qq const char *s  
 into one function argument.  
 If unspecified,  
 .Qq const ,  
 .Qq char ,  
 and  and
 .Qq *s  .Em MACRO SYNTAX
 would be considered separate arguments.  sections in the
 .Pq See Sx \&Fn .  .Xr roff 7
 .It Li .Op \(dqFl a\(dq  manual for details, in particular regarding
 Consider  comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
 .Qq \&Fl a  However, using
 as literal text instead of a flag macro.  .Xr roff 7
 .Pq Aee Sx \&Op , \&Fl .  requests in
 .El  .Nm
 .Ss Scaling Widths  documents is discouraged;
 Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments.  .Xr mandoc 1
 The syntax for a scaled width is  supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
 .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,  
 where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.  
 Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.  
 .Pp  
 The following scaling units are accepted:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It c  
 centimetre  
 .It i  
 inch  
 .It P  
 pica (~1/6 inch)  
 .It p  
 point (~1/72 inch)  
 .It f  
 synonym for  
 .Sq u  
 .It v  
 default vertical span  
 .It m  
 width of rendered  
 .Sq m  
 .Pq em  
 character  
 .It n  
 width of rendered  
 .Sq n  
 .Pq en  
 character  
 .It u  
 default horizontal span  
 .It M  
 mini-em (~1/100 em)  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Using anything other than  
 .Sq m ,  
 .Sq n ,  
 .Sq u ,  
 or  
 .Sq v  
 is necessarily non-portable across output media.  
 See  
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY .  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It Li \&.Bl -tag -width 2i  
 two-inch tagged list indentation  
 .Pq see Sx \&Bl  
 .It Li \&.sp 2v  
 two vertical spaces  
 .Pq see Sx \&sp  
 .El  
 .Ss Sentence Spacing  
 Sentences should terminate at the end of an input line.  
 By doing this, a formatter will be able to apply the proper amount of  
 spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,  
 or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing  
 delimiters  
 .Po  
 .Sq \&) ,  
 .Sq \&] ,  
 .Sq \&' ,  
 .Sq \&"  
 .Pc .  
 .Pp  
 The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at  
 the boundary of a macro line.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  
 Do not end sentences mid-line like this.  Instead,  
 end a sentence like this.  
 A macro would end like this:  
 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&.  
 .Ed  
 .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 A well-formed  A well-formed
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 332  file for a utility
Line 125  file for a utility
 \&.Nm progname  \&.Nm progname
 \&.Nd one line about what it does  \&.Nd one line about what it does
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY  \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only.
 \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.  \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.Sh SYNOPSIS  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
 \&.Nm progname  \&.Nm progname
Line 342  file for a utility
Line 135  file for a utility
 The  The
 \&.Nm  \&.Nm
 utility processes files ...  utility processes files ...
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT
   \&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.  \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT  \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
 \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only.
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO  \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
 \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1  \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
 \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
Line 525  macro followed by a non-standard section name, and eac
Line 320  macro followed by a non-standard section name, and eac
 several subsections, like in the present  several subsections, like in the present
 .Nm  .Nm
 manual.  manual.
   .It Em CONTEXT
   This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9.
   The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt.
 .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
 This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side  This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
Line 565  Example usages.
Line 363  Example usages.
 This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.  This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
 Make sure that examples work properly!  Make sure that examples work properly!
 .It Em DIAGNOSTICS  .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
 Documents error conditions.  Documents error messages.
 This is most useful in section 4 manuals.  In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the
   kernel to the console and to the kernel log.
   In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by
   userland programs to the standard error output.
   .Pp
 Historically, this section was used in place of  Historically, this section was used in place of
 .Em EXIT STATUS  .Em EXIT STATUS
 for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is  for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
Line 576  See
Line 378  See
 .Sx \&Bl  .Sx \&Bl
 .Fl diag .  .Fl diag .
 .It Em ERRORS  .It Em ERRORS
 Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.  Documents
   .Xr errno 2
   settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Er .  .Sx \&Er .
Line 584  See
Line 388  See
 References other manuals with related topics.  References other manuals with related topics.
 This section should exist for most manuals.  This section should exist for most manuals.
 Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then  Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
 alphabetically.  alphabetically (ignoring case).
 .Pp  .Pp
 References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,  References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
 for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be  for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
Line 620  in this section.
Line 424  in this section.
 .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
 Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.  Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .El  .El
 .Sh MACRO SYNTAX  
 Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a  
 control character,  
 .Sq \&. ,  
 at the beginning of the line.  
 An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character  
 and the macro name.  
 Thus, the following are equivalent:  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Pp  
 \&.\ \ \ \&Pp  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.  
 In this section,  
 .Sq \-arg  
 refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more  
 .Sq parm  
 parameters;  
 .Sq \&Yo  
 opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,  
 .Sq \&Yc  
 closes it out.  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Callable  
 column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name  
 as an argument to another macro.  
 For example,  
 .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file  
 produces  
 .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .  
 To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,  
 escape it by prepending a zero-width space,  
 .Sq \e& .  
 For example,  
 .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O  
 produces  
 .Sq Op \&Fl O .  
 If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument  
 to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.  
 For example,  
 .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh  
 produces  
 .Sq Fl \&Sh .  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Parsed  
 column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving  
 their names as arguments.  
 If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears  
 as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Scope  
 column, if applicable, describes closure rules.  
 .Ss Block full-explicit  
 Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.  
 All macros contains bodies; only  
 .Sx \&Bf  
 and  
 .Pq optionally  
 .Sx \&Bl  
 contain a head.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  
 \(lBbody...\(rB  
 \&.Yc  
 .Ed  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed  
 .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef  
 .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek  
 .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El  
 .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd  
 .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf  
 .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk  
 .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl  
 .El  
 .Ss Block full-implicit  
 Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.  
 All macros have bodies; some  
 .Po  
 .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,  
 .Fl hyphen ,  
 .Fl dash ,  
 .Fl enum ,  
 .Fl item  
 .Pc  
 don't have heads; only one  
 .Po  
 .Sx \&It  
 in  
 .Sx \&Bl Fl column  
 .Pc  
 has multiple heads.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB  
 \(lBbody...\(rB  
 .Ed  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El  
 .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh  
 .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  
 .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh  
 .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Note that the  
 .Sx \&Nm  
 macro is a  
 .Sx Block full-implicit  
 macro only when invoked as the first macro  
 in a  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 section line, else it is  
 .Sx In-line .  
