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version 1.40, 2009/07/12 16:34:16 version 1.213, 2011/11/01 14:59:27
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN  .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF  .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.  .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\"  .\"
 .Dd $Mdocdate$  .Dd $Mdocdate$
 .Dt MDOC 7  .Dt MDOC 7
 .Os  .Os
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc language reference  .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language supports authoring of manual pages for the
 .Bx  .Xr man 1
 .Ux  utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
 manuals.  In this reference document, we describe the syntax and  page sections and complete manual pages.
 structure of the  Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
   presentation across all manuals written in
   .Nm ,
   and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
   .Pp
   This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
   and the syntax and usage of the
 .Nm  .Nm
 language.  Our reference implementation is  language.
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
 The  .Xr mandoc 1 ;
   the
 .Sx COMPATIBILITY  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 section describes compatibility with  section describes compatibility with other implementations.
 .Xr groff 1 .  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 An  In an
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  document, lines beginning with the control character
 character  .Sq \&.
 .Sq \.  are called
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  .Dq macro lines .
 prior macros:  The first word is the macro name.
   It consists of two or three letters.
   Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
   For a list of available macros, see
   .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
   The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
   including the names of other, callable macros; see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
   for details.
   .Pp
   Lines not beginning with the control character are called
   .Dq text lines .
   They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
   depends on the respective processing context:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
 Other lines are interpreted within the current state.  Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" SECTION  .Pp
 .Sh INPUT ENCODING  Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  language are based on the
 character  .Xr roff 7
 .Sq \  ,  language; see the
 and, in certain circumstances, the tab character  .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Sq \et .  and
 All manuals must have  .Em MACRO SYNTAX
 .Sq \en  sections in the
 line termination.  .Xr roff 7
   manual for details, in particular regarding
   comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
   However, using
   .Xr roff 7
   requests in
   .Nm
   documents is discouraged;
   .Xr mandoc 1
   supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
   .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
   A well-formed
   .Nm
   document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
   sections.
 .Pp  .Pp
 The only time a blank line is acceptable is within  The prologue, which consists of the
 the context of  .Sx \&Dd ,
 .Sq \&.Bd \-literal  .Sx \&Dt ,
   and
   .Sx \&Os
   macros in that order, is required for every document.
   .Pp
   The first section (sections are denoted by
   .Sx \&Sh )
   must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
   .Sx \&Nm
   followed by
   .Sx \&Nd .
   .Pp
   Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   and
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   sections, although this varies between manual sections.
   .Pp
   The following is a well-formed skeleton
   .Nm
   file for a utility
   .Qq progname :
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   \&.Dt PROGNAME section
   \&.Os
   \&.Sh NAME
   \&.Nm progname
   \&.Nd one line about what it does
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm progname
   \&.Op Fl options
   \&.Ar
   \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility processes files ...
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
   \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The sections in an
   .Nm
   document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
   Sections should be composed as follows:
   .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
   .It Em NAME
   The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
   The syntax for this as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm name0 ,
   \&.Nm name1 ,
   \&.Nm name2
   \&.Nd a one line description
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Multiple
   .Sq \&Nm
   names should be separated by commas.
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro(s) must precede the
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Nm
   and
   .Sx \&Nd .
   .It Em LIBRARY
   The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
   assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
   The syntax for this is as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Lb libarm
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Lb .
   .It Em SYNOPSIS
   Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
   configuration.
   .Pp
   For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
   generally structured as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm bar
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
   .Pp
   For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.In header.h
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Ordering of
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo
   macros should follow C header-file conventions.
   .Pp
   And for the third, configurations (section 4):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq
   \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   .Pp
   Some macros are displayed differently in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, particularly
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Cd ,
   .Sx \&Fd ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&In ,
   .Sx \&Vt ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   All of these macros are output on their own line.
   If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
   .Sx \&Ft
   before
   .Sx \&Fo
 or  or
 .Sq \&.Bd \-unfilled .  .Sx \&Fn ) ,
   they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which are always separated by vertical space.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Tab characters  When text and macros following an
 .Pq \et  .Sx \&Nm
 are only acceptable when delimiting  macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
 .Sq \&.Bl \-column  all output lines but the first will be indented to align
 and in  with the text immediately following the
 .Sq \&.Bd \-literal  .Sx \&Nm
   macro, up to the next
   .Sx \&Nm ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
 or  or
 .Sq \&.Bd \-unfilled  .Sx \&Ss
 contexts.  macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .It Em DESCRIPTION
 .Ss Comments  This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
 Anything following a  .Em NAME :
 .Sq \e"  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 delimiter is considered a comment (unless the  The
 .Sq \e  \&.Nm
 itself has been escaped) and is ignored to the end of line.  utility does this, that, and the other.
 Furthermore, a macro line with only a control character  .Ed
 .Sq \. ,  
 optionally followed by whitespace, is ignored.  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Reserved Characters  
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  
 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact  
 .It \&.  
 .Pq period  
 .It \&,  
 .Pq comma  
 .It \&:  
 .Pq colon  
 .It \&;  
 .Pq semicolon  
 .It \&(  
 .Pq left-parenthesis  
 .It \&)  
 .Pq right-parenthesis  
 .It \&[  
 .Pq left-bracket  
 .It \&]  
 .Pq right-bracket  
 .It \&?  
 .Pq question  
 .It \&!  
 .Pq exclamation  
 .It \&|  
 .Pq vertical bar  
 .El  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Use of reserved characters is described in  It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
 .Sx Closure .  command), such as:
 For general non-reserved use, characters must either be escaped with a  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 non-breaking space  The arguments are as follows:
 .Pq Sq \e&  \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape-sequence used.  \&.It Fl v
 .\" SUB-SECTION  Print verbose information.
 .Ss Special Characters  \&.El
 Special character sequences begin with the escape character  .Ed
 .Sq \e  
 followed by either an open-parenthesis  
 .Sq \&(  
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  
 .Sq \&[  
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  
 .Sq \&] ) ;  
 or a single one-character sequence.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,  Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
 .Sq \e* ,  
 with the same combinations as described above.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Terms may also be text-decorated using the  Since the
 .Sq \ef  .Em DESCRIPTION
 escape followed by a text-decoration letter: B (bold), I, (italic), or P  section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
 and R (Roman, or reset).  This form is not recommended.  often use the
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Sx \&Ss
 .Ss Whitespace  macro to form subsections.
 Unless in literal mode or specifically escaped, consecutive blocks of  In very long manuals, the
 whitespace are pruned from input.  These are later re-added, if  .Em DESCRIPTION
 applicable, by a front-end utility such as  may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
 .Xr mandoc 1 .  .Sx \&Sh
 .\" SECTION  macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
 .Sh STRUCTURE  several subsections, like in the present
 Each  
 .Nm  .Nm
 document must begin with the document prologue, containing, in order,  manual.
