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version 1.109, 2010/05/26 09:35:35 version 1.213, 2011/11/01 14:59:27
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 .Os  .Os
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc language reference  .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language supports authoring of manual pages for the
 .Bx  .Xr man 1
 .Ux  utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
 manuals.  In this reference document, we describe its syntax, structure,  page sections and complete manual pages.
 and usage.  Our reference implementation is mandoc; the  Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
   presentation across all manuals written in
   .Nm ,
   and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
   .Pp
   This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
   and the syntax and usage of the
   .Nm
   language.
   The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
   .Xr mandoc 1 ;
   the
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.  section describes compatibility with other implementations.
 .Pp  .Pp
 An  In an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document, lines beginning with the control character
 character  .Sq \&.
 .Sq \.  are called
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  .Dq macro lines .
 prior macros:  The first word is the macro name.
   It consists of two or three letters.
   Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
   For a list of available macros, see
   .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
   The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
   including the names of other, callable macros; see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
   for details.
   .Pp
   Lines not beginning with the control character are called
   .Dq text lines .
   They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
   depends on the respective processing context:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
 Other lines are interpreted within the current state.  Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX  
 .Nm  
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  
 character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  All  
 manuals must have  
 .Ux  
 line terminators.  
 .Ss Comments  
 Text following a  
 .Sq \e" ,  
 whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of  
 line.  A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,  
 .Sq \&.\e" ,  
 is also ignored.  Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally  
 whitespace are stripped from input.  
 .Ss Reserved Characters  
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
 .It \&.  .Nm
 .Pq period  language are based on the
 .It \&,  .Xr roff 7
 .Pq comma  language; see the
 .It \&:  .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Pq colon  
 .It \&;  
 .Pq semicolon  
 .It \&(  
 .Pq left-parenthesis  
 .It \&)  
 .Pq right-parenthesis  
 .It \&[  
 .Pq left-bracket  
 .It \&]  
 .Pq right-bracket  
 .It \&?  
 .Pq question  
 .It \&!  
 .Pq exclamation  
 .It \&|  
 .Pq vertical bar  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Use of reserved characters is described in  
 .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .  
 For general use in macro lines, these characters must either be escaped  
 with a non-breaking space  
 .Pq Sq \e&  
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence used.  
 .Ss Special Characters  
 Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.  
 Sequences begin with the escape character  
 .Sq \e  
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  
 .Sq \&(  
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  
 .Sq \&[  
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  
 .Sq \&] ) ;  
 or a single one-character sequence.  
 See  
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  
 for a complete list.  
 Examples include  
 .Sq \e(em  
 .Pq em-dash  
 and  and
 .Sq \ee  .Em MACRO SYNTAX
 .Pq back-slash .  sections in the
 .Ss Text Decoration  .Xr roff 7
 Terms may be text-decorated using the  manual for details, in particular regarding
 .Sq \ef  comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
 escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P  However, using
 (revert to previous mode):  .Xr roff 7
 .Pp  requests in
 .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP  
 .Pp  
 A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,  
 respectively) may be used instead.  
 A text decoration is valid within  
 the current font scope only:  if a macro opens a font scope alongside  
 its own scope, such as  
 .Sx \&Bf  
 .Cm \&Sy ,  
 in-scope invocations of  
 .Sq \ef  
 are only valid within the font scope of the macro.  
 If  
 .Sq \ef  
 is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form  
 text, it will affect the remainder of the document.  
 .Pp  
 Text may also be sized with the  
 .Sq \es  
 escape, whose syntax is one of  
 .Sq \es+-n  
 for one-digit numerals;  
 .Sq \es(+-nn  
 or  
 .Sq \es+-(nn  
 for two-digit numerals; and  
 .Sq \es[+-N] ,  
 .Sq \es+-[N] ,  
 .Sq \es'+-N' ,  
 or  
 .Sq \es+-'N'  
 for arbitrary-digit numerals:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 \es+1bigger\es-1  
 .D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10]  
 .D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10  
 .D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100'  
 .Pp  
 Note these forms are  
 .Em not  
 recommended for  
 .Nm ,  
 which encourages semantic annotation.  
 .Ss Predefined Strings  
 Historically,  
 .Xr groff 1  
 also defined a set of package-specific  
 .Dq predefined strings ,  
 which, like  
 .Sx Special Characters ,  
 demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.  
 Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,  
 .Sq \e* :  
 single-character  
 .Sq \e*X ,  
 two-character  
 .Sq \e*(XX ,  
 and N-character  
 .Sq \e*[N] .  
 See  
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  
 for a complete list.  
 Examples include  
 .Sq \e*(Am  
 .Pq ampersand  
 and  
 .Sq \e*(Ba  
 .Pq vertical bar .  
 .Ss Whitespace  
 Whitespace consists of the space character.  
 In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; un-escaped  
 trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).  
 Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted  
 within literal contexts.  
 .Pp  
 In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.  
 If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.  
 .Ss Quotation  
 Macro arguments may be quoted with a double-quote to group  
 space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.  
 A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.  
 The next double-quote not pair-wise adjacent to another double-quote  
 terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.  
 .Pp  
 This produces tokens  
 .Sq a" ,  
 .Sq b c ,  
 .Sq de ,  
 and  
 .Sq fg" .  
 Note that any quoted term, be it argument or macro, is indiscriminately  
 considered literal text.  
 Thus, the following produces  
 .Sq \&Em a :  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Em "Em a"  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.  
 .Ss Dates  
 There are several macros in  
 .Nm  .Nm
 that require a date argument.  documents is discouraged;
 The canonical form for dates is the American format:  .Xr mandoc 1
 .Pp  supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
 .D1 Cm Month Day , Year  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Cm Day  
 value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.  
 The  
 .Cm Month  
 value is the full month name.  
 The  
 .Cm Year  
 value is the full four-digit year.  
 .Pp  
 Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 Cm Month , Year  
 .D1 Cm Year  
 .Pp  
 Some examples of valid dates follow:  
 .Pp  
 .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form  
 .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form  
 .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form  
 .Ss Scaling Widths  
 Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as  
 stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Bl -tag -width 2i  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 The syntax for scaled widths is  
 .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,  
 where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.  
 Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.  
 The following scaling units are accepted:  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It c  
 centimetre  
 .It i  
 inch  
 .It P  
 pica (~1/6 inch)  
 .It p  
 point (~1/72 inch)  
 .It f  
 synonym for  
 .Sq u  
 .It v  
 default vertical span  
 .It m  
 width of rendered  
 .Sq m  
 .Pq em  
 character  
 .It n  
 width of rendered  
 .Sq n  
 .Pq en  
 character  
 .It u  
 default horizontal span  
 .It M  
 mini-em (~1/100 em)  
 .El  
 .Pp  
 Using anything other than  
 .Sq m ,  
 .Sq n ,  
 .Sq u ,  
 or  
 .Sq v  
 is necessarily non-portable across output media.  
 See  
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY .  
 .Ss Sentence Spacing  
 When composing a manual, make sure that your sentences end at the end of  
 a line.  
 By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of  
 spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,  
 or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing  
 delimiters (  
 .Ns Sq \&) ,  
 .Sq \&] ,  
 .Sq \&' ,  
 .Sq \&" ) .  
 .Pp  
 The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at  
 the boundary of a macro line, e.g.,  
 .Pp  
 .D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.  
 .D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.  
 .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE  .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
 A well-formed  A well-formed
 .Nm  .Nm
 document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more  document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
 sections.  sections.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The prologue, which consists of (in order) the  The prologue, which consists of the
 .Sx \&Dd ,  .Sx \&Dd ,
 .Sx \&Dt ,  .Sx \&Dt ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Os  .Sx \&Os
 macros, is required for every document.  macros in that order, is required for every document.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The first section (sections are denoted by  The first section (sections are denoted by
 .Sx \&Sh )  .Sx \&Sh )
Line 333  must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
Line 107  must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
 followed by  followed by
 .Sx \&Nd .  .Sx \&Nd .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and  Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
 DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections.  .Em SYNOPSIS
   and
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   sections, although this varies between manual sections.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The following is a well-formed skeleton  The following is a well-formed skeleton
 .Nm  .Nm
 file:  file for a utility
   .Qq progname :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 \&.Dt mdoc 7  \&.Dt PROGNAME section
 \&.Os  \&.Os
 \&.  
 \&.Sh NAME  \&.Sh NAME
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm progname
 \&.Nd a description goes here  \&.Nd one line about what it does
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
 \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.  \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.Sh SYNOPSIS  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm progname
 \&.Op Fl options  \&.Op Fl options
 \&.Ar  \&.Ar
 \&.  