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  
 Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.  
 Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head  
 .Po  
 .Sx \&Fo ,  
 .Sx \&Eo  
 .Pc  
 and/or tail  
 .Pq Sx \&Ec .  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  
 \(lBbody...\(rB  
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \  
 \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  
 .Ed  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao  
 .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac  
 .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo  
 .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc  
 .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro  
 .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc  
 .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do  
 .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc  
 .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo  
 .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec  
 .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo  
 .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc  
 .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo  
 .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc  
 .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po  
 .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc  
 .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo  
 .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc  
 .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs  
 .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re  
 .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So  
 .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc  
 .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo  
 .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc  
 .El  
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  
 Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the  
 end of the line.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB  
 .Ed  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed  
 .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes  
 .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Note that the  
 .Sx \&Vt  
 macro is a  
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  
 only when invoked as the first macro  
 in a  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 section line, else it is  
 .Sx In-line .  
 .Ss Special block macro  
 The  
 .Sx \&Ta  
 macro can only be used below  
 .Sx \&It  
 in  
 .Sx \&Bl Fl column  
 lists.  
 It delimits blocks representing table cells;  
 these blocks have bodies, but no heads.  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It  
 .El  
 .Ss In-line  
 Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,  
 and/or subsequent macros.  
 In-line macros have only text children.  
 If a number (or inequality) of arguments is  
 .Pq n ,  
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB  
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...  
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN  
 .Ed  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments  
 .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .El  
 .Ss Delimiters  
 When a macro argument consists of one single input character  
 considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.  
 This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing  
 more than one character.  
 Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it  
 like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending  
 a zero-width space  
 .Pq Sq \e& .  
 In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used  
 as normal punctuation.  
 .Pp  
 For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,  
 these delimiters are put before the macro scope,  
 and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,  
 these delimiters are put after the macro scope.  
 For example,  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."  
 .Pp  
 renders as:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .  
 .Pp  
 Opening delimiters are:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It \&(  
 left parenthesis  
 .It \&[  
 left bracket  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Closing delimiters are:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It \&.  
 period  
 .It \&,  
 comma  
 .It \&:  
 colon  
 .It \&;  
 semicolon  
 .It \&)  
 right parenthesis  
 .It \&]  
 right bracket  
 .It \&?  
 question mark  
 .It \&!  
 exclamation mark  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Note that even a period preceded by a backslash  
 .Pq Sq \e.\&  
 gets this special handling; use  
 .Sq \e&.  
 to prevent that.  
 .Pp  
 Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter  
 delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that  
 are not delimiters.  
 For example,  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"  
 .Pp  
 renders as:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e  
 .Pp  
 This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,  
 and also to the middle delimiter:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It \&|  
 vertical bar  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered  
 in the same way as a plain  
 .Sq \&|  
 character.  
 Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.  
 .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW  .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
 This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed  This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
 together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.  together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
 Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found  Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
 in the alphabetical reference below.  in the alphabetical
   .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
 .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros  .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
 .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year  .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
 .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch  .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch
 .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version  .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
 .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)  .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
 .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)  .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
Line 1032  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 454  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .Op Fl compact  .Op Fl compact
 .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)  .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
 .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)  .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
   .It Sx \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text
 .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:  .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
 .Fl Ar type  .Fl Ar type
 .Op Fl width Ar val  .Op Fl width Ar val
 .Op Fl offset Ar val  .Op Fl offset Ar val
 .Op Fl compact  .Op Fl compact
 .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )  .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
 .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx Bl Fl column No lists  .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists
 .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)  .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
 .El  .El
 .Ss Spacing control  .Ss Spacing control
Line 1046  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 469  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)  .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
 .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)  .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
 .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)  .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
 .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off  .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off
 .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words  .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
 .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)  .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)
 .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height  .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height
Line 1066  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 489  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)  .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
 .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)  .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments)
 .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)  .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
 .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname  .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
 .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:  .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:
Line 1090  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 514  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)  .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
 .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)  .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
 .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)  .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
 .It Sx \&Tn Ta tradename (>0 arguments)  
 .El  .El
 .Ss Physical markup  .Ss Physical markup
 .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
Line 1106  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 529  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text  .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
 .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text  .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
 .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text  .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
 .It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text  
 .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text  .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
 .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text  .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
 .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text  .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
Line 1118  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 540  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...  .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
 .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...  .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
 .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)  .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
 .It Sx \&Ux Ta Ux  
 .It Sx \&At Ta At  .It Sx \&At Ta At
 .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx  .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx
 .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx  .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx
Line 1127  in the alphabetical reference below.
Line 548  in the alphabetical reference below.
 .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox  .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox
 .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx  .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx
 .El  .El
 .Sh REFERENCE  .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
 This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged  This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
 alphabetically.  alphabetically.
 For the scoping of individual macros, see  For the scoping of individual macros, see
Line 1246  for all other author listings.
Line 667  for all other author listings.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.An -nosplit  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Ao  .Ss \&Ao
 Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.  Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
Line 1300  for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, 
Line 721  for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, 
 or  or
 .Sx \&Cm .  .Sx \&Cm .
 .Ss \&At  .Ss \&At
 Formats an AT&T version.  Formats an
   .At
   version.
 Accepts one optional argument:  Accepts one optional argument:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact  .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
Line 1327  See also
Line 750  See also
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Bc  .Ss \&Bc
 Close a  Close a
 .Sx \&Bo  .Sx \&Bo
Line 1355  The
Line 777  The
 must be one of the following:  must be one of the following:
 .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent  .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
 .It Fl centered  .It Fl centered
 Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.  Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line.
 Using this display type is not recommended; many  Using this display type is not recommended; many
 .Nm  .Nm
 implementations render it poorly.  implementations render it poorly.