 .Sq \&.Dd ,  .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
 .Sq \&.Dt ,  Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
   This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
   effects or notable algorithmic implications.
   .It Em RETURN VALUES
   This section documents the
   return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Rv .
   .It Em ENVIRONMENT
   Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
   and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
   The
   .Xr environ 7
   manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ev .
   .It Em FILES
   Documents files used.
   It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
   the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Pa .
   .It Em EXIT STATUS
   This section documents the
   command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
   Historically, this information was described in
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
   a practise that is now discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Ex .
   .It Em EXAMPLES
   Example usages.
   This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
   Make sure that examples work properly!
   .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
   Documents error conditions.
   This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
   Historically, this section was used in place of
   .Em EXIT STATUS
   for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
   discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Bl
   .Fl diag .
   .It Em ERRORS
   Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Er .
   .It Em SEE ALSO
   References other manuals with related topics.
   This section should exist for most manuals.
   Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
   alphabetically.
   .Pp
   References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
   for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
   provided in this section.
   .Pp
   See
   .Sx \&Rs
 and  and
 .Sq \&.Os .  .Sx \&Xr .
 Following these, the document body must begin with the NAME section  .It Em STANDARDS
 containing at least one  References any standards implemented or used.
 .Sq \&.Nm  If not adhering to any standards, the
 followed by a  .Em HISTORY
 .Sq \&.Nd  section should be used instead.
 macro.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 At least one free-form or macro line must follow this prologue.  See
 .\"  .Sx \&St .
 .Ss Classification  .It Em HISTORY
 Macros are classified by their scope rules.  Some macros are allowed to  A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
 deviate from their classifications to preserve backward-compatibility  and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
 with old macro combinations still found in the manual corpus.  These are  .It Em AUTHORS
 specifically noted on a per-macro basis.  Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
 .\" SUB-SECTION  Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
 .Ss Scope  .Pp
 .Bl -inset  See
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Sx \&An .
 .It Em Block  .It Em CAVEATS
 macros enclose other block macros, in-line macros or text, and  Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
 may span multiple lines.  in this section.
 .Bl -inset -offset indent  .It Em BUGS
 .\" LIST-ITEM  Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
 .It Em Full-block  in this section.
 macros always span multiple lines.  They consist of zero or  .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
 more  Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .Qq heads ,  
 subsequent macros or text on the same line following invocation; an  
 optional  
 .Qq body ,  
 which spans subsequent lines of text or macros; and an optional  
 .Qq tail ,  
 macros or text on the same line following closure.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It Em Partial-block  
 macros may span multiple lines.  They consists of a optional  
 .Qq head ,  
 text immediately following invocation; always a  
 .Qq body ,  
 text or macros following the head on the same and subsequent lines; and  
 optionally a  
 .Qq tail ,  
 text immediately following closure.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It Em In-line  
 macros may only enclose text and span at most a single line.  
 .El  .El
   .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
   This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
   together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
   Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
   in the alphabetical
   .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
   .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
   .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch
   .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
   .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Ss Sections and cross references
 .Ss Closure  .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
 Closure of a macro's scope depends first on its classification, then  .It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line)
 on whether it's parsable.  In this table,  .It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line)
 .Sq BFE  .It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection
 refers to block full-explicit and so on.  .It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section
 .\" PARAGRAPH  .It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Displays and lists
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block:
   .Fl Ar type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
   .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
   .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
   .Fl Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
   .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists
   .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
   .El
   .Ss Spacing control
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
   .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off
   .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
   .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)
   .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height
   .El
   .Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities:
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility
   .It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure)
   .It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Semantic markup for function libraries:
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
   .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
   .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:
   .Op Ar functype
   .Ar funcname
   .Oo
   .Op Ar argtype
   .Ar argname
   .Oc
   .It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Various semantic markup:
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name
   .It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address
   .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Tn Ta tradename (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Physical markup
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments)
   .It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments)
   .It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block:
   .Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .El
   .Ss Physical enclosures
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
   .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
   .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
   .It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text
   .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
   .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
   .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
   .It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text
   .It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure
   .El
   .Ss Text production
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
   .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
   .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
   .It Sx \&Ux Ta Ux
   .It Sx \&At Ta At
   .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx
   .It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx
   .It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx
   .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox
   .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx
   .El
   .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
   This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
   alphabetically.
   For the scoping of individual macros, see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
   .Ss \&%A
   Author name of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
   .Sx \%%A
   line.
   Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
   first, then full surname.
   .Ss \&%B
   Book title of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
   referring to book titles.
   .Ss \&%C
   Publication city or location of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%D
   Publication date of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Recommended formats of arguments are
   .Ar month day , year
   or just
   .Ar year .
   .Ss \&%I
   Publisher or issuer name of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%J
   Journal name of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%N
   Issue number (usually for journals) of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%O
   Optional information of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%P
   Book or journal page number of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%Q
   Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
   .Sx \&%Q
   line.
   .Ss \&%R
   Technical report name of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&%T
   Article title of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
   referring to article titles.
   .Ss \&%U
   URI of reference document.
   .Ss \&%V
   Volume number of an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   .Ss \&Ac
   Close an
   .Sx \&Ao
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Ad
   Memory address.
   Do not use this for postal addresses.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent -compact  Examples:
 .It BPE , BFE  .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
 corresponding explicit closure macro  .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
 .It BFI  .Ss \&An
 end-of-file or a corresponding implicit closure macro  Author name.
 .It BPI  Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
 end-of-line (body may be closed by >0 space-separated  documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
 although block scope will still be open)  .Pp
 .It INL  .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
 end-of-line  .It Fl split
   Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
   .Sx \&An .
   .It Fl nosplit
   The opposite of
   .Fl split .
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 If a macro (block or in-line) is parsable, it may also be closed out by  The default is
 one of the following scenarios (unless specifically noted otherwise):  .Fl nosplit .
 .\" PARAGRAPH  The effect of selecting either of the
   .Fl split
   modes ends at the beginning of the
   .Em AUTHORS
   section.
   In the
   .Em AUTHORS
   section, the default is
   .Fl nosplit
   for the first author listing and
   .Fl split
   for all other author listings.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -dash -offset indent -compact  Examples:
 .It  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 a sequence of >0 space-separated  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
 .Sx Reserved Characters ,  .Ss \&Ao
   Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Aq .
   .Ss \&Ap
   Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
   This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
   form of a function.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
   .Ss \&Aq
   Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
   .Sx \&Lk
   or
   .Sx \&Mt ,
   or to note pre-processor
   .Dq Li #include
   statements, which should use
   .Sx \&In .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ao .
   .Ss \&Ar
   Command arguments.
   If an argument is not provided, the string
   .Dq file ...\&
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
   .Dl ".Ar"
   .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
   .Pp
   The arguments to the
   .Sx \&Ar
   macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
   for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
   .Sx \&Fl
   or
   .Sx \&Cm .