 \&.Sh DESCRIPTION  \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 \&.Nm  \&.Nm
 utility processes files ...  utility processes files ...
 \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES  \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT  \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
 \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.  \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
 \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.  \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO  \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
 \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1  \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
 \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS  \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
 \&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY  \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY
 \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS
 \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  \&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 The sections in a  The sections in an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.  document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
 Sections should be composed as follows:  Sections should be composed as follows:
 .Bl -ohang -offset Ds  .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
 .It Em NAME  .It Em NAME
 The name(s) and a short description of the documented material.  The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
 The syntax for this as follows:  The syntax for this as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Nm name0  \&.Nm name0 ,
 \&.Nm name1  \&.Nm name1 ,
 \&.Nm name2  \&.Nm name2
 \&.Nd a short description  \&.Nd a one line description
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Multiple
   .Sq \&Nm
   names should be separated by commas.
   .Pp
 The  The
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 macro(s) must precede the  macro(s) must precede the
Line 424  configuration.
Line 206  configuration.
 For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is  For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
 generally structured as follows:  generally structured as follows:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Nm foo  \&.Nm bar
 \&.Op Fl v  \&.Op Fl v
 \&.Op Fl o Ar file  \&.Op Fl o Ar file
 \&.Op Ar  \&.Op Ar
 \&.Nm bar  \&.Nm foo
 \&.Op Fl v  \&.Op Fl v
 \&.Op Fl o Ar file  \&.Op Fl o Ar file
 \&.Op Ar  \&.Op Ar
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
   .Pp
 For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):  For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Vt extern const char *global;  
 \&.In header.h  \&.In header.h
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
 \&.Fn foo "const char *src"  \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
 \&.Ft "char *"  \&.Ft "char *"
 \&.Fn bar "const char *src"  \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
   Ordering of
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo
   macros should follow C header-file conventions.
   .Pp
 And for the third, configurations (section 4):  And for the third, configurations (section 4):
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q  \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq
 \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q  \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a  Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
 .Em SYNOPSIS .  .Em SYNOPSIS .
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  Some macros are displayed differently in the
 .Sx \&Op ,  .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, particularly
   .Sx \&Nm ,
 .Sx \&Cd ,  .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Fd ,
 .Sx \&Fn ,  .Sx \&Fn ,
 .Sx \&Ft ,  .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&Vt .  .Sx \&Ft .
   All of these macros are output on their own line.
   If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
   .Sx \&Ft
   before
   .Sx \&Fo
   or
   .Sx \&Fn ) ,
   they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which are always separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   When text and macros following an
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
   all output lines but the first will be indented to align
   with the text immediately following the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro, up to the next
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
 .It Em DESCRIPTION  .It Em DESCRIPTION
 This expands upon the brief, one-line description in  This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
 .Em NAME .  .Em NAME :
 It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a  .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility does this, that, and the other.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
 command), such as:  command), such as:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 The arguments are as follows:  The arguments are as follows:
Line 474  Print verbose information.
Line 303  Print verbose information.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.  Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
   .Pp
   Since the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
   often use the
   .Sx \&Ss
   macro to form subsections.
   In very long manuals, the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
   .Sx \&Sh
   macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
   several subsections, like in the present
   .Nm
   manual.
 .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES  .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
 This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side  This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
 effects or notable algorithmic implications.  effects or notable algorithmic implications.
 .It Em RETURN VALUES  .It Em RETURN VALUES
 This section is the dual of  This section documents the
 .Em EXIT STATUS ,  return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
 which is used for commands.  
 It documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Rv .  .Sx \&Rv .
 .It Em ENVIRONMENT  .It Em ENVIRONMENT
 Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,  Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
 .Xr environ 7 .  and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
   The
   .Xr environ 7
   manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Ev .  .Sx \&Ev .
 .It Em FILES  .It Em FILES
 Documents files used.  Documents files used.
 It's helpful to document both the file and a short description of how  It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
 the file is used (created, modified, etc.).  the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&Pa .  .Sx \&Pa .
 .It Em EXIT STATUS  .It Em EXIT STATUS
 Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals.  This section documents the
 This section is the dual of  command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
 .Em RETURN VALUES ,  
 which is used for functions.  
 Historically, this information was described in  Historically, this information was described in
 .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,  .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
 a practise that is now discouraged.  a practise that is now discouraged.
Line 513  See
Line 356  See
 .It Em EXAMPLES  .It Em EXAMPLES
 Example usages.  Example usages.
 This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.  This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
 Make doubly sure that your examples work properly!  Make sure that examples work properly!
 .It Em DIAGNOSTICS  .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
 Documents error conditions.  Documents error conditions.
 This is most useful in section 4 manuals.  This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
Line 536  This section should exist for most manuals.
Line 379  This section should exist for most manuals.
 Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then  Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
 alphabetically.  alphabetically.
 .Pp  .Pp
   References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
   for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
   provided in this section.
   .Pp
 See  See
   .Sx \&Rs
   and
 .Sx \&Xr .  .Sx \&Xr .
 .It Em STANDARDS  .It Em STANDARDS
 References any standards implemented or used.  References any standards implemented or used.
Line 547  section should be used instead.
Line 396  section should be used instead.
 See  See
 .Sx \&St .  .Sx \&St .
 .It Em HISTORY  .It Em HISTORY
 The history of any manual without a  A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
 .Em STANDARDS  and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
 section should be described in this section.  
 .It Em AUTHORS  .It Em AUTHORS
 Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.  Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
 Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.  Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
 .Pp  .Pp
 See  See
 .Sx \&An .  .Sx \&An .
 .It Em CAVEATS  .It Em CAVEATS
 Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained  Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
 in this section.  in this section.
 .It Em BUGS  .It Em BUGS
 Extant bugs should be described in this section.  Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
   in this section.
 .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS  .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
 Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.  Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .El  .El
 .Sh MACRO SYNTAX  .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
 Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a  This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
 control character ,  together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
 .Sq \&. ,  Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
 at the beginning of the line.  in the alphabetical
 An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character  .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
 and the macro name.  .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
 Thus, the following are equivalent:  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
 \&.Pp  .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch
 \&.\ \ \ \&Pp  .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
 .Ed  .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
 .Pp  .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
 The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.  
 In this section,  
 .Sq \-arg  
 refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more  
 .Sq parm  
 parameters;  
 .Sq \&Yo  
 opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,  
 .Sq \&Yc  
 closes it out.  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Callable  
 column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial  
 line-macro.  
 If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line  
 macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that  
 .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh  
 produces  
 .Sq Fl \&Sh .  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Parsable  
 column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further  
 (ostensibly callable) macros.  
 If a macro is not parsable, subsequent macro invocations on the line  
 will be interpreted as opaque text.  
 .Pp  
 The  
 .Em Scope  
 column, if applicable, describes closure rules.  
 .Ss Block full-explicit  
 Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.  
 All macros contains bodies; only  
 .Sx \&Bf  
 contains a head.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  
 \(lBbody...\(rB  
 \&.Yc  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX"  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed  
 .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef  
 .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek  
 .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El  
 .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd  
 .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf  
 .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk  
 .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl  
 .El  .El
 .Ss Block full-implicit  .Ss Sections and cross references
 Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 All macros have bodies; some  .It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line)
 .Po  .It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line)
 .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,  .It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection
 .Fl hyphen ,  .It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section
 .Fl dash ,  .It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments)
 .Fl enum ,  
 .Fl item  
 .Pc  
 don't have heads; only one  
 .Po  
 .Sx \&It Fl column  
 .Pc  
 has multiple heads.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB  
 \(lBbody...\(rB  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El  
 .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  
 .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh  
 .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss  
 .El  .El
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  .Ss Displays and lists
 Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head  .It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block:
 .Po  .Fl Ar type
 .Sx \&Fo ,  .Op Fl offset Ar width
 .Sx \&Eo  .Op Fl compact
 .Pc  .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
 and/or tail  .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
 .Pq Sx \&Ec .  .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Fl Ar type
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  .Op Fl width Ar val
 \(lBbody...\(rB  .Op Fl offset Ar val
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  .Op Fl compact
   .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \  .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists
 \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  
 .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao  
 .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac  
 .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo  
 .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc  
 .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro  
 .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc  
 .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do  
 .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc  
 .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo  
 .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec  
 .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo  
 .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc  
 .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo  
 .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc  
 .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po  
 .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc  
 .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo  
 .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc  
 .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs  
 .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re  
 .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So  
 .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc  
 .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo  
 .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc  
 .El  .El
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  .Ss Spacing control
 Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 .Sx Reserved Characters  .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
 or end of line.  .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB  .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off
 .Ed  .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
 .Pp  .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent  .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  
 .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes  
 .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes  
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities:
 Note that the  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 .Sx \&Vt  .It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility
 macro is a  .It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments)
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  .It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments)
 only when invoked as the first macro  .It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments)
 in a  .It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure)
 .Em SYNOPSIS  .It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments)
 section line, else it is  .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
 .Sx In-line .  .It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments)
 .Ss In-line  
 Closed by  
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  
 end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.  