Line 1400  which has no effect;
Line 822  which has no effect;
 .Cm right ,  .Cm right ,
 which justifies to the right margin; or  which justifies to the right margin; or
 .Cm center ,  .Cm center ,
 which aligns around an imagined centre axis.  which aligns around an imagined center axis.
 .It  .It
 A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width  A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
 associated with that macro.  associated with that macro.
Line 1409  The most popular is the imaginary macro
Line 831  The most popular is the imaginary macro
 which resolves to  which resolves to
 .Sy 6n .  .Sy 6n .
 .It  .It
 A width using the syntax described in  A scaling width as described in
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  .Xr roff 7 .
 .It  .It
 An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.  An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
 .El  .El
Line 1515  The
Line 937  The
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 and  and
 .Fl offset  .Fl offset
 arguments accept  arguments accept macro names as described for
 .Sx Scaling Widths  .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl offset ,
   scaling widths as described in
   .Xr roff 7 ,
 or use the length of the given string.  or use the length of the given string.
 The  The
 .Fl offset  .Fl offset
Line 1545  A columnated list.
Line 970  A columnated list.
 The  The
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width  argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
 of one column, using either the  of one column, using either the scaling width syntax described in
 .Sx Scaling Widths  .Xr roff 7
 syntax or the string length of the argument.  or the string length of the argument.
 If the first line of the body of a  If the first line of the body of a
 .Fl column  .Fl column
 list is not an  list is not an
Line 1678  Examples:
Line 1103  Examples:
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bro .  .Sx \&Bro .
 .Ss \&Bsx  .Ss \&Bsx
 Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if  Format the
   .Bsx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
Line 1691  See also
Line 1118  See also
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Bt  .Ss \&Bt
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
 Prints  Prints
 .Dq is currently in beta test.  .Dq is currently in beta test.
 .Ss \&Bx  .Ss \&Bx
 Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no  Format the
   .Bx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
 argument is provided.  argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
Line 1712  See also
Line 1141  See also
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Cd  .Ss \&Cd
 Kernel configuration declaration.  Kernel configuration declaration.
 This denotes strings accepted by  This denotes strings accepted by
Line 1757  See also
Line 1185  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dl .  .Sx \&Dl .
 .Ss \&Db  .Ss \&Db
 Switch debugging mode.  This macro is obsolete.
 Its syntax is as follows:  No replacement is needed.
 .Pp  It is ignored by
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off  .Xr mandoc 1
 .Pp  and groff including its arguments.
 This macro is ignored by  It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode.
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  
 .Ss \&Dc  .Ss \&Dc
 Close a  Close a
 .Sx \&Do  .Sx \&Do
 block.  block.
 Does not have any tail arguments.  Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Dd  .Ss \&Dd
 Document date.  Document date for display in the page footer.
 This is the mandatory first macro of any  This is the mandatory first macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 manual.  manual.
Line 1799  the special string
Line 1226  the special string
 .Dq $\&Mdocdate$  .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
 can be given as an argument.  can be given as an argument.
 .It  .It
 A few alternative date formats are accepted as well  The traditional, purely numeric
 and converted to the standard form.  .Xr man 7
   format
   .Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day
   is accepted, too.
 .It  .It
 If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.  If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
 .It  .It
Line 1817  See also
Line 1247  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Os .  .Sx \&Os .
 .Ss \&Dl  .Ss \&Dl
 One-line intended display.  One-line indented display.
 This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and  This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
 invocations.  invocations.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
Line 1826  Examples:
Line 1256  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less  .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
   .Sx \&Ql ,
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl literal ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&D1 .  .Sx \&D1 .
 .Ss \&Do  .Ss \&Do
Line 1860  See also
Line 1292  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Do .  .Sx \&Do .
 .Ss \&Dt  .Ss \&Dt
 Document title.  Document title for display in the page header.
 This is the mandatory second macro of any  This is the mandatory second macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 file.  file.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Bd -ragged -offset indent  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 .Pf \. Sx \&Dt  .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
 .Oo  .Ar TITLE
 .Ar title  
 .Oo  
 .Ar section  .Ar section
 .Op Ar volume | arch  .Op Ar arch
 .Oc  
 .Oc  
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Its arguments are as follows:  Its arguments are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds  .Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n
 .It Ar title  .It Ar TITLE
 The document's title (name), defaulting to  The document's title (name), defaulting to
 .Dq UNKNOWN  .Dq UNTITLED
 if unspecified.  if unspecified.
 It should be capitalised.  To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines,
   it should by convention be all caps.
 .It Ar section  .It Ar section
 The manual section.  The manual section.
 This may be one of  This may be one of
 .Ar 1  .Cm 1
 .Pq utilities ,  .Pq General Commands ,
 .Ar 2  .Cm 2
 .Pq system calls ,  .Pq System Calls ,
 .Ar 3  .Cm 3
 .Pq libraries ,  .Pq Library Functions ,
 .Ar 3p  .Cm 3p
 .Pq Perl libraries ,  .Pq Perl Library ,
 .Ar 4  .Cm 4
 .Pq devices ,  .Pq Device Drivers ,
 .Ar 5  .Cm 5
 .Pq file formats ,  .Pq File Formats ,
 .Ar 6  .Cm 6
 .Pq games ,  .Pq Games ,
 .Ar 7  .Cm 7
 .Pq miscellaneous ,  .Pq Miscellaneous Information ,
 .Ar 8  .Cm 8
 .Pq system utilities ,  .Pq System Manager's Manual ,
 .Ar 9  
 .Pq kernel functions ,  
 .Ar X11  
 .Pq X Window System ,  
 .Ar X11R6  
 .Pq X Window System ,  
 .Ar unass  
 .Pq unassociated ,  
 .Ar local  
 .Pq local system ,  
 .Ar draft  
 .Pq draft manual ,  
 or  or
 .Ar paper  .Cm 9
 .Pq paper .  .Pq Kernel Developer's Manual .
 It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to  It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
 .Dq 1  the empty string if unspecified.
 if unspecified.  
 .It Ar volume  
 This overrides the volume inferred from  
 .Ar section .  