   .Ss \&At
   Formats an AT&T version.
   Accepts one optional argument:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
   .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
   A version of
   .At .
   .It Cm III
   .At III .
   .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
   A version of
   .At V .
   .El
   .Pp
   Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.At
   .Dl \&.At III
   .Dl \&.At V.1
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Bo
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bd
   Begin a display block.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
   justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
   They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
   By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar type
   must be one of the following:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl centered
   Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.
   Using this display type is not recommended; many
   .Nm
   implementations render it poorly.
   .It Fl filled
   Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
   right-justify the resulting block.
   .It Fl literal
   Produce one output line from each input line,
   and do not justify the block at all.
   Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
   Always use a constant-width font.
   Use this for displaying source code.
   .It Fl ragged
   Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
   the resulting block.
   .It Fl unfilled
   The same as
   .Fl literal ,
   but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
   if supported by the output device.
   .El
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar type
   must be provided first.
   Additional arguments may follow:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl offset Ar width
   Indent the display by the
   .Ar width ,
   which may be one of the following:
   .Bl -item
 .It  .It
 another macro,  One of the pre-defined strings
   .Cm indent ,
   the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
   .Cm indent-two ,
   twice
   .Cm indent ;
   .Cm left ,
   which has no effect;
   .Cm right ,
   which justifies to the right margin; or
   .Cm center ,
   which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
 .It  .It
 end-of-line, or  A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
   associated with that macro.
   The most popular is the imaginary macro
   .Ar \&Ds ,
   which resolves to
   .Sy 6n .
 .It  .It
 completion of a set number of arguments.  A width using the syntax described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   .It
   An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 If >0 space-separated  When the argument is missing,
 .Sx Reserved Characters  .Fl offset
 are followed by non-reserved characters, the behaviour differs per  is ignored.
 macro.  In general, scope of the macro is closed and re-opened:  .It Fl compact
 subsequent tokens are interpreted as if the scope had just been opened.  Do not assert vertical space before the display.
 In other circumstances, scope is simply closed out.  .El
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh SYNTAX  
 Macros are two or three characters in length.  The syntax of macro  
 invocation depends on its classification.  
 .Qq \-arg  
 refers to the macro arguments (which may contain zero or more values).  
 In these illustrations,  
 .Sq \&.Yo  
 opens the scope of a macro, and if specified,  
 .Sq \&.Yc  
 closes it out (closure may be implicit at end-of-line or end-of-file).  
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-explicit (may contain head, body, tail).  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
 \(lBbody...\(rB     Hello       world.
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  \&.Ed
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-implicit (may contain zero or more heads, body, no tail).  See also
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Sx \&D1
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB  and
 \(lBbody...\(rB  .Sx \&Dl .
 \&.Yc  .Ss \&Bf
   Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
   .Oo
   .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
   .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .Oc
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block partial-explicit (may contain head, multi-line body, tail).  The
   .Fl emphasis
   and
   .Cm \&Em
   argument are equivalent, as are
   .Fl symbolic
   and
   .Cm \&Sy ,
   and
   .Fl literal
   and
   .Cm \&Li .
   Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
   The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
   scope or
   .Sx \&Ef
   is encountered.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&Ef ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
   .Ss \&Bk
   For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
   until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
   whichever comes first.
   Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl words
   argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
   .Pp
   The following example will not break within each
   .Sx \&Op
   macro line:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  \&.Bk \-words
 \(lBbody...\(rB  \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  \&.Op Fl o Ar output
   \&.Ek
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \  
 \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block partial-implicit (no head, body, no tail).  Note that the body  Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
 section may be followed by zero or more  Doing so will clobber the right margin.
 .Sx Reserved Words .  .Ss \&Bl
 These are in the block scope, but not in the body scope.  Begin a list.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  Lists consist of items specified using the
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBreserved...\(rB  .Sx \&It
   macro, containing a head or a body or both.
   The list syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .Op HEAD ...
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 In-lines have \(>=0 scoped arguments.  The list
   .Ar type
   is mandatory and must be specified first.
   The
   .Fl width
   and
   .Fl offset
   arguments accept
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   or use the length of the given string.
   The
   .Fl offset
   is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
   and bodies.
   For those list types supporting it, the
   .Fl width
   argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
   to be added to the
   .Fl offset .
   Unless the
   .Fl compact
   argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   A list must specify one of the following list types:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl bullet
   No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
   of each item.
   Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
   and are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   .It Fl column
   A columnated list.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
   of one column, using either the
   .Sx Scaling Widths
   syntax or the string length of the argument.
   If the first line of the body of a
   .Fl column
   list is not an
   .Sx \&It
   macro line,
   .Sx \&It
   contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
   .Sx \&It
   macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
   described in the
   .Sx \&It
   documentation.
   .It Fl dash
   Like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
   .It Fl diag
   Like
   .Fl inset ,
   except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
   Most often used in the
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS
   section with error constants in the item heads.
   .It Fl enum
   A numbered list.
   No item heads can be specified.
   Formatted like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
   starting at 1.
   .It Fl hang
   Like
   .Fl tag ,
   except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
   the item heads like in
   .Fl inset
   lists.
   .It Fl hyphen
   Synonym for
   .Fl dash .
   .It Fl inset
   Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
   spacing.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl item
   No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl ohang
   Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl tag
   Item bodies are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
   this head on the same output line.
   Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
   .El
   .Pp
   Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
   Nesting of
   .Fl column
   and
   .Fl enum
   lists may not be portable.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&El
   and
   .Sx \&It .
   .Ss \&Bo
   Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bo 1 ,
   \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bq .
   .Ss \&Bq
   Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
   commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
   .Sx \&Op ,
   .Sx \&Oo ,
   and
   .Sx \&Oc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bo .
   .Ss \&Brc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Bro
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Bro
   Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
   \&.Va n \&Brc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Brq .
   .Ss \&Brq
   Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bro .
   .Ss \&Bsx
   Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
   .Dl \&.Bsx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Bt
   Prints
   .Dq is currently in beta test.
   .Ss \&Bx
   Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
   argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
   .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
   .Dl \&.Bx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Cd
   Kernel configuration declaration.
   This denotes strings accepted by
   .Xr config 8 .
   It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
   whitespace and align consecutive
   .Sx \&Cd
   declarations.
   This practise is discouraged.
   .Ss \&Cm
   Command modifiers.
   Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless
   .Sx \&Fl
   is more appropriate.
   Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
   .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
   .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
   .Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"
   .Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"
   .Ss \&D1
   One-line indented display.
   This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
   statements.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bd
   and
   .Sx \&Dl .
   .Ss \&Db
   Switch debugging mode.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
   .Pp
   This macro is ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Ss \&Dc
   Close a
   .Sx \&Do
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Dd
   Document date.