 In-line macros have only text children.  
 If a number (or inequality) of arguments is  
 .Pq n ,  
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lbres...\(rb  
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...  
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN  
 .Ed  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent  
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments  
 .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1  
 .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n  
 .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0  
 .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0  
 .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1  
 .El  .El
 .Sh REFERENCE  .Ss Semantic markup for function libraries:
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
   .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
   .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:
   .Op Ar functype
   .Ar funcname
   .Oo
   .Op Ar argtype
   .Ar argname
   .Oc
   .It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Various semantic markup:
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name
   .It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address
   .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Tn Ta tradename (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Physical markup
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments)
   .It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block:
   .Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .El
   .Ss Physical enclosures
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
   .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
   .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
   .It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text
   .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
   .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
   .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
   .It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text
   .It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure
   .El
   .Ss Text production
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
   .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
   .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Ux Ta Ux
   .It Sx \&At Ta At
   .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx
   .It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx
   .It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx
   .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox
   .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx
   .El
   .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
 This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged  This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
 alphabetically.  alphabetically.
 For the scoping of individual macros, see  For the scoping of individual macros, see
Line 836  For the scoping of individual macros, see
Line 546  For the scoping of individual macros, see
 .Ss \&%A  .Ss \&%A
 Author name of an  Author name of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  Multiple authors should each be accorded their own  block.
   Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
 .Sx \%%A  .Sx \%%A
 line.  Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated  line.
 forename(s) first, then full surname.  Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
   first, then full surname.
 .Ss \&%B  .Ss \&%B
 Book title of an  Book title of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when  block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
 referring to book titles.  referring to book titles.
 .Ss \&%C  .Ss \&%C
 Publication city or location of an  Publication city or location of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 .Pp  
 .Em Remarks :  
 this macro is not implemented in  
 .Xr groff 1 .  
 .Ss \&%D  .Ss \&%D
 Publication date of an  Publication date of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax  block.
 described in  Recommended formats of arguments are
 .Sx Dates .  .Ar month day , year
   or just
   .Ar year .
 .Ss \&%I  .Ss \&%I
 Publisher or issuer name of an  Publisher or issuer name of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
Line 882  block.
Line 593  block.
 .Ss \&%Q  .Ss \&%Q
 Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an  Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own  block.
   Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
 .Sx \&%Q  .Sx \&%Q
 line.  line.
 .Ss \&%R  .Ss \&%R
Line 892  block.
Line 604  block.
 .Ss \&%T  .Ss \&%T
 Article title of an  Article title of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context  block.
 when referring to article titles.  This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
   referring to article titles.
 .Ss \&%U  .Ss \&%U
 URI of reference document.  URI of reference document.
 .Ss \&%V  .Ss \&%V
Line 901  Volume number of an
Line 614  Volume number of an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 .Ss \&Ac  .Ss \&Ac
 Closes an  Close an
 .Sx \&Ao  .Sx \&Ao
 block.  Does not have any tail arguments.  block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Ad  .Ss \&Ad
 Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in  Memory address.
 memory, not a physical (post) address.  Do not use this for postal addresses.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]  .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
 .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000  .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
 .Ss \&An  .Ss \&An
 Author name.  Author name.
 This macro may alternatively accepts the following arguments, although  Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
 these may not be specified along with a parameter:  documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
 .It Fl split  .It Fl split
 Renders a line break before each author listing.  Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
   .Sx \&An .
 .It Fl nosplit  .It Fl nosplit
 The opposite of  The opposite of
 .Fl split .  .Fl split .
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author  The default is
 listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're  .Fl nosplit .
 interspersed by other macros or text, are split.  The effect of selecting either of the
 Thus, specifying  
 .Fl split  .Fl split
 will cause the first listing also to be split.  modes ends at the beginning of the
 If not in the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split.  .Em AUTHORS
   section.
   In the
   .Em AUTHORS
   section, the default is
   .Fl nosplit
   for the first author listing and
   .Fl split
   for all other author listings.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.An -nosplit  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 .D1 \&.An J. D. Ullman .  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Pp  
 .Em Remarks :  
 the effects of  
 .Fl split  
 or  
 .Fl nosplit  
 are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies  
 .Sx \&An Fl nosplit  
 in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS  
 section.  
 .Ss \&Ao  .Ss \&Ao
 Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets.  Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Aq .  .Sx \&Aq .
 .Ss \&Ap  .Ss \&Ap
 Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space.  Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
 This is generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb  This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
 form of a function:  form of a function.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Pp
 \&.Fn execve Ap d  Examples:
 .Ed  .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
 .Ss \&Aq  .Ss \&Aq
 Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.  Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val  .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use  this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
Line 981  See also
Line 695  See also
 .Ss \&Ar  .Ss \&Ar
 Command arguments.  Command arguments.
 If an argument is not provided, the string  If an argument is not provided, the string
 .Dq file ...  .Dq file ...\&
 is used as a default.  is used as a default.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1  .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
 .D1 \&.Ar  .Dl ".Ar"
 .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .  .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
   .Pp
   The arguments to the
   .Sx \&Ar
   macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
   for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
   .Sx \&Fl
   or
   .Sx \&Cm .
 .Ss \&At  .Ss \&At
 Formats an AT&T version.  Formats an AT&T version.
 Accepts at most one parameter:  Accepts one optional argument:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
 .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v  .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
 A version of  A version of
 .At .  .At .
   .It Cm III
   .At III .
 .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?  .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
 A system version of  A version of
 .At .  .At V .
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen.  Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.At  .Dl \&.At
 .D1 \&.At V.1  .Dl \&.At III
   .Dl \&.At V.1
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bsx ,  .Sx \&Bsx ,
Line 1016  See also
Line 742  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Bc  .Ss \&Bc
 Closes a  Close a
 .Sx \&Bo  .Sx \&Bo
 block.  Does not have any tail arguments.  block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Bd  .Ss \&Bd
 Begins a display block.  Begin a display block.
 A display is collection of macros or text which may be collectively  Its syntax is as follows:
 offset or justified in a manner different from that  .Bd -ragged -offset indent
 of the enclosing context.  .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
 By default, the block is preceded by a vertical space.  .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the  Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
 following arguments:  justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
 .It Fl ragged  By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
 Only left-justify the block.  .Pp
 .It Fl unfilled  The
 Do not justify the block at all.  .Ar type
   must be one of the following:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl centered
   Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.
   Using this display type is not recommended; many
   .Nm
   implementations render it poorly.
 .It Fl filled  .It Fl filled
 Left- and right-justify the block.  Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
   right-justify the resulting block.
 .It Fl literal  .It Fl literal
 Alias for  Produce one output line from each input line,
 .Fl unfilled .  and do not justify the block at all.
 .It Fl centered  Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
 Centre-justify each line.  Always use a constant-width font.
   Use this for displaying source code.
   .It Fl ragged
   Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
   the resulting block.
   .It Fl unfilled
   The same as
   .Fl literal ,
   but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
   if supported by the output device.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 The type must be provided first.  The
 Secondary arguments are as follows:  .Ar type
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  must be provided first.
   Additional arguments may follow:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
 .It Fl offset Ar width  .It Fl offset Ar width
 Offset by the value of  Indent the display by the
 .Ar width ,  .Ar width ,
 which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:  which may be one of the following:
 .Bl -item  .Bl -item
 .It  .It
 As one of the pre-defined strings  One of the pre-defined strings
 .Ar indent ,  .Cm indent ,
 the width of standard indentation;  the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
 .Ar indent-two ,  .Cm indent-two ,
 twice  twice
 .Ar indent ;  .Cm indent ;
 .Ar left ,  .Cm left ,
 which has no effect ;  which has no effect;
 .Ar right ,  .Cm right ,
 which justifies to the right margin; and  which justifies to the right margin; or
 .Ar center ,  .Cm center ,
 which aligns around an imagined centre axis.  which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
 .It  .It
 As a precalculated width for a named macro.  A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
   associated with that macro.
