=================================================================== RCS file: /cvs/mandoc/mdoc.7,v retrieving revision 1.223 retrieving revision 1.282 diff -u -p -r1.223 -r1.282 --- mandoc/mdoc.7 2013/12/25 14:09:32 1.223 +++ mandoc/mdoc.7 2020/06/25 20:45:09 1.282 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ -.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.223 2013/12/25 14:09:32 schwarze Exp $ +.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.282 2020/06/25 20:45:09 schwarze Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons -.\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013 Ingo Schwarze +.\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013-2020 Ingo Schwarze .\" .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. .\" -.Dd $Mdocdate: December 25 2013 $ +.Dd $Mdocdate: June 25 2020 $ .Dt MDOC 7 .Os .Sh NAME @@ -94,18 +94,18 @@ document consists of a document prologue followed by o sections. .Pp The prologue, which consists of the -.Sx \&Dd , -.Sx \&Dt , +.Ic \&Dd , +.Ic \&Dt , and -.Sx \&Os +.Ic \&Os macros in that order, is required for every document. .Pp The first section (sections are denoted by -.Sx \&Sh ) +.Ic \&Sh ) must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm followed by -.Sx \&Nd . +.Ic \&Nd . .Pp Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the .Em SYNOPSIS @@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ file for a utility \&.Nm progname \&.Nd one line about what it does \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY -\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only. \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. \&.Sh SYNOPSIS \&.Nm progname @@ -135,20 +135,22 @@ file for a utility The \&.Nm utility processes files ... +\&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT +\&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD. \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES -\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT -\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS -\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, & 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS -\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS -\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, & 9 only. +\&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only. \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1 \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS @@ -180,15 +182,15 @@ Multiple names should be separated by commas. .Pp The -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro(s) must precede the -.Sx \&Nd +.Ic \&Nd macro. .Pp See -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm and -.Sx \&Nd . +.Ic \&Nd . .It Em LIBRARY The name of the library containing the documented material, which is assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual. @@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ The syntax for this is as follows: .Ed .Pp See -.Sx \&Lb . +.Ic \&Lb . .It Em SYNOPSIS Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device configuration. @@ -229,11 +231,11 @@ For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9): .Ed .Pp Ordering of -.Sx \&In , -.Sx \&Vt , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo macros should follow C header-file conventions. .Pp And for the third, configurations (section 4): @@ -248,40 +250,40 @@ Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a Some macros are displayed differently in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, particularly -.Sx \&Nm , -.Sx \&Cd , -.Sx \&Fd , -.Sx \&Fn , -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&In , -.Sx \&Vt , +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Cd , +.Ic \&Fd , +.Ic \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&In , +.Ic \&Vt , and -.Sx \&Ft . +.Ic \&Ft . All of these macros are output on their own line. If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for -.Sx \&Ft +.Ic \&Ft before -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo or -.Sx \&Fn ) , +.Ic \&Fn ) , they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Ft , +.Ic \&Ft , which are always separated by vertical space. .Pp When text and macros following an -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro starting an input line span multiple output lines, all output lines but the first will be indented to align with the text immediately following the -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro, up to the next -.Sx \&Nm , -.Sx \&Sh , +.Ic \&Nm , +.Ic \&Sh , or -.Sx \&Ss +.Ic \&Ss macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first. .It Em DESCRIPTION This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in @@ -302,22 +304,30 @@ Print verbose information. \&.El .Ed .Pp +List the options in alphabetical order, +uppercase before lowercase for each letter and +with no regard to whether an option takes an argument. +Put digits in ascending order before all letter options. +.Pp Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment. .Pp Since the .Em DESCRIPTION section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals often use the -.Sx \&Ss +.Ic \&Ss macro to form subsections. In very long manuals, the .Em DESCRIPTION may be split into multiple sections, each started by an -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having several subsections, like in the present .Nm manual. +.It Em CONTEXT +This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9. +The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt. .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side @@ -327,7 +337,7 @@ This section documents the return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9. .Pp See -.Sx \&Rv . +.Ic \&Rv . .It Em ENVIRONMENT Lists the environment variables used by the utility, and explains the syntax and semantics of their values. @@ -336,14 +346,14 @@ The manual provides examples of typical content and formatting. .Pp See -.Sx \&Ev . +.Ic \&Ev . .It Em FILES Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.). .Pp See -.Sx \&Pa . +.Ic \&Pa . .It Em EXIT STATUS This section documents the command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities. @@ -352,41 +362,47 @@ Historically, this information was described in a practise that is now discouraged. .Pp See -.Sx \&Ex . +.Ic \&Ex . .It Em EXAMPLES Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations. Make sure that examples work properly! .It Em DIAGNOSTICS -Documents error conditions. -This is most useful in section 4 manuals. +Documents error messages. +In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the +kernel to the console and to the kernel log. +In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by +userland programs to