   This is the mandatory first macro of any
   .Nm
   manual.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar month
   is the full English month name, the
   .Ar day
   is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the
   .Ar year
   is the full four-digit year.
   .Pp
   Other arguments are not portable; the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility handles them as follows:
   .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
   .It
   To have the date automatically filled in by the
   .Ox
   version of
   .Xr cvs 1 ,
   the special string
   .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
   can be given as an argument.
   .It
   A few alternative date formats are accepted as well
   and converted to the standard form.
   .It
   If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
   .It
   If no date string is given, the current date is used.
   .El
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
   .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dt
   and
   .Sx \&Os .
   .Ss \&Dl
   One-line intended display.
   This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
   invocations.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bd
   and
   .Sx \&D1 .
   .Ss \&Do
   Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Do
   April is the cruellest month
   \&.Dc
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Ss \&Dq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typographic
   double-quotes.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
   .Sx \&Do .
   .Ss \&Dt
   Document title.
   This is the mandatory second macro of any
   .Nm
   file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
   .Oo
   .Ar title
   .Oo
   .Ar section
   .Op Ar volume
   .Op Ar arch
   .Oc
   .Oc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Its arguments are as follows:
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
   .It Ar title
   The document's title (name), defaulting to
   .Dq UNKNOWN
   if unspecified.
   It should be capitalised.
   .It Ar section
   The manual section.
   This may be one of
   .Ar 1
   .Pq utilities ,
   .Ar 2
   .Pq system calls ,
   .Ar 3
   .Pq libraries ,
   .Ar 3p
   .Pq Perl libraries ,
   .Ar 4
   .Pq devices ,
   .Ar 5
   .Pq file formats ,
   .Ar 6
   .Pq games ,
   .Ar 7
   .Pq miscellaneous ,
   .Ar 8
   .Pq system utilities ,
   .Ar 9
   .Pq kernel functions ,
   .Ar X11
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar X11R6
   .Pq X Window System ,
   .Ar unass
   .Pq unassociated ,
   .Ar local
   .Pq local system ,
   .Ar draft
   .Pq draft manual ,
   or
   .Ar paper
   .Pq paper .
   It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
   .Dq 1
   if unspecified.
   .It Ar volume
   This overrides the volume inferred from
   .Ar section .
   This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
   .Ar USD
   .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar PS1
   .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar AMD
   .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
   .Ar SMM
   .Pq system managers' manuals ,
   .Ar URM
   .Pq users' reference manuals ,
   .Ar PRM
   .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
   .Ar KM
   .Pq kernel manuals ,
   .Ar IND
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar MMI
   .Pq master index ,
   .Ar LOCAL
   .Pq local manuals ,
   .Ar LOC
   .Pq local manuals ,
   or
   .Ar CON
   .Pq contributed manuals .
   .It Ar arch
   This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
   where relevant, for example
   .Cm alpha ,
   .Cm amd64 ,
   .Cm i386 ,
   or
   .Cm sparc64 .
   The list of supported architectures varies by operating system.
   For the full list of all architectures recognized by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   see the file
   .Pa arch.in
   in the source distribution.
   .El
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
   .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
   .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dd
   and
   .Sx \&Os .
   .Ss \&Dv
   Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
   enumeration values, and so on.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dv NULL
   .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
   .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Er
   and
   .Sx \&Ev
   for special-purpose constants and
   .Sx \&Va
   for variable symbols.
   .Ss \&Dx
   Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
   value if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
   .Dl \&.Dx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Ec
   Close a scope started by
   .Sx \&Eo .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Dc .
   .Ss \&Ed
   End a display context started by
   .Sx \&Bd .
   .Ss \&Ef
   End a font mode context started by
   .Sx \&Bf .
   .Ss \&Ek
   End a keep context started by
   .Sx \&Bk .
   .Ss \&El
   End a list context started by
   .Sx \&Bl .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl
   and
   .Sx \&It .
   .Ss \&Em
   Denotes text that should be
   .Em emphasised .
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   Depending on the output device, this is usually represented
   using an italic font or underlined characters.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
   .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   .Sx \&No ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
   .Ss \&En
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Ss \&Eo
   An arbitrary enclosure.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar TERM
   argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
   will emulate
   .Sx \&Do .
   .Ss \&Er
   Error constants for definitions of the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable.
   This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Er EPERM
   .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
   .Ss \&Es
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
   .Ss \&Ev
   Environmental variables such as those specified in
   .Xr environ 7 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
   .Dl \&.Ev PATH
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dv
   for general constants.
   .Ss \&Ex
   Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
   and >0 on failure.
   This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
   .Pp
   If
   .Ar utility
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Sx \&Nm
   is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar utility
   arguments are treated as separate utilities.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Rv .
   .Ss \&Fa
   Function argument.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
   .Op Cm argtype
   .Cm argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
   It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   Most often, the
   .Sx \&Fa
   macro is used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   within
   .Sx \&Fo
   section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
   If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
   comma.
   Furthermore, if the following macro is another
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa foo
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fc
   End a function context started by
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fd
   Historically used to document include files.
   This usage has been deprecated in favour of
   .Sx \&In .
   Do not use this macro.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&In .
   .Ss \&Fl
   Command-line flag or option.
   Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
   Prints a fixed-width hyphen
   .Sq \-
   directly followed by each argument.
   If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
   If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
   output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
   .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
   .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
   .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
   .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Cm .
   .Ss \&Fn
   A function name.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
   .Op Ar functype
   .Ar funcname
   .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
   are delimited by commas.
   If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Pp
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
   .Sx \&Xr
   instead.
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   .Ss \&Fo
   Begin a function block.
   This is a multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Fn .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
   .Pp
   Invocations usually occur in the following context:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
   .br
   \&.\.\.
   .br
   .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   A
   .Sx \&Fo
   scope is closed by
   .Sx \&Fc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fa ,
   .Sx \&Fc ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ft .
   .Ss \&Fr
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to show function return values.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value
   .Ss \&Ft
   A function type.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, a new output line is started after this macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ft int
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Sx \&Fn ,
   and
   .Sx \&Fo .
   .Ss \&Fx
   Format the
   .Fx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
   .Dl \&.Fx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Hf
   This macro is not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
   The syntax was:
   .Pp
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename
   .Ss \&Ic
   Designate an internal or interactive command.
   This is similar to
   .Sx \&Cm
   but used for instructions rather than values.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ic :wq
   .Dl \&.Ic hash
   .Dl \&.Ic alias
   .Pp
   Note that using
   .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
   or
   .Sx \&D1
   is preferred for displaying code; the
   .Sx \&Ic
   macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
   .Ss \&In
   An
   .Dq include
   file.
   When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
   and preceded by
   .Dq #include ,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function declaration.
   This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Ss \&It
   A list item.