 The most popular is the imaginary macro  The most popular is the imaginary macro
 .Ar \&Ds ,  .Ar \&Ds ,
 which resolves to  which resolves to
 .Ar 6n .  .Sy 6n .
 .It  .It
 As a scaling unit following the syntax described in  A width using the syntax described in
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  .Sx Scaling Widths .
 .It  .It
 As the calculated string length of the opaque string.  An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 If unset, it will revert to the value of  When the argument is missing,
 .Ar 8n  .Fl offset
 as described in  is ignored.
 .Sx Scaling Widths .  
 .It Fl compact  .It Fl compact
 Do not assert a vertical space before the block.  Do not assert vertical space before the display.
 .It Fl file Ar file  
 Prepend the file  
 .Ar file  
 before any text or macros within the block.  
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact  \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
    Hello       world.     Hello       world.
 \&.Ed  \&.Ed
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 1100  See also
Line 845  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dl .  .Sx \&Dl .
 .Ss \&Bf  .Ss \&Bf
   Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
   .Oo
   .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
   .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .Oc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl emphasis
   and
   .Cm \&Em
   argument are equivalent, as are
   .Fl symbolic
   and
   .Cm \&Sy ,
   and
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Cm \&Li .
   Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
   The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
   scope or
   .Sx \&Ef
   is encountered.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&Ef ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Bk  .Ss \&Bk
   For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
   until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
   whichever comes first.
   Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl words
   argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
   .Pp
   The following example will not break within each
   .Sx \&Op
   macro line:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bk \-words
   \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
   \&.Op Fl o Ar output
   \&.Ek
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
   Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Ss \&Bl  .Ss \&Bl
 Begins a list composed of one or more list entries.  Begin a list.
 A list is associated with a type, which is a required argument.  Lists consist of items specified using the
 Other arguments are  
 .Fl width ,  
 defined per-type as accepting a literal or  
 .Sx Scaling Widths  
 value;  
 .Fl offset ,  
 also accepting a literal or  
 .Sx Scaling Widths  
 value setting the list's global offset; and  
 .Fl compact ,  
 suppressing the default vertical space printed before each list entry.  
 A list entry is specified by the  
 .Sx \&It  .Sx \&It
 macro, which consists of a head and optional body (depending on the list  macro, containing a head or a body or both.
 type).  The list syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .Op HEAD ...
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The list
   .Ar type
   is mandatory and must be specified first.
   The
   .Fl width
   and
   .Fl offset
   arguments accept
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   or use the length of the given string.
   The
   .Fl offset
   is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
   and bodies.
   For those list types supporting it, the
   .Fl width
   argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
   to be added to the
   .Fl offset .
   Unless the
   .Fl compact
   argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
 A list must specify one of the following list types:  A list must specify one of the following list types:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent  .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
 .It Fl bullet  .It Fl bullet
 A list offset by a bullet.  No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
 The head of list entries must be empty.  of each item.
 List entry bodies are positioned after the bullet.  Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
 The  and are indented according to the
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.  argument.
 .It Fl column  .It Fl column
 A columnated list.  A columnated list.
 The  The
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument has no effect.  argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
 The number of columns is specified as parameters to the  of one column, using either the
 .Sx \&Bl  
 macro.  
 These dictate the width of columns either as  
 .Sx Scaling Widths  .Sx Scaling Widths
 or literal text.  syntax or the string length of the argument.
 List entry bodies must be left empty.  If the first line of the body of a
 Column bodies have the following syntax:  .Fl column
 .Pp  list is not an
 .D1 .It col1 <TAB> ... coln  .Sx \&It
 .D1 .It col1 Ta ... coln  macro line,
 .D1 .It col1 <TAB> col2 Ta coln  .Sx \&It
 .Pp  contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
 where columns may be separated by tabs, the literal string  .Sx \&It
 .Qq Ta ,  macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
 or a mixture of both.  described in the
 These are equivalent except that quoted sections propogate over tabs,  .Sx \&It
 for example,  documentation.
 .Pp  
 .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq ;  
 .Pp  
 will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.  
 .It Fl dash  .It Fl dash
 A list offset by a dash (hyphen).  Like
 The head of list entries must be empty.  .Fl bullet ,
 List entry bodies are positioned past the dash.  except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
 The  
 .Fl width  
 argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.  
 .It Fl diag  .It Fl diag
 Like  Like
 .Fl inset ,  .Fl inset ,
 but with additional formatting to the head.  except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
 The  Most often used in the
 .Fl width  .Em DIAGNOSTICS
 argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.  section with error constants in the item heads.
 .It Fl enum  .It Fl enum
 An enumerated list offset by the enumeration from 1.  A numbered list.
 The head of list entries must be empty.  No item heads can be specified.
 List entry bodies are positioned after the enumeration.  Formatted like
 The  .Fl bullet ,
 .Fl width  except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
 argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.  starting at 1.
 .It Fl hang  .It Fl hang
 Like  Like
 .Fl tag ,  .Fl tag ,
 but instead of list bodies positioned after the head, they trail the  except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
 head text.  the item heads like in
 The  .Fl inset
 .Fl width  lists.
 argument varies the width of list bodies' left-margins.  
 .It Fl hyphen  .It Fl hyphen
 Synonym for  Synonym for
 .Fl dash .  .Fl dash .
 .It Fl inset  .It Fl inset
 List bodies follow the list head.  Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
 The  spacing.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument is ignored.  argument is ignored.
 .It Fl item  .It Fl item
 This produces blocks of text.  No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
 The head of list entries must be empty.  Bodies are not indented, and the
 The  
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument is ignored.  argument is ignored.
 .It Fl ohang  .It Fl ohang
 List bodies are positioned on the line following the head.  Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
 The  The
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument is ignored.  argument is ignored.
 .It Fl tag  .It Fl tag
 A list offset by list entry heads.  List entry bodies are positioned  Item bodies are indented according to the
 after the head as specified by the  
 .Fl width  .Fl width
 argument.  argument.
   When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
   this head on the same output line.
   Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
   Nesting of
   .Fl column
   and
   .Fl enum
   lists may not be portable.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&El
   and
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Bo  .Ss \&Bo
 Begins a block enclosed by square brackets.  Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Bo 1 ,  \&.Bo 1 ,
 \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc  \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 1225  See also
Line 1051  See also
 Encloses its arguments in square brackets.  Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for  this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
Line 1238  and
Line 1064  and
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bo .  .Sx \&Bo .
 .Ss \&Brc  .Ss \&Brc
 Closes a  Close a
 .Sx \&Bro  .Sx \&Bro
 block.  Does not have any tail arguments.  block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Bro  .Ss \&Bro
 Begins a block enclosed by curly braces.  Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
 \&.Bro 1 , ... ,  \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
 \&.Va n \&Brc  \&.Va n \&Brc
 .Ed  .Ed
Line 1257  See also
Line 1084  See also
 Encloses its arguments in curly braces.  Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n  .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bro .  .Sx \&Bro .
Line 1266  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
Line 1093  Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or 
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0  .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
 .D1 \&.Bsx  .Dl \&.Bsx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1286  Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a d
Line 1113  Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a d
 argument is provided.  argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Bx 4.4  .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
 .D1 \&.Bx  .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
   .Dl \&.Bx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1299  See also
Line 1127  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Cd  .Ss \&Cd
 Configuration declaration.  Kernel configuration declaration.
 This denotes strings accepted by  This denotes strings accepted by
 .Xr config 8 .  .Xr config 8 .
   It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?  .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  .Em Remarks :
 this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain  this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
 white-space and align consecutive  whitespace and align consecutive
 .Sx \&Cd  .Sx \&Cd
 declarations.  declarations.
 This practise is discouraged.  This practise is discouraged.
 .Ss \&Cm  .Ss \&Cm
 Command modifiers.  Command modifiers.
 Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.  Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless
   .Sx \&Fl
   is more appropriate.
   Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath  .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
 .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster  .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
 .Pp  .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
 See also  .Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"
 .Sx \&Fl .  .Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"
 .Ss \&D1  .Ss \&D1
 One-line indented display.  One-line indented display.
 This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented  This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
Line 1329  statements.
Line 1161  statements.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh  .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dl .  .Sx \&Dl .