 This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of  
 .Ar USD  
 .Pq users' supplementary documents ,  
 .Ar PS1  
 .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,  
 .Ar AMD  
 .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,  
 .Ar SMM  
 .Pq system managers' manuals ,  
 .Ar URM  
 .Pq users' reference manuals ,  
 .Ar PRM  
 .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,  
 .Ar KM  
 .Pq kernel manuals ,  
 .Ar IND  
 .Pq master index ,  
 .Ar MMI  
 .Pq master index ,  
 .Ar LOCAL  
 .Pq local manuals ,  
 .Ar LOC  
 .Pq local manuals ,  
 or  
 .Ar CON  
 .Pq contributed manuals .  
 .It Ar arch  .It Ar arch
 This specifies a specific relevant architecture.  This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
 If  where relevant, for example
 .Ar volume  .Cm alpha ,
 is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used  .Cm amd64 ,
 subsequent that.  .Cm i386 ,
 It, too, is optional.  
 It must be one of  
 .Ar alpha ,  
 .Ar amd64 ,  
 .Ar amiga ,  
 .Ar arc ,  
 .Ar arm ,  
 .Ar armish ,  
 .Ar aviion ,  
 .Ar hp300 ,  
 .Ar hppa ,  
 .Ar hppa64 ,  
 .Ar i386 ,  
 .Ar landisk ,  
 .Ar loongson ,  
 .Ar luna88k ,  
 .Ar mac68k ,  
 .Ar macppc ,  
 .Ar mips64 ,  
 .Ar mvme68k ,  
 .Ar mvme88k ,  
 .Ar mvmeppc ,  
 .Ar pmax ,  
 .Ar sgi ,  
 .Ar socppc ,  
 .Ar sparc ,  
 .Ar sparc64 ,  
 .Ar sun3 ,  
 .Ar vax ,  
 or  or
 .Ar zaurus .  .Cm sparc64 .
   The list of valid architectures varies by operating system.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
 .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM  
 .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
Line 2012  See also
Line 1370  See also
 .Sx \&Er  .Sx \&Er
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ev  .Sx \&Ev
 for special-purpose constants and  for special-purpose constants,
 .Sx \&Va  .Sx \&Va
 for variable symbols.  for variable symbols, and
   .Sx \&Fd
   for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
 .Ss \&Dx  .Ss \&Dx
 Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default  Format the
   .Dx
   version provided as an argument, or a default
 value if no argument is provided.  value if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
Line 2029  See also
Line 1392  See also
 .Sx \&Bx ,  .Sx \&Bx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Ec  .Ss \&Ec
 Close a scope started by  Close a scope started by
 .Sx \&Eo .  .Sx \&Eo .
Line 2062  See also
Line 1424  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&It .  .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Em  .Ss \&Em
 Denotes text that should be  Request an italic font.
 .Em emphasised .  If the output device does not provide that, underline.
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  
 Depending on the output device, this is usually represented  
 using an italic font or underlined characters.  
 .Pp  .Pp
   This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with
   importance, see
   .Sx \&Sy ) .
   In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit,
   it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except
   that for syntax elements,
   .Sx \&Sy
   and
   .Sx \&Ar
   are preferred, respectively.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Em Warnings!  .Bd -literal -compact -offset indent
 .Dl \&.Em Remarks :  Selected lines are those
   \&.Em not
   matching any of the specified patterns.
   Some of the functions use a
   \&.Em hold space
   to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval.
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
Line 2080  See also
Line 1455  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Sy .  .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&En  .Ss \&En
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented in  This macro is obsolete.
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  Use
   .Sx \&Eo
   or any of the other enclosure macros.
   .Pp
   It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last
   .Sx \&Es
   macro.
 .Ss \&Eo  .Ss \&Eo
 An arbitrary enclosure.  An arbitrary enclosure.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2107  See also
Line 1488  See also
 .Sx \&Dv  .Sx \&Dv
 for general constants.  for general constants.
 .Ss \&Es  .Ss \&Es
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented.  This macro is obsolete.
   Use
   .Sx \&Eo
   or any of the other enclosure macros.
   .Pp
   It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent
   .Sx \&En
   macros.
 .Ss \&Ev  .Ss \&Ev
 Environmental variables such as those specified in  Environmental variables such as those specified in
 .Xr environ 7 .  .Xr environ 7 .
Line 2139  arguments are treated as separate utilities.
Line 1527  arguments are treated as separate utilities.
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Rv .  .Sx \&Rv .
 .Ss \&Fa  .Ss \&Fa
 Function argument.  Function argument or parameter.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Bd -ragged -offset indent  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fa  .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
 .Op Cm argtype  .Qo
 .Cm argname  .Op Ar argtype
   .Op Ar argname
   .Qc Ar \&...
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.  Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the
 It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.  .Em SYNOPSIS
   section), a name alone (for function invocations),
   or a type alone (for function prototypes).
   If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple
   words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be
   given in a single argument to the
   .Sx \&Fa
   macro.
   .Pp
   This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   .Pp
 Most often, the  Most often, the
 .Sx \&Fa  .Sx \&Fa
 macro is used in the  macro is used in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 within  within
 .Sx \&Fo  .Sx \&Fo
 section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.  blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
 If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a  If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
 comma.  comma.
 Furthermore, if the following macro is another  Furthermore, if the following macro is another
Line 2165  the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
Line 1565  the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
 .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
 .Dl \&.Fa foo  .Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
Line 2173  See also
Line 1573  See also
 End a function context started by  End a function context started by
 .Sx \&Fo .  .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fd  .Ss \&Fd
 Historically used to document include files.  Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the
 This usage has been deprecated in favour of  .Em SYNOPSIS .
   Historically, it was also used to document include files.
   The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of
 .Sx \&In .  .Sx \&In .
 Do not use this macro.  
 .Pp  .Pp
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fd
   .Li # Ns Ar directive
   .Op Ar argument ...
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler
   .Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS
   .Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG
   .Dl \&.Ft void
   .Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fd #endif
   .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&In ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&In .  .Sx \&Dv .
 .Ss \&Fl  .Ss \&Fl
 Command-line flag or option.  Command-line flag or option.
 Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.  Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
Line 2205  See also
Line 1622  See also
 A function name.  A function name.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Bd -ragged -offset indent  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn  .Pf . Sx \&Fn
 .Op Ar functype  .Op Ar functype
 .Ar funcname  .Ar funcname
 .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname  .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
Line 2251  Invocations usually occur in the following context:
Line 1668  Invocations usually occur in the following context:
 .br  .br
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname  .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
 .br  .br
 .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname  .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname
 .br  .br
 \&.\.\.  \&.\.\.
 .br  .br
Line 2270  See also
Line 1687  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ft .  .Sx \&Ft .
 .Ss \&Fr  .Ss \&Fr
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented in  This macro is obsolete.
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  No replacement markup is needed.
 .Pp  .Pp
 It was used to show function return values.  It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font.
 The syntax was:  
 .Pp  
 .Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value  
 .Ss \&Ft  .Ss \&Ft
 A function type.  A function type.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2315  See also
Line 1729  See also
 .Sx \&Bx ,  .Sx \&Bx ,
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  .Sx \&Nx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Hf  .Ss \&Hf
 This macro is not implemented in  This macro is not implemented in
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  .Xr mandoc 1 .
Line 2345  is preferred for displaying code; the
Line 1758  is preferred for displaying code; the
 .Sx \&Ic  .Sx \&Ic
 macro is used when referring to specific instructions.  macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
 .Ss \&In  .Ss \&In
 An  The name of an include file.
 .Dq include  This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
 file.  .Pp
 When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the  When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets  section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
 and preceded by  and preceded by
 .Dq #include ,  .Qq #include ,
 and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding  and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
 function declaration.  function declaration.
 This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.  In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets
   and causes no line break.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.In sys/types.h  .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
Line 2462  section as described in
Line 1876  section as described in
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Lb libz  .Dl \&.Lb libz
 .Dl \&.Lb mdoc  .Dl \&.Lb libmandoc
 .Ss \&Li  .Ss \&Li
 Denotes text that should be in a  Denotes text that should be in a
 .Li literal  .Li literal
Line 2513  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 1927  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
   .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Nd  .Ss \&Nd
 A one line description of the manual's content.  A one line description of the manual's content.
 This may only be invoked in the  This is the mandatory last macro of the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em NAME
 section subsequent the  section and not appropriate for other sections.
 .Sx \&Nm  
 macro.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference  .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
Line 2634  See also
Line 2047  See also
 .Sx \&Bx ,  .Sx \&Bx ,
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Ox ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Oc  .Ss \&Oc
 Close multi-line  Close multi-line
 .Sx \&Oo  .Sx \&Oo
Line 2665  Examples:
Line 2077  Examples:
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Oo .  .Sx \&Oo .
 .Ss \&Os  .Ss \&Os
 Document operating system version.  Operating system version for display in the page footer.
 This is the mandatory third macro of  This is the mandatory third macro of
 any  any
 .Nm  .Nm
Line 2677  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2089  Its syntax is as follows:
 The optional  The optional
 .Ar system  .Ar system
 parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.  parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
 Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.  It is suggested to leave it unspecified, in which case
 This is the suggested form.  .Xr mandoc 1
   uses its
   .Fl Ios
   argument or, if that isn't specified either,
   .Fa sysname
   and
   .Fa release
   as returned by
   .Xr uname 3 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Os  .Dl \&.Os
Line 2690  See also
Line 2110  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dt .  .Sx \&Dt .
 .Ss \&Ot  .Ss \&Ot
 This macro is obsolete and not implemented in  This macro is obsolete.
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  Use
   .Sx \&Ft
   instead; with
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   both have the same effect.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Historical  Historical
 .Xr mdoc 7  .Nm
 packages described it as  packages described it as
 .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .  .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
 .Ss \&Ox  .Ss \&Ox
Line 2713  See also
Line 2137  See also
 .Sx \&Bx ,  .Sx \&Bx ,
 .Sx \&Dx ,  .Sx \&Dx ,
 .Sx \&Fx ,  .Sx \&Fx ,
 .Sx \&Nx ,  
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Nx .
 .Ss \&Pa  .Ss \&Pa
 An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.  An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
 If an argument is not provided, the character  If an argument is not provided, the character
Line 2732  See also
Line 2155  See also
 Close parenthesised context opened by  Close parenthesised context opened by
 .Sx \&Po .  .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Pf  .Ss \&Pf
 Removes the space between its argument  Removes the space between its argument and the following macro.
 .Pq Dq prefix  
 and the following macro.  
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...  .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
 .Pp  .Pp
 This is equivalent to:  This is equivalent to:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...  .D1 .No \e& Ns Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
 .Pp  .Pp
   The
   .Ar prefix
   argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters,
   but used verbatim as if it were escaped.
   .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"  .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
   .Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name"
 .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"  .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
Line 2779  See also
Line 2206  See also
 Close quoted context opened by  Close quoted context opened by
 .Sx \&Qo .  .Sx \&Qo .
 .Ss \&Ql  .Ss \&Ql
 Format a single-quoted literal.  In-line literal display.
   This can for example be used for complete command invocations and
   for multi-word code fragments when more specific markup is not
   appropriate and an indented display is not desired.
   While
   .Xr mandoc 1
   always encloses the arguments in single quotes, other formatters
   usually omit the quotes on non-terminal output devices when the
   arguments have three or more characters.
   .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Qq  .Sx \&Dl
 and  and
 .Sx \&Sq .  .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl literal .
 .Ss \&Qo  .Ss \&Qo
 Multi-line version of  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Qq .  .Sx \&Qq .
Line 2834  Examples:
Line 2271  Examples:
 \&.%A J. D. Ullman  \&.%A J. D. Ullman
 \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation  \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
 \&.%I Addison-Wesley  \&.%I Addison-Wesley
 \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes  \&.%C Reading, Massachusetts
 \&.%D 1979  \&.%D 1979
 \&.Re  \&.Re
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 2889  and
Line 2326  and
 Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.  Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Op Cm on | off
 .Pp  .Pp
 By default, spacing is  By default, spacing is
 .Cm on .  .Cm on .