   The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
   .Pp
   Lists
   of type
   .Fl hang ,
   .Fl ohang ,
   .Fl inset ,
   and
   .Fl diag
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args
   .Pp
   Lists of type
   .Fl bullet ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl hyphen
   and
   .Fl item
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
   .Pp
   with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
   .Sx \&It
   until either a closing
   .Sx \&El
   or another
   .Sx \&It .
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl tag
   list has the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
   .Fl bullet
   and family.
   The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
   arguments correspond to the list's contents.
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl column
   list is the most complicated.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...
   .Pp
   The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
   representing a complete table line.
   Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special
   .Sx \&Ta
   block macro.
   The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
   .Sx \&It
   line itself; on following lines, only the
   .Sx \&Ta
   macro can be used to delimit cells, and
   .Sx \&Ta
   is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros,
   not as the first macro on a line.
   .Pp
   Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
   .Sx \&It
   line.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
   .Pp
   will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bl .
   .Ss \&Lb
   Specify a library.
   The syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar library
   parameter may be a system library, such as
   .Cm libz
   or
   .Cm libpam ,
   in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
   invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
   printed in quotes.
   This is most commonly used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section as described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Lb libz
   .Dl \&.Lb mdoc
   .Ss \&Li
   Denotes text that should be in a
   .Li literal
   font mode.
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from
   normal text.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&No ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
   .Ss \&Lk
   Format a hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq
   .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Mt .
   .Ss \&Lp
   Synonym for
   .Sx \&Pp .
   .Ss \&Ms
   Display a mathematical symbol.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ms sigma
   .Dl \&.Ms aleph
   .Ss \&Mt
   Format a
   .Dq mailto:
   hyperlink.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
   .Ss \&Nd
   A one line description of the manual's content.
   This may only be invoked in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section subsequent the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
   .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
   .Pp
   The
   .Sx \&Nd
   macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
   .Sx \&Sh
   invocation.
   Do not assume this behaviour: some
   .Xr whatis 1
   database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
   arguments and will display macros verbatim.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Nm .
   .Ss \&Nm
   The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
   and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
   the manual page.
   When first invoked, the
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
   Usually, the first invocation happens in the
   .Em NAME
   section of the page.
   The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
   called again without arguments later in the page.
   The
   .Sx \&Nm
   macro uses
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   semantics.
   .Pp
   Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB  \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm cat
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN  \&.Op Fl benstuv
   \&.Op Ar
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\" SECTION  .Pp
 .Sh MACROS  In the
 This section contains a complete list of all  .Em SYNOPSIS
   of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
   .Sx \&Fn
   macro rather than
   .Sx \&Nm
   to mark up the name of the manual page.
   .Ss \&No
   Normal text.
   Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
   When used after physical formatting macros like
   .Sx \&Em
   or
   .Sx \&Sy ,
   switches back to the standard font face and weight.
   Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
   using semantic annotation macros.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
   .Pp
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Sm off
   \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
   \&.Sm on
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sy .
   .Ss \&Ns
   Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
   and the following text or macro.
   Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
   just like after an
   .Sx \&No
   macro.
   .Pp
   This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
   .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
   .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&No
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
   .Ss \&Nx
   Format the
   .Nx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
   .Dl \&.Nx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Ox ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Oc
   Close multi-line
   .Sx \&Oo
   context.
   .Ss \&Oo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Op .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Oo
   \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
   \&.Oc
   .Ed
   .Ss \&Op
   Optional part of a command line.
   Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   This is most often used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
   .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Oo .
   .Ss \&Os
   Document operating system version.
   This is the mandatory third macro of
   any
 .Nm  .Nm
 macros, arranged by classification.  A  file.
 .Qq callable  Its syntax is as follows:
 macro is invoked subsequent to the initial macro-line macro.  A  .Pp
 .Qq parsable  .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
 macro may be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros.  .Pp
 .\" SUB-SECTION  The optional
   .Ar system
   parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
   Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
   This is the suggested form.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Os
   .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
   .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dd
   and
   .Sx \&Dt .
   .Ss \&Ot
   This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Pp
   Historical
   .Xr mdoc 7
   packages described it as
   .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
   .Ss \&Ox
   Format the
   .Ox
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
   .Dl \&.Ox
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ux .
   .Ss \&Pa
   An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
   If an argument is not provided, the character
   .Sq \(ti
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Lk .
   .Ss \&Pc
   Close parenthesised context opened by
   .Sx \&Po .
   .Ss \&Pf
   Removes the space between its argument
   .Pq Dq prefix
   and the following macro.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
   .Pp
   This is equivalent to:
   .Pp
   .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
   .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ns
   and
   .Sx \&Sm .
   .Ss \&Po
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Pq .
   .Ss \&Pp
   Break a paragraph.
   This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
   and/or text.
   .Pp
   Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
   .Sx \&Sh
   or
   .Sx \&Ss
   macros or before displays
   .Pq Sx \&Bd
   or lists
   .Pq Sx \&Bl
   unless the
   .Fl compact
   flag is given.
   .Ss \&Pq
   Parenthesised enclosure.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Po .
   .Ss \&Qc
   Close quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&Qo .
   .Ss \&Ql
   Format a single-quoted literal.
   See also
   .Sx \&Qq
   and
   .Sx \&Sq .
   .Ss \&Qo
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Qq .
   .Ss \&Qq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Qq typewriter
   double-quotes.
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Dq .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Sq ,
   and
   .Sx \&Qo .
   .Ss \&Re
   Close an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .Ss \&Rs
   Begin a bibliographic
   .Pq Dq reference
   block.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   The block macro may only contain
   .Sx \&%A ,
   .Sx \&%B ,
   .Sx \&%C ,
   .Sx \&%D ,
   .Sx \&%I ,
   .Sx \&%J ,
   .Sx \&%N ,
   .Sx \&%O ,
   .Sx \&%P ,
   .Sx \&%Q ,
   .Sx \&%R ,
   .Sx \&%T ,
   .Sx \&%U ,
   and
   .Sx \&%V
   child macros (at least one must be specified).
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Rs
   \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
   \&.%A J. D. Ullman
   \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
   \&.%I Addison-Wesley
   \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
   \&.%D 1979
   \&.Re
   .Ed
   .Pp
   If an
   .Sx \&Rs
   block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
   before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
   line.
   .Ss \&Rv
   Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
   on success and \-1 on error, with the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable set on error.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
   .Pp
   If
   .Ar function
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Sx \&Nm
   is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar function
   arguments are treated as separate functions.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Ex .
   .Ss \&Sc
   Close single-quoted context opened by
   .Sx \&So .
   .Ss \&Sh
   Begin a new section.
   For a list of conventional manual sections, see
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
   custom sections be used.
   .Pp
   Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Ss ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Ss \&Sm
   Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
   .Pp
   By default, spacing is
   .Cm on .