 .Ss \&Db  .Ss \&Db
   Switch debugging mode.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
   .Pp
   This macro is ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
 .Ss \&Dc  .Ss \&Dc
 Closes a  Close a
 .Sx \&Do  .Sx \&Do
 block.  Does not have any tail arguments.  block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Dd  .Ss \&Dd
 Document date.  Document date.
 This is the mandatory first macro of any  This is the mandatory first macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 manual.  manual.
 Its calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm date  .Ar month
 field may be either  is the full English month name, the
 .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,  .Ar day
 which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by  is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the
   .Ar year
   is the full four-digit year.
   .Pp
   Other arguments are not portable; the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility handles them as follows:
   .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
   .It
   To have the date automatically filled in by the
   .Ox
   version of
 .Xr cvs 1 ,  .Xr cvs 1 ,
 or instead a valid canonical date as specified by  the special string
 .Sx Dates .  .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
 If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead.  can be given as an argument.
   .It
   A few alternative date formats are accepted as well
   and converted to the standard form.
   .It
   If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
   .It
   If no date string is given, the current date is used.
   .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
 .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007  .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dt  .Sx \&Dt
Line 1375  invocations.
Line 1234  invocations.
 It is followed by a newline.  It is followed by a newline.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less  .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Bd  .Sx \&Bd
 and  and
 .Sx \&D1 .  .Sx \&D1 .
 .Ss \&Do  .Ss \&Do
 Begins a block enclosed by double quotes.  Does not have any head  Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
 arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.D1 \&Do April is the cruellest month \&Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Do
   April is the cruellest month
   \&.Dc
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dq .  .Sx \&Dq .
 .Ss \&Dq  .Ss \&Dq
 Encloses its arguments in double quotes.  Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typographic
   double-quotes.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
Line 1400  Examples:
Line 1266  Examples:
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
 .Sx \&Do .  .Sx \&Do .
 .Ss \&Dt  .Ss \&Dt
 Document title.  Document title.
 This is the mandatory second macro of any  This is the mandatory second macro of any
 .Nm  .Nm
 file.  file.
 Its calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
   .Oo
   .Ar title
   .Oo
   .Ar section
   .Op Ar volume
   .Op Ar arch
   .Oc
   .Oc
   .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch  
 .Pp  
 Its arguments are as follows:  Its arguments are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
 .It Cm title  .It Ar title
 The document's title (name).  The document's title (name), defaulting to
 This should be capitalised and is required.  .Dq UNKNOWN
 .It Cm section  if unspecified.
   It should be capitalised.
   .It Ar section
 The manual section.  The manual section.
 This may be one of  This may be one of
 .Ar 1  .Ar 1
Line 1451  This may be one of
Line 1331  This may be one of
 or  or
 .Ar paper  .Ar paper
 .Pq paper .  .Pq paper .
 It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename  It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
 suffix.  .Dq 1
 .It Cm volume  if unspecified.
   .It Ar volume
 This overrides the volume inferred from  This overrides the volume inferred from
 .Ar section .  .Ar section .
 This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of  This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
Line 1482  This field is optional, and if specified, must be one 
Line 1363  This field is optional, and if specified, must be one 
 or  or
 .Ar CON  .Ar CON
 .Pq contributed manuals .  .Pq contributed manuals .
 .It Cm arch  .It Ar arch
 This specifies a specific relevant architecture.  This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
 If  where relevant, for example
 .Cm volume  .Cm alpha ,
 is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used  .Cm amd64 ,
 subsequent that.  .Cm i386 ,
 It, too, is optional.  
 It must be one of  
 .Ar alpha ,  
 .Ar amd64 ,  
 .Ar amiga ,  
 .Ar arc ,  
 .Ar arm ,  
 .Ar armish ,  
 .Ar aviion ,  
 .Ar hp300 ,  
 .Ar hppa ,  
 .Ar hppa64 ,  
 .Ar i386 ,  
 .Ar landisk ,  
 .Ar loongson ,  
 .Ar luna88k ,  
 .Ar mac68k ,  
 .Ar macppc ,  
 .Ar mvme68k ,  
 .Ar mvme88k ,  
 .Ar mvmeppc ,  
 .Ar pmax ,  
 .Ar sgi ,  
 .Ar socppc ,  
 .Ar sparc ,  
 .Ar sparc64 ,  
 .Ar sun3 ,  
 .Ar vax ,  
 or  or
 .Ar zaurus .  .Cm sparc64 .
   The list of supported architectures varies by operating system.
   For the full list of all architectures recognized by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   see the file
   .Pa arch.in
   in the source distribution.
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386  .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
 .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386  
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
 and  and
 .Sx \&Os .  .Sx \&Os .
 .Ss \&Dv  .Ss \&Dv
 Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.  Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
   enumeration values, and so on.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ  .Dl \&.Dv NULL
 .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO  .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
   .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Er .  .Sx \&Er
   and
   .Sx \&Ev
   for special-purpose constants and
   .Sx \&Va
   for variable symbols.
 .Ss \&Dx  .Ss \&Dx
 Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default  Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
 value if no argument is provided.  value if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1  .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
 .D1 \&.Dx  .Dl \&.Dx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1557  See also
Line 1422  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Ec  .Ss \&Ec
   Close a scope started by
   .Sx \&Eo .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Dc .
 .Ss \&Ed  .Ss \&Ed
   End a display context started by
   .Sx \&Bd .
 .Ss \&Ef  .Ss \&Ef
   End a font mode context started by
   .Sx \&Bf .
 .Ss \&Ek  .Ss \&Ek
   End a keep context started by
   .Sx \&Bk .
 .Ss \&El  .Ss \&El
   End a list context started by
   .Sx \&Bl .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl
   and
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Em  .Ss \&Em
 Denotes text that should be emphasised.  Denotes text that should be
   .Em emphasised .
 Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for  Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
 stylistically decorating technical terms.  stylistically decorating technical terms.
   Depending on the output device, this is usually represented
   using an italic font or underlined characters.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Em Warnings!  .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
 .D1 \&.Em Remarks :  .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&No ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&En  .Ss \&En
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
 .Ss \&Eo  .Ss \&Eo
   An arbitrary enclosure.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Do .
 .Ss \&Er  .Ss \&Er
 Display error constants.  Error constants for definitions of the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable.
   This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Er EPERM  .Dl \&.Er EPERM
 .D1 \&.Er ENOENT  .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dv .  .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
 .Ss \&Es  .Ss \&Es
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
 .Ss \&Ev  .Ss \&Ev
 Environmental variables such as those specified in  Environmental variables such as those specified in
 .Xr environ 7 .  .Xr environ 7 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY  .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
 .D1 \&.Ev PATH  .Dl \&.Ev PATH
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
 .Ss \&Ex  .Ss \&Ex
 Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values.  Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
 This macro must have first the  and >0 on failure.
 .Fl std  This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
 argument specified, then an optional  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Ar utility .  .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
   .Pp
 If  If
 .Ar utility  .Ar utility
 is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in  is not specified, the document's name set by
 .Sx \&Nm  .Sx \&Nm
 is provided.  is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar utility
   arguments are treated as separate utilities.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Rv .
 .Ss \&Fa  .Ss \&Fa
   Function argument.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
   .Op Cm argtype
   .Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
   It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   Most often, the
   .Sx \&Fa
   macro is used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   within
   .Sx \&Fo
   section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
   If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
   comma.
   Furthermore, if the following macro is another
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa foo
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fc  .Ss \&Fc
   End a function context started by
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fd  .Ss \&Fd
   Historically used to document include files.
   This usage has been deprecated in favour of
   .Sx \&In .
   Do not use this macro.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&In .
 .Ss \&Fl  .Ss \&Fl
 Command-line flag.  Command-line flag or option.
 Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.  Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
 Prints a fixed-width hyphen  Prints a fixed-width hyphen
 .Sq \-  .Sq \-
Line 1613  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
Line 1582  If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to th
 output.  output.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fl a b c  .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
 .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b  .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
 .D1 \&.Fl  .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
 .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file  .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
   .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Cm .  .Sx \&Cm .
 .Ss \&Fn  .Ss \&Fn
   A function name.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
   .Op Ar functype
   .Ar funcname
   .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
   are delimited by commas.
   If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Pp
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
   .Sx \&Xr
   instead.
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
 .Ss \&Fo  .Ss \&Fo
   Begin a function block.
   This is a multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Fn .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
   .Pp
   Invocations usually occur in the following context:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
   .br
   \&.\.\.
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   A
   .Sx \&Fo
   scope is closed by
   .Sx \&Fc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   .Sx \&Fc ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
 .Ss \&Fr  .Ss \&Fr
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to show function return values.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value
 .Ss \&Ft  .Ss \&Ft
   A function type.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, a new output line is started after this macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ft int
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo .
 .Ss \&Fx  .Ss \&Fx
 Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Fx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Fx 7.1  .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
 .D1 \&.Fx  .Dl \&.Fx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1642  See also
Line 1708  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Hf  .Ss \&Hf
   This macro is not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename
 .Ss \&Ic  .Ss \&Ic
   Designate an internal or interactive command.
   This is similar to
   .Sx \&Cm
   but used for instructions rather than values.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ic :wq
   .Dl \&.Ic hash
   .Dl \&.Ic alias
   .Pp
   Note that using
   .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
   or
   .Sx \&D1
   is preferred for displaying code; the
   .Sx \&Ic
   macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
 .Ss \&In  .Ss \&In
   An
   .Dq include
   file.
   When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
   and preceded by
   .Dq #include ,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function declaration.
   This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 .Ss \&It  .Ss \&It
   A list item.
   The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
   .Pp
   Lists
   of type
   .Fl hang ,
   .Fl ohang ,
   .Fl inset ,
   and
   .Fl diag
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args
   .Pp
   Lists of type
   .Fl bullet ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl hyphen
   and
   .Fl item
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
   .Pp
   with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
   .Sx \&It
   until either a closing
   .Sx \&El
   or another
   .Sx \&It .
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl tag
   list has the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
   .Fl bullet
   and family.
   The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
   arguments correspond to the list's contents.
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl column
   list is the most complicated.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...
   .Pp
   The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
   representing a complete table line.
   Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special
   .Sx \&Ta
   block macro.
   The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
   .Sx \&It
   line itself; on following lines, only the
   .Sx \&Ta
   macro can be used to delimit cells, and
   .Sx \&Ta
   is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros,
   not as the first macro on a line.
   .Pp
   Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
   .Sx \&It
   line.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
   .Pp
   will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl .
 .Ss \&Lb  .Ss \&Lb
 Specify a library.  Specify a library.
 The calling syntax is as follows:  The syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lb Cm library  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm library  .Ar library
 parameter may be a system library, such as  parameter may be a system library, such as
 .Cm libz  .Cm libz
 or  or
Line 1666  section as described in
Line 1850  section as described in
 .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lb libz  .Dl \&.Lb libz
 .D1 \&.Lb mdoc  .Dl \&.Lb mdoc
 .Ss \&Li  .Ss \&Li
   Denotes text that should be in a
   .Li literal
   font mode.
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from
   normal text.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&No ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Lk  .Ss \&Lk
 Format a hyperlink.  Format a hyperlink.
 The calling syntax is as follows:  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq
 .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv  .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Mt .  .Sx \&Mt .
 .Ss \&Lp  .Ss \&Lp
   Synonym for
   .Sx \&Pp .
 .Ss \&Ms  .Ss \&Ms
   Display a mathematical symbol.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ms sigma
   .Dl \&.Ms aleph
 .Ss \&Mt  .Ss \&Mt
   Format a
   .Dq mailto:
   hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
 .Ss \&Nd  .Ss \&Nd
   A one line description of the manual's content.
   This may only be invoked in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section subsequent the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
   .Sx \&Sh
   invocation.
   Do not assume this behaviour: some
   .Xr whatis 1
   database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
   arguments and will display macros verbatim.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Nm .
 .Ss \&Nm  .Ss \&Nm
   The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
   and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
   the manual page.
   When first invoked, the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
   Usually, the first invocation happens in the
   .Em NAME
   section of the page.
   The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
   called again without arguments later in the page.
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro uses
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   semantics.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm cat
   \&.Op Fl benstuv
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
   .Sx \&Fn
   macro rather than
   .Sx \&Nm
   to mark up the name of the manual page.
 .Ss \&No  .Ss \&No
   Normal text.
   Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
   When used after physical formatting macros like
   .Sx \&Em
   or
   .Sx \&Sy ,
   switches back to the standard font face and weight.
   Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
   using semantic annotation macros.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
   .Pp
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Sm off
   \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
   \&.Sm on
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
 .Ss \&Ns  .Ss \&Ns
   Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
   and the following text or macro.
   Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
   just like after an
   .Sx \&No
   macro.
   .Pp
   This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
   .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
   .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&No
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
 .Ss \&Nx  .Ss \&Nx
 Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if  Format the
   .Nx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
 no argument is provided.  no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Nx 5.01  .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
 .D1 \&.Nx  .Dl \&.Nx
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1706  See also
Line 2027  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Oc  .Ss \&Oc
   Close multi-line
   .Sx \&Oo
   context.
 .Ss \&Oo  .Ss \&Oo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Op .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Oo
   \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
   \&.Oc
   .Ed
 .Ss \&Op  .Ss \&Op
   Optional part of a command line.
   Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   This is most often used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
   .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Oo .
 .Ss \&Os  .Ss \&Os
 Document operating system version.  Document operating system version.
 This is the mandatory third macro of  This is the mandatory third macro of
 any  any
 .Nm  .Nm
 file.  Its calling syntax is as follows:  file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
 .Pp  .Pp
 The optional  The optional
 .Cm system  .Ar system
 parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.  parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
 Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.  Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
 This is the suggested form.  This is the suggested form.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Os  .Dl \&.Os
 .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS  .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
 .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3  .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Dd  .Sx \&Dd
 and  and
 .Sx \&Dt .  .Sx \&Dt .
 .Ss \&Ot  .Ss \&Ot
 Unknown usage.  This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Em Remarks :  Historical
 this macro has been deprecated.  .Xr mdoc 7
   packages described it as
   .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
 .Ss \&Ox  .Ss \&Ox
 Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value  Format the
   .Ox
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
 if no argument is provided.  if no argument is provided.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ox 4.5  .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
 .D1 \&.Ox  .Dl \&.Ox
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1755  See also
Line 2106  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ux .  .Sx \&Ux .
 .Ss \&Pa  .Ss \&Pa
   An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
   If an argument is not provided, the character
   .Sq \(ti
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Lk .
 .Ss \&Pc  .Ss \&Pc
   Close parenthesised context opened by
   .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Pf  .Ss \&Pf
   Removes the space between its argument
   .Pq Dq prefix
   and the following macro.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
   .Pp
   This is equivalent to:
   .Pp
   .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
   .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ns
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
 .Ss \&Po  .Ss \&Po
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Pq .
 .Ss \&Pp  .Ss \&Pp
   Break a paragraph.
   This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
   and/or text.
   .Pp
   Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
   .Sx \&Sh
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macros or before displays
   .Pq Sx \&Bd
   or lists
   .Pq Sx \&Bl
   unless the
   .Fl compact
   flag is given.
 .Ss \&Pq  .Ss \&Pq
   Parenthesised enclosure.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Po .
 .Ss \&Qc  .Ss \&Qc
   Close quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&Qo .
 .Ss \&Ql  .Ss \&Ql
   Format a single-quoted literal.
   See also
   .Sx \&Qq
   and
   .Sx \&Sq .
 .Ss \&Qo  .Ss \&Qo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Qq .
 .Ss \&Qq  .Ss \&Qq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Qq typewriter
   double-quotes.
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
   .Sx \&Qo .
 .Ss \&Re  .Ss \&Re
 Closes a  Close an
 .Sx \&Rs  .Sx \&Rs
 block.  block.
 Does not have any tail arguments.  Does not have any tail arguments.
 .Ss \&Rs  .Ss \&Rs
 Begins a bibliographic  Begin a bibliographic
 .Pq Dq reference  .Pq Dq reference
 block.  block.
 Does not have any head arguments.  Does not have any head arguments.
Line 1787  The block macro may only contain
Line 2211  The block macro may only contain
 .Sx \&%Q ,  .Sx \&%Q ,
 .Sx \&%R ,  .Sx \&%R ,
 .Sx \&%T ,  .Sx \&%T ,
   .Sx \&%U ,
 and  and
 .Sx \&%V  .Sx \&%V
 child macros (at least one must be specified).  child macros (at least one must be specified).
Line 1809  block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp
Line 2234  block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical sp
 before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current  before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
 line.  line.
 .Ss \&Rv  .Ss \&Rv
   Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
   on success and \-1 on error, with the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable set on error.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
   .Pp
   If
   .Ar function
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Sx \&Nm
   is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar function
   arguments are treated as separate functions.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ex .
 .Ss \&Sc  .Ss \&Sc
   Close single-quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&So .
 .Ss \&Sh  .Ss \&Sh
   Begin a new section.