Line 2898  When switched
Line 2335  When switched
 no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the  no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
 output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines  output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
 still get normal spacing between words and sentences.  still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
   .Pp
   When called without an argument, the
   .Sx \&Sm
   macro toggles the spacing mode.
   Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read.
 .Ss \&So  .Ss \&So
 Multi-line version of  Multi-line version of
 .Sx \&Sq .  .Sx \&Sq .
Line 2935  and
Line 2377  and
 .Sx \&Sx .  .Sx \&Sx .
 .Ss \&St  .Ss \&St
 Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.  Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
 The following standards are recognised:  The following standards are recognised.
   Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between,
   they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form
   is recommended.
   .Bl -tag -width 1n
   .It C language standards
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact  .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
 .It \-p1003.1-88  .It \-ansiC
 .St -p1003.1-88  .St -ansiC
 .It \-p1003.1-90  .It \-ansiC-89
 .St -p1003.1-90  .St -ansiC-89
 .It \-p1003.1-96  
 .St -p1003.1-96  
 .It \-p1003.1-2001  
 .St -p1003.1-2001  
 .It \-p1003.1-2004  
 .St -p1003.1-2004  
 .It \-p1003.1-2008  
 .St -p1003.1-2008  
 .It \-p1003.1  
 .St -p1003.1  
 .It \-p1003.1b  
 .St -p1003.1b  
 .It \-p1003.1b-93  
 .St -p1003.1b-93  
 .It \-p1003.1c-95  
 .St -p1003.1c-95  
 .It \-p1003.1g-2000  
 .St -p1003.1g-2000  
 .It \-p1003.1i-95  
 .St -p1003.1i-95  
 .It \-p1003.2-92  
 .St -p1003.2-92  
 .It \-p1003.2a-92  
 .St -p1003.2a-92  
 .It \-p1387.2-95  
 .St -p1387.2-95  
 .It \-p1003.2  
 .St -p1003.2  
 .It \-p1387.2  
 .St -p1387.2  
 .It \-isoC  .It \-isoC
 .St -isoC  .St -isoC
 .It \-isoC-90  .It \-isoC-90
 .St -isoC-90  .St -isoC-90
   .br
   The original C standard.
   .Pp
 .It \-isoC-amd1  .It \-isoC-amd1
 .St -isoC-amd1  .St -isoC-amd1
   .Pp
 .It \-isoC-tcor1  .It \-isoC-tcor1
 .St -isoC-tcor1  .St -isoC-tcor1
   .Pp
 .It \-isoC-tcor2  .It \-isoC-tcor2
 .St -isoC-tcor2  .St -isoC-tcor2
   .Pp
 .It \-isoC-99  .It \-isoC-99
 .St -isoC-99  .St -isoC-99
   .br
   The second major version of the C language standard.
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-2011
   .St -isoC-2011
   .br
   The third major version of the C language standard.
   .El
   .It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-88
   .St -p1003.1-88
   .It \-p1003.1
   .St -p1003.1
   .br
   The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-90
   .St -p1003.1-90
 .It \-iso9945-1-90  .It \-iso9945-1-90
 .St -iso9945-1-90  .St -iso9945-1-90
   .br
   The first update of POSIX.1.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1b-93
   .St -p1003.1b-93
   .It \-p1003.1b
   .St -p1003.1b
   .br
   Real-time extensions.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1c-95
   .St -p1003.1c-95
   .br
   POSIX thread interfaces.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1i-95
   .St -p1003.1i-95
   .br
   Technical Corrigendum.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-96
   .St -p1003.1-96
 .It \-iso9945-1-96  .It \-iso9945-1-96
 .St -iso9945-1-96  .St -iso9945-1-96
 .It \-iso9945-2-93  .br
 .St -iso9945-2-93  Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i.
 .It \-ansiC  .El
 .St -ansiC  .It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards
 .It \-ansiC-89  .Pp
 .St -ansiC-89  .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
 .It \-ansiC-99  
 .St -ansiC-99  
 .It \-ieee754  
 .St -ieee754  
 .It \-iso8802-3  
 .St -iso8802-3  
 .It \-iso8601  
 .St -iso8601  
 .It \-ieee1275-94  
 .St -ieee1275-94  
 .It \-xpg3  .It \-xpg3
 .St -xpg3  .St -xpg3
   .br
   An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.2
   .St -p1003.2
   .It \-p1003.2-92
   .St -p1003.2-92
   .It \-iso9945-2-93
   .St -iso9945-2-93
   .br
   An XCU4 precursor.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.2a-92
   .St -p1003.2a-92
   .br
   Updates to POSIX.2.
   .Pp
 .It \-xpg4  .It \-xpg4
 .St -xpg4  .St -xpg4
   .br
   Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992.
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-susv1
   .St -susv1
 .It \-xpg4.2  .It \-xpg4.2
 .St -xpg4.2  .St -xpg4.2
 .It \-xpg4.3  .br
 .St -xpg4.3  This standard was published in 1994.
   It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification.
   The following three refer to parts of it.
   .Pp
   .It \-xsh4.2
   .St -xsh4.2
   .Pp
   .It \-xcurses4.2
   .St -xcurses4.2
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1g-2000
   .St -p1003.1g-2000
   .br
   Networking APIs, including sockets.
   .Pp
   .It \-svid4
   .St -svid4 ,
   .br
   Published in 1995.
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-susv2
   .St -susv2
   This Standard was published in 1997
   and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5.
   It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification.
   The following refer to parts of it.
   .Pp
 .It \-xbd5  .It \-xbd5
 .St -xbd5  .St -xbd5
 .It \-xcu5  .Pp
 .St -xcu5  
 .It \-xsh5  .It \-xsh5
 .St -xsh5  .St -xsh5
   .Pp
   .It \-xcu5
   .St -xcu5
   .Pp
 .It \-xns5  .It \-xns5
 .St -xns5  .St -xns5
 .It \-xns5.2  .It \-xns5.2
 .St -xns5.2  .St -xns5.2
 .It \-xns5.2d2.0  .El
 .St -xns5.2d2.0  .It Single UNIX Specification version 3
 .It \-xcurses4.2  .Pp
 .St -xcurses4.2  .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact
 .It \-susv2  .It \-p1003.1-2001
 .St -susv2  .St -p1003.1-2001
 .It \-susv3  .It \-susv3
 .St -susv3  .St -susv3
 .It \-svid4  .br
 .St -svid4  This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j.