   When switched
   .Cm off ,
   no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
   output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
   still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
   .Ss \&So
   Multi-line version of
   .Sx \&Sq .
   .Ss \&Sq
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Sq typewriter
   single-quotes.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Dq ,
   .Sx \&Qq ,
   and
   .Sx \&So .
   .Ss \&Ss
   Begin a new subsection.
   Unlike with
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
   Except
   .Em DESCRIPTION ,
   the conventional sections described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   rarely have subsections.
   .Pp
   Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Sx \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Pp ,
   .Sx \&Sh ,
   and
   .Sx \&Sx .
   .Ss \&St
   Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
   The following standards are recognised:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-88
   .St -p1003.1-88
   .It \-p1003.1-90
   .St -p1003.1-90
   .It \-p1003.1-96
   .St -p1003.1-96
   .It \-p1003.1-2001
   .St -p1003.1-2001
   .It \-p1003.1-2004
   .St -p1003.1-2004
   .It \-p1003.1-2008
   .St -p1003.1-2008
   .It \-p1003.1
   .St -p1003.1
   .It \-p1003.1b
   .St -p1003.1b
   .It \-p1003.1b-93
   .St -p1003.1b-93
   .It \-p1003.1c-95
   .St -p1003.1c-95
   .It \-p1003.1g-2000
   .St -p1003.1g-2000
   .It \-p1003.1i-95
   .St -p1003.1i-95
   .It \-p1003.2-92
   .St -p1003.2-92
   .It \-p1003.2a-92
   .St -p1003.2a-92
   .It \-p1387.2-95
   .St -p1387.2-95
   .It \-p1003.2
   .St -p1003.2
   .It \-p1387.2
   .St -p1387.2
   .It \-isoC
   .St -isoC
   .It \-isoC-90
   .St -isoC-90
   .It \-isoC-amd1
   .St -isoC-amd1
   .It \-isoC-tcor1
   .St -isoC-tcor1
   .It \-isoC-tcor2
   .St -isoC-tcor2
   .It \-isoC-99
   .St -isoC-99
   .It \-iso9945-1-90
   .St -iso9945-1-90
   .It \-iso9945-1-96
   .St -iso9945-1-96
   .It \-iso9945-2-93
   .St -iso9945-2-93
   .It \-ansiC
   .St -ansiC
   .It \-ansiC-89
   .St -ansiC-89
   .It \-ansiC-99
   .St -ansiC-99
   .It \-ieee754
   .St -ieee754
   .It \-iso8802-3
   .St -iso8802-3
   .It \-iso8601
   .St -iso8601
   .It \-ieee1275-94
   .St -ieee1275-94
   .It \-xpg3
   .St -xpg3
   .It \-xpg4
   .St -xpg4
   .It \-xpg4.2
   .St -xpg4.2
   .It \-xpg4.3
   .St -xpg4.3
   .It \-xbd5
   .St -xbd5
   .It \-xcu5
   .St -xcu5
   .It \-xsh5
   .St -xsh5
   .It \-xns5
   .St -xns5
   .It \-xns5.2
   .St -xns5.2
   .It \-xns5.2d2.0
   .St -xns5.2d2.0
   .It \-xcurses4.2
   .St -xcurses4.2
   .It \-susv2
   .St -susv2
   .It \-susv3
   .St -susv3
   .It \-svid4
   .St -svid4
   .El
   .Ss \&Sx
   Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
   The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
   enclosed argument, including whitespace.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Sh
   and
   .Sx \&Ss .
   .Ss \&Sy
   Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
   .Pq Dq boldface .
   Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
   stylistically decorating technical terms.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&Bf ,
   .Sx \&Em ,
   .Sx \&Li ,
   and
   .Sx \&No .
   .Ss \&Ta
   Table cell separator in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists; can only be used below
   .Sx \&It .
   .Ss \&Tn
   Format a tradename.
   .Pp
   Since this macro is often implemented to use a small caps font,
   it has historically been used for acronyms (like ASCII) as well.
   Such usage is not recommended because it would use the same macro
   sometimes for semantical annotation, sometimes for physical formatting.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Tn IBM
   .Ss \&Ud
   Prints out
   .Dq currently under development.
   .Ss \&Ux
   Format the UNIX name.
   Accepts no argument.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ux
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx \&At ,
   .Sx \&Bsx ,
   .Sx \&Bx ,
   .Sx \&Dx ,
   .Sx \&Fx ,
   .Sx \&Nx ,
   and
   .Sx \&Ox .
   .Ss \&Va
   A variable name.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Va foo
   .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
   .Ss \&Vt
   A variable type.
   This is also used for indicating global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
   Note that it accepts
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, else it accepts ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   syntax.
   In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function definition or include directive.
   .Pp
   Note that this should not be confused with
   .Sx \&Ft ,
   which is used for function return types.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
   .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   and
   .Sx \&Va .
   .Ss \&Xc
   Close a scope opened by
   .Sx \&Xo .
   .Ss \&Xo
   Extend the header of an
   .Sx \&It
   macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
   beyond the end of the input line.
   This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
   of historic
   .Xr roff 7 .
   .Ss \&Xr
   Link to another manual
   .Pq Qq cross-reference .
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name section
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar name
   and
   .Ar section
   are the name and section of the linked manual.
   If
   .Ar section
   is followed by non-punctuation, an
   .Sx \&Ns
   is inserted into the token stream.
   This behaviour is for compatibility with
   GNU troff.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
   .Ss \&br
   Emits a line-break.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   .Pp
   Consider using
   .Sx \&Pp
   in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
   .Ss \&sp
   Emits vertical space.
   This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
   historical manuals.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar height
   argument must be formatted as described in
   .Sx Scaling Widths .
   If unspecified,
   .Sx \&sp
   asserts a single vertical space.
   .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
   In this section,
   .Sq \-arg
   refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
   .Sq parm
   parameters;
   .Sq \&Yo
   opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
   .Sq \&Yc
   closes it out.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Callable
   column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
   as an argument to another macro.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
   produces
   .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
   To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
   escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
   .Sq \e& .
   For example,
   .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
   produces
   .Sq Op \&Fl O .
   If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
   to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
   produces
   .Sq Fl \&Sh .
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Parsed
   column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
   their names as arguments.
   If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
   as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Scope
   column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
   .Ss Block full-explicit
   Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
   All macros contains bodies; only
   .Sx \&Bf
   and
   .Pq optionally
   .Sx \&Bl
   contain a head.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
   .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
   .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
   .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
   .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
   .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
   .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
   .El
 .Ss Block full-implicit  .Ss Block full-implicit
 The head of these macros follows invocation; the body is the content of  Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
 subsequent lines prior to closure.  None of these macros have tails;  All macros have bodies; some
 some  
 .Po  .Po
 .Sq \&.It \-bullet ,  .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
 .Sq \-hyphen ,  .Fl hyphen ,
 .Sq \-dash ,  .Fl dash ,
 .Sq \-enum ,  .Fl enum ,
 .Sq \-item  .Fl item
 .Pc  .Pc
 don't have heads.  don't have heads; only one
 .Pp  .Po
 .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Closing"  .Sx \&It
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Closing  in
 .It \&.Nd    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh  .Sx \&Bl Fl column
 .It \&.Sh    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh  .Pc
 .It \&.Ss    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh, \&.Ss  has multiple heads.