   For a list of conventional manual sections, see
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
   custom sections be used.
   .Pp
   Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Ss ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
 .Ss \&Sm  .Ss \&Sm
   Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
   .Pp
   By default, spacing is
   .Cm on .
   When switched
   .Cm off ,
   no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
   output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
   still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
 .Ss \&So  .Ss \&So
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Sq .
 .Ss \&Sq  .Ss \&Sq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Sq typewriter
   single-quotes.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   and
   .Sx \&So .
 .Ss \&Ss  .Ss \&Ss
   Begin a new subsection.
   Unlike with
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
   Except
   .Em DESCRIPTION ,
   the conventional sections described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   rarely have subsections.
   .Pp
   Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
 .Ss \&St  .Ss \&St
   Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
   The following standards are recognised:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-88
   .St -p1003.1-88
   .It \-p1003.1-90
   .St -p1003.1-90
   .It \-p1003.1-96
   .St -p1003.1-96
   .It \-p1003.1-2001
   .St -p1003.1-2001
   .It \-p1003.1-2004
   .St -p1003.1-2004
   .It \-p1003.1-2008
   .St -p1003.1-2008
   .It \-p1003.1
   .St -p1003.1
   .It \-p1003.1b
   .St -p1003.1b
   .It \-p1003.1b-93
   .St -p1003.1b-93
   .It \-p1003.1c-95
   .St -p1003.1c-95
   .It \-p1003.1g-2000
   .St -p1003.1g-2000
   .It \-p1003.1i-95
   .St -p1003.1i-95
   .It \-p1003.2-92
   .St -p1003.2-92
   .It \-p1003.2a-92
   .St -p1003.2a-92
   .It \-p1387.2-95
   .St -p1387.2-95
   .It \-p1003.2
   .St -p1003.2
   .It \-p1387.2
   .St -p1387.2
   .It \-isoC
   .St -isoC
   .It \-isoC-90
   .St -isoC-90
   .It \-isoC-amd1
   .St -isoC-amd1
   .It \-isoC-tcor1
   .St -isoC-tcor1
   .It \-isoC-tcor2
   .St -isoC-tcor2
   .It \-isoC-99
   .St -isoC-99
   .It \-iso9945-1-90
   .St -iso9945-1-90
   .It \-iso9945-1-96
   .St -iso9945-1-96
   .It \-iso9945-2-93
   .St -iso9945-2-93
   .It \-ansiC
   .St -ansiC
   .It \-ansiC-89
   .St -ansiC-89
   .It \-ansiC-99
   .St -ansiC-99
   .It \-ieee754
   .St -ieee754
   .It \-iso8802-3
   .St -iso8802-3
   .It \-iso8601
   .St -iso8601
   .It \-ieee1275-94
   .St -ieee1275-94
   .It \-xpg3
   .St -xpg3
   .It \-xpg4
   .St -xpg4
   .It \-xpg4.2
   .St -xpg4.2
   .It \-xpg4.3
   .St -xpg4.3
   .It \-xbd5
   .St -xbd5
   .It \-xcu5
   .St -xcu5
   .It \-xsh5
   .St -xsh5
   .It \-xns5
   .St -xns5
   .It \-xns5.2
   .St -xns5.2
   .It \-xns5.2d2.0
   .St -xns5.2d2.0
   .It \-xcurses4.2
   .St -xcurses4.2
   .It \-susv2
   .St -susv2
   .It \-susv3
   .St -susv3
   .It \-svid4
   .St -svid4
   .El
 .Ss \&Sx  .Ss \&Sx
   Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
   The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
   enclosed argument, including whitespace.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Sh
   and
   .Sx \&Ss .
 .Ss \&Sy  .Ss \&Sy
   Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
   .Pq Dq boldface .
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&No .
   .Ss \&Ta
   Table cell separator in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists; can only be used below
   .Sx \&It .
 .Ss \&Tn  .Ss \&Tn
   Format a tradename.
   .Pp
   Since this macro is often implemented to use a small caps font,
   it has historically been used for acronyms (like ASCII) as well.
   Such usage is not recommended because it would use the same macro
   sometimes for semantical annotation, sometimes for physical formatting.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Tn IBM
 .Ss \&Ud  .Ss \&Ud
   Prints out
   .Dq currently under development.
 .Ss \&Ux  .Ss \&Ux
 Format the UNIX name.  Format the UNIX name.
 Accepts no argument.  Accepts no argument.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Ux  .Dl \&.Ux
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&At ,  .Sx \&At ,
Line 1837  See also
Line 2481  See also
 and  and
 .Sx \&Ox .  .Sx \&Ox .
 .Ss \&Va  .Ss \&Va
   A variable name.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Va foo
   .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
 .Ss \&Vt  .Ss \&Vt
 A variable type.  A variable type.
 This is also used for indicating global variables in the SYNOPSIS  This is also used for indicating global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
 section, in which case a variable name is also specified.  section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
 Note that it accepts  Note that it accepts
 .Sx Block partial-implicit  .Sx Block partial-implicit
 syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it  syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
 accepts ordinary  .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, else it accepts ordinary
 .Sx In-line  .Sx In-line
 syntax.  syntax.
   In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function definition or include directive.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that this should not be confused with  Note that this should not be confused with
 .Sx \&Ft ,  .Sx \&Ft ,
 which is used for function return types.  which is used for function return types.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char  .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
 .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ;  .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
 .Pp  .Pp
 See also  See also
 .Sx \&Ft  .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
 and  and
 .Sx \&Va .  .Sx \&Va .
 .Ss \&Xc  .Ss \&Xc
 Close a scope opened by  Close a scope opened by
 .Sx \&Xo .  .Sx \&Xo .
 .Ss \&Xo  .Ss \&Xo
 Open an extension scope.  Extend the header of an
 This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;  .Sx \&It
 since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.  macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
   beyond the end of the input line.
   This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
   of historic
   .Xr roff 7 .
 .Ss \&Xr  .Ss \&Xr
 Link to another manual  Link to another manual
 .Pq Qq cross-reference .  .Pq Qq cross-reference .
 Its calling syntax is  Its syntax is as follows:
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  The
 .Cm name  .Ar name
 and  and
 .Cm section  .Ar section
 are the name and section of the linked manual.  are the name and section of the linked manual.
 If  If
 .Cm section  .Ar section
 is followed by non-punctuation, an  is followed by non-punctuation, an
 .Sx \&Ns  .Sx \&Ns
 is inserted into the token stream.  is inserted into the token stream.
 This behaviour is for compatibility with  This behaviour is for compatibility with
 .Xr groff 1 .  GNU troff.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Examples:  Examples:
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 ;  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
 .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour  .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
 .Ss \&br  .Ss \&br
   Emits a line-break.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   .Pp
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Pp
   in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
 .Ss \&sp  .Ss \&sp
   Emits vertical space.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar height
   argument must be formatted as described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   If unspecified,
   .Sx \&sp
   asserts a single vertical space.
   .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
   In this section,
   .Sq \-arg
   refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
   .Sq parm
   parameters;
   .Sq \&Yo
   opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
   .Sq \&Yc
   closes it out.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Callable
   column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
   as an argument to another macro.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
   produces
   .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
   To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
   escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
   .Sq \e& .
   For example,
   .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
   produces
   .Sq Op \&Fl O .
   If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
   to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
   produces
   .Sq Fl \&Sh .
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Parsed
   column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
   their names as arguments.
   If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
   as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Scope
   column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
   .Ss Block full-explicit
   Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
   All macros contains bodies; only
   .Sx \&Bf
   and
   .Pq optionally
   .Sx \&Bl
   contain a head.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
   .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
   .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
   .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
   .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
   .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
   .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
   .El
   .Ss Block full-implicit
   Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
   All macros have bodies; some
   .Po
   .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
   .Fl hyphen ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl item
   .Pc
   don't have heads; only one
   .Po
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   .Pc
   has multiple heads.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
   .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro is a
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   macro only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Block partial-explicit
   Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
   Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
   .Po
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Eo
   .Pc
   and/or tail
   .Pq Sx \&Ec .
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
   \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
   .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
   .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
   .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
   .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
   .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
   .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
   .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
   .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
   .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
   .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
   .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
   .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
   .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
   .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
   .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
   .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
   .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
   .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
   .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
   .El
   .Ss Block partial-implicit
   Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
   end of the line.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
   .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
   .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Vt
   macro is a
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Special block macro
   The
   .Sx \&Ta
   macro can only be used below
   .Sx \&It
   in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists.