   It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6.
   It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-2004
   .St -p1003.1-2004
   .br
   The second and last Technical Corrigendum.
 .El  .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 4
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-2008
   .St -p1003.1-2008
   .It \-susv4
   .St -susv4
   .br
   This standard is also called
   X/Open Portability Guide version 7.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-2013
   .St -p1003.1-2013
   .br
   This is the first Technical Corrigendum.
   .El
   .It Other standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-ieee754
   .St -ieee754
   .br
   Floating-point arithmetic.
   .Pp
   .It \-iso8601
   .St -iso8601
   .br
   Representation of dates and times, published in 1988.
   .Pp
   .It \-iso8802-3
   .St -iso8802-3
   .br
   Ethernet local area networks.
   .Pp
   .It \-ieee1275-94
   .St -ieee1275-94
   .El
   .El
 .Ss \&Sx  .Ss \&Sx
 Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.  Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
 The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the  The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
Line 3046  See also
Line 2603  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ss .  .Sx \&Ss .
 .Ss \&Sy  .Ss \&Sy
 Format enclosed arguments in symbolic  Request a boldface font.
 .Pq Dq boldface .  
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  
 .Pp  .Pp
   This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be
   confused with stress emphasis, see
   .Sx \&Em ) .
   When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax
   elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -compact -offset indent
   \&.Sy Warning :
   If
   \&.Sy s
   appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set.
   This utility replaces the former
   \&.Sy dumpdir
   program.
   .Ed
   .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bf ,  .Sx \&Bf ,
 .Sx \&Em ,  .Sx \&Em ,
Line 3063  Table cell separator in
Line 2634  Table cell separator in
 lists; can only be used below  lists; can only be used below
 .Sx \&It .  .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Tn  .Ss \&Tn
 Format a tradename.  Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
 .Pp  Even though the macro name
 Since this macro is often implemented to use a small caps font,  .Pq Dq tradename
 it has historically been used for acronyms (like ASCII) as well.  suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly
 Such usage is not recommended because it would use the same macro  using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font.
 sometimes for semantical annotation, sometimes for physical formatting.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  
 .Dl \&.Tn IBM  
 .Ss \&Ud  .Ss \&Ud
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
 Prints out  Prints out
 .Dq currently under development.  .Dq currently under development.
 .Ss \&Ux  .Ss \&Ux
 Format the UNIX name.  Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
 Accepts no argument.  Prints out
 .Pp  .Dq Ux .
 Examples:  
 .Dl \&.Ux  
 .Pp  
 See also  
 .Sx \&At ,  
 .Sx \&Bsx ,  
 .Sx \&Bx ,  
 .Sx \&Dx ,  
 .Sx \&Fx ,  
 .Sx \&Nx ,  
 and  
 .Sx \&Ox .  
 .Ss \&Va  .Ss \&Va
 A variable name.  A variable name.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Va foo  .Dl \&.Va foo
 .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;  .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
   .Pp
   For function arguments and parameters, use
   .Sx \&Fa
   instead.
   For declarations of global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, use
   .Sx \&Vt .
 .Ss \&Vt  .Ss \&Vt
 A variable type.  A variable type.
   .Pp
 This is also used for indicating global variables in the  This is also used for indicating global variables in the
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .Em SYNOPSIS
 section, in which case a variable name is also specified.  section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
Line 3113  In the former case, this macro starts a new output lin
Line 2678  In the former case, this macro starts a new output lin
 and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding  and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
 function definition or include directive.  function definition or include directive.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that this should not be confused with  
 .Sx \&Ft ,  
 which is used for function return types.  
 .Pp  
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char  .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
 .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;  .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
   For parameters in function prototypes, use
   .Sx \&Fa
   instead, for function return types
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   and for variable names outside the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section
   .Sx \&Va ,
   even when including a type with the name.
 See also  See also
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 and  
 .Sx \&Va .  
 .Ss \&Xc  .Ss \&Xc
 Close a scope opened by  Close a scope opened by
 .Sx \&Xo .  .Sx \&Xo .
Line 3141  Link to another manual
Line 2709  Link to another manual
 .Pq Qq cross-reference .  .Pq Qq cross-reference .
 Its syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name Op section
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  Cross reference the
 .Ar name  .Ar name
 and  and
 .Ar section  .Ar section
 are the name and section of the linked manual.  number of another man page;
 If  omitting the section number is rarely useful.
 .Ar section  
 is followed by non-punctuation, an  
 .Sx \&Ns  
 is inserted into the token stream.  
 This behaviour is for compatibility with  
 GNU troff.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
Line 3178  Its syntax is as follows:
Line 2740  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Ar height  .Ar height
 argument must be formatted as described in  argument is a scaling width as described in
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  .Xr roff 7 .
 If unspecified,  If unspecified,
 .Sx \&sp  .Sx \&sp
 asserts a single vertical space.  asserts a single vertical space.
   .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
   In this section,
   .Sq \-arg
   refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
   .Sq parm
   parameters;
   .Sq \&Yo
   opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
   .Sq \&Yc
   closes it out.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Callable
   column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
   as an argument to another macro.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
   produces
   .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
   To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
   escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
   .Sq \e& .
   For example,
   .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
   produces
   .Sq Op \&Fl O .
   If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
   to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
   produces
   .Sq Fl \&Sh .
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Parsed
   column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
   their names as arguments.
   If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
   as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Scope
   column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
   .Ss Block full-explicit
   Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
   All macros contains bodies; only
   .Sx \&Bf
   and
   .Pq optionally
   .Sx \&Bl
   contain a head.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
   .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
   .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
   .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
   .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
   .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
   .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
   .El
   .Ss Block full-implicit
   Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
   All macros have bodies; some
   .Po
   .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
   .Fl hyphen ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl item
   .Pc
   don't have heads; only one
   .Po
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   .Pc
   has multiple heads.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
   .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro is a
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   macro only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Block partial-explicit
   Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
   Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
   .Po
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Eo
   .Pc
   and/or tail
   .Pq Sx \&Ec .