 .It \&.It    Ta    \&No    Ta    Yes     Ta    \&.It, \&.El  .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
   .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
   .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
   .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block full-explicit  
 None of these macros are callable or parsed.  The last column indicates  
 the explicit scope rules.  All contains bodies, some may contain heads  
 .Pq So \&Bf Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX"  Note that the
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Sx \&Nm
 .It \&.Bd    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ed  macro is a
 .It \&.Ed    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bd  .Sx Block full-implicit
 .It \&.Bl    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.El  macro only when invoked as the first macro
 .It \&.El    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bl  in a
 .It \&.Bf    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ef  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .It \&.Ef    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bf  section line, else it is
 .It \&.Bk    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ek  .Sx In-line .
 .It \&.Ek    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bk  .Ss Block partial-explicit
   Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
   Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
   .Po
   .Sx \&Fo ,
   .Sx \&Eo
   .Pc
   and/or tail
   .Pq Sx \&Ec .
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
   \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
   .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
   .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
   .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
   .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
   .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
   .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
   .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
   .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
   .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
   .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
   .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
   .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
   .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
   .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
   .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
   .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
   .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
   .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
   .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
   .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
   .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  .Ss Block partial-implicit
 All of these are callable and parsed for further macros.  Their scopes  Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
 close at the invocation's end-of-line.  end of the line.
 .Pp  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  .Ed
 .It \&.Aq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
 .It \&.Op    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
 .It \&.Bq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Dq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Pq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Qq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
 .It \&.Sq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Brq   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.D1    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&Yes  .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Dl    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .It \&.Ql    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
   Note that the
   .Sx \&Vt
   macro is a
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Special block macro
 The  The
 .Sq \&.Op  .Sx \&Ta
 may be broken by  macro can only be used below
 .Sq \&.Oc  .Sx \&It
 as in the following example:  in
   .Sx \&Bl Fl column
   lists.
   It delimits blocks representing table cells;
   these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Sx \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
   .El
   .Ss In-line
   Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
   and/or subsequent macros.
   In-line macros have only text children.
   If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
   .Pq n ,
   then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.Oo  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
 \&.Op Fl a Oc  
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
 .Ed  .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
   .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .El
   .Ss Delimiters
   When a macro argument consists of one single input character
   considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
   This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
   more than one character.
   Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
   like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
   a zero-width space
   .Pq Sq \e& .
   In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
   as normal punctuation.
 .Pp  .Pp
 In the above example, the scope of  For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
 .Sq \&.Op  these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
 is technically broken by  and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
 .Sq \&.Oc ,  these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
 however, due to the overwhelming existence of this sequence, it's  For example,
 allowed.  
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  
 Each of these contains at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a  
 head  
 .Pq So \&.Fo Sc , So \&.Eo Sc  
 and/or tail  
 .Pq So \&.Ec Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent  .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Pp
 .It \&.Ao    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ac  renders as:
 .It \&.Ac    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Ao  .Pp
 .It \&.Bc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Bo  .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
 .It \&.Bo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bc  .Pp
 .It \&.Pc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Po  Opening delimiters are:
 .It \&.Po    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Pc  .Pp
 .It \&.Do    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Dc  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.Dc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Do  .It \&(
 .It \&.Xo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Xc  left parenthesis
 .It \&.Xc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Xo  .It \&[
 .It \&.Bro   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Brc  left bracket
 .It \&.Brc   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bro  
 .It \&.Oc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oo  
 .It \&.Oo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oc  
 .It \&.So    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Sc  
 .It \&.Sc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.So  
 .It \&.Fc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Fo  
 .It \&.Fo    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Fc  
 .It \&.Ec    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Eo  
 .It \&.Eo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ec  
 .It \&.Qc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oo  
 .It \&.Qo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oc  
 .It \&.Re    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    opened by \&.Rs  
 .It \&.Rs    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Re  
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss In-line  
 In-line macros have only text children.  If a number (or inequality) of  
 arguments is  
 .Pq n ,  
 then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent  Closing delimiters are:
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments  .Pp
 .It \&.Dd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.Dt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  .It \&.
 .It \&.Os    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  period
 .It \&.Pp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  .It \&,
 .It \&.Ad    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  comma
 .It \&.An    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .It \&:
 .It \&.Ar    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  colon
 .It \&.Cd    Ta    Yes   Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  .It \&;
 .It \&.Cm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  semicolon
 .It \&.Dv    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .It \&)
 .It \&.Er    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  right parenthesis
 .It \&.Ev    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .It \&]
 .It \&.Ex    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  right bracket
 .It \&.Fa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .It \&?
 .It \&.Fd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  question mark
 .It \&.Fl    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  .It \&!
 .It \&.Fn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  exclamation mark
 .It \&.Ft    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Ic    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.In    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  
 .It \&.Li    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Nm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Ot    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  
 .It \&.Pa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Rv    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .It \&.St    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    1  
 .It \&.Va    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Vt    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Xr    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0, <3  
 .It \&.%A    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%B    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%C    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%D    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%I    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%J    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%N    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%O    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%P    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%R    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%T    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.%V    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    >0  
 .It \&.At    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    1  
 .It \&.Bsx   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Bx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Db    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  
 .It \&.Em    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Fx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Ms    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.No    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  
 .It \&.Ns    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  
 .It \&.Nx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Ox    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Pf    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    1  
 .It \&.Sm    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  
 .It \&.Sx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Sy    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Tn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Ux    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Dx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Bt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .It \&.Hf    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  
 .It \&.Fr    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    n  
 .It \&.Ud    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .It \&.Lb    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    1  
 .It \&.Ap    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    0  
 .It \&.Lp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .It \&.Lk    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    n  
 .It \&.Mt    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    >0  
 .It \&.Es    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .It \&.En    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  
 .El  .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 The  Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
 .Sq \&.Ot ,  .Pq Sq \e.\&
 .Sq \&.Fr ,  gets this special handling; use
 .Sq \&.Es  .Sq \e&.
 and  to prevent that.
 .Sq \&.En ,  .Pp
 macros are obsolete.  Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
 .\" SECTION  delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
   are not delimiters.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
   .Pp
   This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
   and also to the middle delimiter:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&|
   vertical bar
   .El
   .Pp
   As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
   in the same way as a plain
   .Sq \&|
   character.
   Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
   .Ss Font handling
   In
   .Nm
   documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
   proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
   is available, consider falling back to
   .Sx Physical markup
   macros.
   Whenever any
   .Nm
   macro switches the
   .Xr roff 7
   font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
   its scope.
   Manually switching the font using the
   .Xr roff 7
   .Ql \ef
   font escape sequences is never required.
 .Sh COMPATIBILITY  .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 This section documents compatibility with other roff implementations, at  This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
 this time limited to  troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
 .Xr groff 1 .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  The term
 .Qq historic groff  .Qq historic groff
 refers to those versions before the  refers to groff versions before 1.17,
   which featured a significant update of the
 .Pa doc.tmac  .Pa doc.tmac
 file re-write  file.
 .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .  
 .Pp  .Pp
   Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
   \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
   .Pp
   The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
   .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
   .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 Some character sequences in groff are not handled depending on escape  Display macros
 style, e.g.,  .Po
 .Sq \e(ba  .Sx \&Bd ,
   .Sx \&Dl ,
 and  and
 .Sq \e*(Ba  .Sx \&D1
 may not be interchanged.  This is no longer the case: all character  .Pc
 sequences resolve to the same symbol, regardless the escape style.  may not be nested.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text  .Sx \&At
 lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace  with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
 in free-form text lines.  \*[hist]
 .\" LIST-ITEM  Newer groff and mandoc print
   .Qq AT&T UNIX
   and the arguments.
 .It  .It
 Historic groff has many un-callable macros.  Most of these (excluding  .Sx \&Bl Fl column
 some block-level macros) are now callable, conforming to the  does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
 non-historic groff version.  precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
 .\" LIST-ITEM  outputs a space before them.
 .It  .It
 The vertical bar  .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
 .Sq \(ba  does not start a new line.
 made historic groff  \*[hist]
 .Qq go orbital  
 but is a proper delimiter in this implementation.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.It \-nested  .Sx \&Dd
 is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be  with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
 nested and  When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
 .Sq \-enum  Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date,
 lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.  but without any arguments the string
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Dq Epoch
   is printed.
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.It \-column  .Sx \&Fl
 syntax where column widths may be preceded by other arguments (instead  does not print a dash for an empty argument.
 of proceeded) is not supported.  \*[hist]
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 The  .Sx \&Fn
 .Sq \&.At  does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
 macro only accepts a single parameter.  .Em SYNOPSIS
 .\" LIST-ITEM  section.
   \*[hist]
 .It  .It
 Some manuals use  .Sx \&Fo
 .Sq \&.Li  with
 incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the  .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
 delimiter to render.  This is not supported.  children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
 .It  .It
 If an special-character control character is escaped  .Sx \&Ft
 .Sq \e\e ,  in the
 it will obviously not render the subsequent sequence.  Even newer  .Em SYNOPSIS
 versions of groff seem to dither on this.  causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
 .El  .Sx \&Fn
 .\" SECTION  has been invoked.
 .Sh SEE ALSO  See
 .Xr mandoc 1 ,  .Sx \&Ft
 .Xr mandoc_char 7  and
 .\" SECTION  .Sx \&Fn
 .Sh AUTHORS  for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
 The  
 .Nm  
 utility was written by  
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se .  
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh CAVEATS  
 There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.  
 .Pp  
 .Bl -dash -compact  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.Fa  .Sx \&In
 should be  ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
 .Sq \&.Va  .Em SYNOPSIS .
 as function arguments are variables.  \*[hist]
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.Ft  .Sx \&It
 should be  sometimes requires a
 .Sq \&.Vt  .Fl nested
 as function return types are still types.  Furthermore, the  flag.
 .Sq \&.Ft  \*[hist]
 should be removed and  In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
 .Sq \&.Fo ,  .Fl enum
 which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as  lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
 .Sq \&.Va .  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.Va  .Sx \&Li
 should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a  followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals
 variable name and optional, preceding type.  instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
 .\" LIST-ITEM  historic groff.
 .It  .It
 .Sq \&.Fd  .Sx \&Lk
 is ambiguous.  It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the  only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
 synopsis section.  
 .Sq \&.In  
 should be used, instead.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 Only the  .Sx \&Pa
 .Sq \-literal  does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
 argument to  certain list types.
 .Sq \&.Bd  
 makes sense.  The remaining ones should be removed.  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 The  .Sx \&Ta
 .Sq \&.Xo  can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
   .It
   .Sx \&%C
   is not implemented.
   .It
   Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
   line, depending on the exact situation.
   Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
   The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
   .It
   Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
   Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
   in new groff and mandoc.
   .It
   .Sq \(ba
   (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
   \*[hist]
   .It
   .Sq \ef
   .Pq font face
 and  and
 .Sq \&.Xc  .Sq \ef
 macros should be deprecated.  .Pq font family face
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Sx Text Decoration
   escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
 .It  .It
 The  Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
 .Sq \&.Dt  Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
 macro lacks clarity.  It should be absolutely clear which title will  .El
 render when formatting the manual page.  .Pp
 .\" LIST-ITEM  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 A  .Sx \&Bd
 .Sq \&.Lx  .Fl file Ar file .
 should be provided for Linux (\(`a la  
 .Sq \&.Ox ,  
 .Sq \&.Nx  
 etc.).  
 .\" LIST-ITEM  
 .It  .It
 There's no way to refer to references in  .Sx \&Bd
 .Sq \&.Rs/.Re  .Fl offset Ar center
 blocks.  and
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Fl offset Ar right .
   Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either,
   but produces large indentations.
 .It  .It
 The \-split and \-nosplit arguments to  The
 .Sq \&.An  .Sq \eh
 are inane.  .Pq horizontal position ,
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Sq \ev
   .Pq vertical position ,
   .Sq \em
   .Pq text colour ,
   .Sq \eM
   .Pq text filling colour ,
   .Sq \ez
   .Pq zero-length character ,
   .Sq \ew
   .Pq string length ,
   .Sq \ek
   .Pq horizontal position marker ,
   .Sq \eo
   .Pq text overstrike ,
   and
   .Sq \es
   .Pq text size
   escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc.
 .It  .It
 The end-of-line whitespace warnings are superfluous holdovers from  The
 historic groff.  .Sq \ef
   scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit.
   .It
   In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a
   standalone double-quote in formatted output.
   This is not supported by mandoc.
 .El  .El
   .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr man 1 ,
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr eqn 7 ,
   .Xr man 7 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Sh HISTORY
   The
   .Nm
   language first appeared as a troff macro package in
   .Bx 4.4 .
   It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
   in groff-1.17.
   The standalone implementation that is part of the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
   .Ox 4.6 .
   .Sh AUTHORS
   The
   .Nm
   reference was written by
   .An Kristaps Dzonsons ,
   .Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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  Added in v.1.213
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