   It delimits blocks representing table cells;
   these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
   .El
   .Ss In-line
   Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
   and/or subsequent macros.
   In-line macros have only text children.
   If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
   .Pq n ,
   then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
   .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .El
   .Ss Delimiters
   When a macro argument consists of one single input character
   considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
   This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
   more than one character.
   Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
   like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
   a zero-width space
   .Pq Sq \e& .
   In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
   as normal punctuation.
   .Pp
   For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
   these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
   and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
   these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
   .Pp
   Opening delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&(
   left parenthesis
   .It \&[
   left bracket
   .El
   .Pp
   Closing delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&.
   period
   .It \&,
   comma
   .It \&:
   colon
   .It \&;
   semicolon
   .It \&)
   right parenthesis
   .It \&]
   right bracket
   .It \&?
   question mark
   .It \&!
   exclamation mark
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
   .Pq Sq \e.\&
   gets this special handling; use
   .Sq \e&.
   to prevent that.
   .Pp
   Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
   delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
   are not delimiters.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
   .Pp
   This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
   and also to the middle delimiter:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&|
   vertical bar
   .El
   .Pp
   As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
   in the same way as a plain
   .Sq \&|
   character.
   Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
   .Ss Font handling
   In
   .Nm
   documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
   proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
   is available, consider falling back to
   .Sx Physical markup
   macros.
   Whenever any
   .Nm
   macro switches the
   .Xr roff 7
   font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
   its scope.
   Manually switching the font using the
   .Xr roff 7
   .Ql \ef
   font escape sequences is never required.
 .Sh COMPATIBILITY  .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other  This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
 troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
 .Pq Qq groff .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  The term
 .Qq historic groff  .Qq historic groff
 refers to groff versions before the  refers to groff versions before 1.17,
   which featured a significant update of the
 .Pa doc.tmac  .Pa doc.tmac
 file re-write  file.
 .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting  Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
 \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.  \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
 .Pp  .Pp
   The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
   .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
   .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 The comment syntax  Display macros
 .Sq \e."  .Po
 is no longer accepted.  .Sx \&Bd ,
   .Sx \&Dl ,
   and
   .Sx \&D1
   .Pc
   may not be nested.
   \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  .Sx \&At
 .Sx \&Pa  with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
 macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under  \*[hist]
 certain list types.  Newer groff and mandoc print
 mandoc does.  .Qq AT&T UNIX
   and the arguments.
 .It  .It
 Historic groff does not print a dash for empty  .Sx \&Bl Fl column
 .Sx \&Fl  does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
 arguments.  precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
 mandoc and newer groff implementations do.  outputs a space before them.
 .It  .It
 groff behaves irregularly when specifying  .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
 .Sq \ef  does not start a new line.
 .Sx Text Decoration  \*[hist]
 within line-macro scopes.  
 mandoc follows a consistent system.  
 .It  .It
 In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would  .Sx \&Dd
 move to prior lines.  with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
 Furthermore, the  When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
 .Sq f  Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date,
 scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.  but without any arguments the string
   .Dq Epoch
   is printed.
 .It  .It
 In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a  .Sx \&Fl
 standalone double-quote in formatted output.  does not print a dash for an empty argument.
 This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.  \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 Display types  .Sx \&Fn
 .Sx \&Bd  does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
 .Fl center  .Em SYNOPSIS
 and  section.
 .Fl right  \*[hist]
 are aliases for  
 .Fl left  
 in manodc.  Furthermore, the  
 .Fl file Ar file  
 argument is ignored.  
 Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),  
 .Fl ragged  
 and  
 .Fl filled  
 are aliases, as are  
 .Fl literal  
 and  
 .Fl unfilled .  
 .It  .It
 Historic groff has many un-callable macros.  .Sx \&Fo
 Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.  with
   .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
   children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
   In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
 .It  .It
 The vertical bar  .Sx \&Ft
 .Sq \(ba  in the
 made historic groff  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .Qq go orbital  causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
 but has been a proper delimiter since then.  .Sx \&Fn
   has been invoked.
   See
   .Sx \&Ft
   and
   .Sx \&Fn
   for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 .Sx \&It Fl nested  .Sx \&In
 is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be  ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
 nested and  .Em SYNOPSIS .
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sx \&It
   sometimes requires a
   .Fl nested
   flag.
   \*[hist]
   In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
 .Fl enum  .Fl enum
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
 .It  .It
 Some manuals use  
 .Sx \&Li  .Sx \&Li
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals
 delimiter to render.  instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
 This is not supported in mandoc.  historic groff.
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  .Sx \&Lk
 .Sx \&Fo  only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
 macro only produces the first parameter.  
 This is not the case in mandoc.  
 .It  .It
 In groff, the  .Sx \&Pa
 .Sx \&Cd ,  does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
 .Sx \&Er ,  certain list types.
 .Sx \&Ex ,  .It
   .Sx \&Ta
   can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
   .It
   .Sx \&%C
   is not implemented.
   .It
   Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
   line, depending on the exact situation.
   Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
   The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
   .It
   Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
   Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
   in new groff and mandoc.
   .It
   .Sq \(ba
   (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sq \ef
   .Pq font face
 and  and
 .Sx \&Rv  .Sq \ef
 macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.  .Pq font family face
 mandoc does not have these restrictions.  .Sx Text Decoration
   escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
 .It  .It
 Newer groff and mandoc print  Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
 .Qq AT&T UNIX  Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
 prior to unknown arguments of  
 .Sx \&At ;  
 older groff did nothing.  
 .El  .El
   .Pp
   The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
   .It
   .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl file Ar file .
   .It
   .Sx \&Bd
   .Fl offset Ar center
   and
   .Fl offset Ar right .
   Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either,
   but produces large indentations.
   .It
   The
   .Sq \eh
   .Pq horizontal position ,
   .Sq \ev
   .Pq vertical position ,
   .Sq \em
   .Pq text colour ,
   .Sq \eM
   .Pq text filling colour ,
   .Sq \ez
   .Pq zero-length character ,
   .Sq \ew
   .Pq string length ,
   .Sq \ek
   .Pq horizontal position marker ,
   .Sq \eo
   .Pq text overstrike ,
   and
   .Sq \es
   .Pq text size
   escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc.
   .It
   The
   .Sq \ef
   scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit.
   .It
   In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This is not supported by mandoc.
   .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr man 1 ,
 .Xr mandoc 1 ,  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  .Xr eqn 7 ,
   .Xr man 7 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Sh HISTORY
   The
   .Nm
   language first appeared as a troff macro package in
   .Bx 4.4 .
   It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
   in groff-1.17.
   The standalone implementation that is part of the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
   .Ox 4.6 .
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm
 reference was written by  reference was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .  .An Kristaps Dzonsons ,
 .\"  .Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
 .\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats.  
 .\" .  
 .\" .  
 .\" .Sh CAVEATS  
 .\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.  
 .\" .  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" .Bl -dash -compact  
 .\" .It  
 .\" .Sq \&Fa  
 .\" should be  
 .\" .Sq \&Va  
 .\" as function arguments are variables.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" .Sq \&Ft  
 .\" should be  
 .\" .Sq \&Vt  
 .\" as function return types are still types.  Furthermore, the  
 .\" .Sq \&Ft  
 .\" should be removed and  
 .\" .Sq \&Fo ,  
 .\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as  
 .\" .Sq \&Va .  
 .\" .It  
 .\" .Sq \&Va  
 .\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a  
 .\" variable name and optional, preceding type.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" .Sq \&Fd  
 .\" is ambiguous.  It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the  
 .\" synopsis section.  
 .\" .Sq \&In  
 .\" should be used, instead.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" Only the  
 .\" .Sq \-literal  
 .\" argument to  
 .\" .Sq \&Bd  
 .\" makes sense.  The remaining ones should be removed.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" The  
 .\" .Sq \&Xo  
 .\" and  
 .\" .Sq \&Xc  
 .\" macros should be deprecated.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" The  
 .\" .Sq \&Dt  
 .\" macro lacks clarity.  It should be absolutely clear which title will  
 .\" render when formatting the manual page.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" A  
 .\" .Sq \&Lx  
 .\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la  
 .\" .Sq \&Ox ,  
 .\" .Sq \&Nx  
 .\" etc.).  
 .\" .It  
 .\" There's no way to refer to references in  
 .\" .Sq \&Rs/Re  
 .\" blocks.  
 .\" .It  
 .\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via  
 .\" .Sq \&An  
 .\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section.  
 .\" .El  
 .\" .  
Legend:
Removed from v.1.109  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.213
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