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
   \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
   .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
   .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
   .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
   .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
   .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
   .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
   .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
   .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
   .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
   .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
   .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
   .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
   .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
   .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
   .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
   .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
   .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
   .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
   .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
   .El
   .Ss Block partial-implicit
   Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
   end of the line.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
   .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
   .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&En  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Vt
   macro is a
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Special block macro
   The
   .Sx \&Ta
   macro can only be used below
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists.
   It delimits blocks representing table cells;
   these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
   .El
   .Ss In-line
   Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
   and/or subsequent macros.
   In-line macros have only text children.
   If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
   .Pq n ,
   then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
   .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Es  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    2
   .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    <2
   .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .El
   .Ss Delimiters
   When a macro argument consists of one single input character
   considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
   This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
   more than one character.
   Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
   like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
   a zero-width space
   .Pq Sq \e& .
   In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
   as normal punctuation.
   .Pp
   For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
   these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
   and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
   these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
   .Pp
   Opening delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&(
   left parenthesis
   .It \&[
   left bracket
   .El
   .Pp
   Closing delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&.
   period
   .It \&,
   comma
   .It \&:
   colon
   .It \&;
   semicolon
   .It \&)
   right parenthesis
   .It \&]
   right bracket
   .It \&?
   question mark
   .It \&!
   exclamation mark
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
   .Pq Sq \e.\&
   gets this special handling; use
   .Sq \e&.
   to prevent that.
   .Pp
   Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
   delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
   are not delimiters.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
   .Pp
   This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
   and also to the middle delimiter:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&|
   vertical bar
   .El
   .Pp
   As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
   in the same way as a plain
   .Sq \&|
   character.
   Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
   .Ss Font handling
   In
   .Nm
   documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
   proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
   is available, consider falling back to
   .Sx Physical markup
   macros.
   Whenever any
   .Nm
   macro switches the
   .Xr roff 7
   font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
   its scope.
   Manually switching the font using the
   .Xr roff 7
   .Ql \ef
   font escape sequences is never required.
 .Sh COMPATIBILITY  .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other  This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues
 troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff  between mandoc and GNU troff
 .Pq Qq groff .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  
 .Qq historic groff  
 refers to groff versions before 1.17,  
 which featured a significant update of the  
 .Pa doc.tmac  
 file.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting  
 \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.  
 .Pp  
 The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:  The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
 .ds hist (Historic groff only.)  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 Display macros  
 .Po  
 .Sx \&Bd ,  
 .Sx \&Dl ,  
 and  
 .Sx \&D1  
 .Pc  
 may not be nested.  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sx \&At  
 with unknown arguments produces no output at all.  
 \*[hist]  
 Newer groff and mandoc print  
 .Qq AT&T UNIX  
 and the arguments.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Bl Fl column  
 does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately  
 precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and  
 outputs a space before them.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact  
 does not start a new line.  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
 with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.  with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
 When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.  When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
Line 3236  but without any arguments the string
Line 3151  but without any arguments the string
 .Dq Epoch  .Dq Epoch
 is printed.  is printed.
 .It  .It
 .Sx \&Fl  
 does not print a dash for an empty argument.  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 section.  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Fo  
 with  
 .Pf non- Sx \&Fa  
 children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.  
 In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Ft  
 in the  
 .Em SYNOPSIS  
 causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 has been invoked.  
 See  
 .Sx \&Ft  
 and  
 .Sx \&Fn  
 for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&In  
 ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the  
 .Em SYNOPSIS .  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sx \&It  
 sometimes requires a  
 .Fl nested  
 flag.  
 \*[hist]  
 In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and  
 .Fl enum  
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Li  
 followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals  
 instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with  
 historic groff.  
 .It  
 .Sx \&Lk  .Sx \&Lk
 only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.  only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
 .It  .It
Line 3294  certain list types.
Line 3162  certain list types.
 can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.  can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
 .It  .It
 .Sx \&%C  .Sx \&%C
 is not implemented.  is not implemented (up to and including groff-1.22.2).
 .It  .It
 Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input  
 line, depending on the exact situation.  
 Providing more arguments causes garbled output.  
 The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.  
 .It  
 Historic groff has many un-callable macros.  
 Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable  
 in new groff and mandoc.  
 .It  
 .Sq \(ba  
 (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.  
 \*[hist]  
 .It  
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \ef
 .Pq font face  .Pq font face
 and  and
 .Sq \ef  .Sq \eF
 .Pq font family face  .Pq font family face
 .Sx Text Decoration  .Sx Text Decoration
 escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.  escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
Line 3326  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
Line 3181  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 .Fl file Ar file .  .Fl file Ar file
   is unsupported for security reasons.
 .It  .It
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 .Fl offset Ar center  .Fl filled
 and  does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for
 .Fl offset Ar right .  .Sx \&Bd
 Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either,  .Fl ragged .
 but produces large indentations.  
 .It  .It
 The  .Sx \&Bd
 .Sq \eh  .Fl literal
 .Pq horizontal position ,  does not use a literal font, but is an alias for
 .Sq \ev  .Sx \&Bd
 .Pq vertical position ,  .Fl unfilled .
 .Sq \em  
 .Pq text colour ,  
 .Sq \eM  
 .Pq text filling colour ,  
 .Sq \ez  
 .Pq zero-length character ,  
 .Sq \ew  
 .Pq string length ,  
 .Sq \ek  
 .Pq horizontal position marker ,  
 .Sq \eo  
 .Pq text overstrike ,  
 and  
 .Sq \es  
 .Pq text size  
 escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc.  
 .It  .It
 The  .Sx \&Bd
 .Sq \ef  .Fl offset Cm center
 scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit.  and
 .It  .Fl offset Cm right
 In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a  don't work.
 standalone double-quote in formatted output.  Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either,
 This is not supported by mandoc.  but produces large indentations.
 .El  .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr man 1 ,  .Xr man 1 ,
Line 3388  utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
Line 3227  utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm
 reference was written by  reference was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons ,  .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
 .Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .  
Legend:
Removed from v.1.210  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.256
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