the standard error output. +.Pp Historically, this section was used in place of .Em EXIT STATUS for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is discouraged. .Pp See -.Sx \&Bl +.Ic \&Bl .Fl diag . .It Em ERRORS -Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9. +Documents +.Xr errno 2 +settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9. .Pp See -.Sx \&Er . +.Ic \&Er . .It Em SEE ALSO References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then -alphabetically. +alphabetically (ignoring case). .Pp References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page, for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be provided in this section. .Pp See -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs and -.Sx \&Xr . +.Ic \&Xr . .It Em STANDARDS References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any standards, the @@ -394,7 +410,7 @@ If not adhering to any standards, the section should be used instead. .Pp See -.Sx \&St . +.Ic \&St . .It Em HISTORY A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented, and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand. @@ -403,7 +419,7 @@ Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code an Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address. .Pp See -.Sx \&An . +.Ic \&An . .It Em CAVEATS Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained in this section. @@ -421,212 +437,209 @@ in the alphabetical .Sx MACRO REFERENCE . .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year -.It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch -.It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version -.It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument) -.It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line) +.It Ic \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +.It Ic \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +.It Ic \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version +.It Ic \&Nm Ta document name (one argument) +.It Ic \&Nd Ta document description (one line) .El .Ss Sections and cross references .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line) -.It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line) -.It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection -.It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section -.It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Sh Ta section header (one line) +.It Ic \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line) +.It Ic \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection +.It Ic \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section +.It Ic \&Tg Ta tag the definition of a Ar term Pq <= 1 arguments +.It Ic \&Pp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments) .El .Ss Displays and lists .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block: +.It Ic \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block: .Fl Ar type .Op Fl offset Ar width .Op Fl compact -.It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line) -.It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line) -.It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block: +.It Ic \&D1 Ta indented display (one line) +.It Ic \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line) +.It Ic \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text +.It Ic \&Bl , \&El Ta list block: .Fl Ar type .Op Fl width Ar val .Op Fl offset Ar val .Op Fl compact -.It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type ) -.It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists -.It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references) +.It Ic \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type ) +.It Ic \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Ic \&Bl Fl column No lists +.It Ic \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references) .El .Ss Spacing control .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument) -.It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments) -.It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments) -.It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off -.It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words -.It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments) -.It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height +.It Ic \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument) +.It Ic \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments) +.It Ic \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off +.It Ic \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words .El -.Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities: +.Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility -.It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure) -.It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility +.It Ic \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure) +.It Ic \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments) .El -.Ss Semantic markup for function libraries: +.Ss Semantic markup for function libraries .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument) -.It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument) -.It Sx \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname -.It Sx \&Fn Ta function name: -.Op Ar functype -.Ar funcname -.Oo -.Op Ar argtype -.Ar argname -.Oc -.It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Lb Ta function library (one argument) +.It Ic \&In Ta include file (one argument) +.It Ic \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname +.It Ic \&Fn Ta function name: Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... +.It Ic \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments) .El -.Ss Various semantic markup: +.Ss Various semantic markup .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name -.It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address -.It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Tn Ta tradename (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar display_name +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain +.It Ic \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments) .El .Ss Physical markup .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments) -.It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments) -.It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: -.Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy +.It Ic \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (>0 arguments) +.It Ic \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy .El .Ss Physical enclosures .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text -.It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text -.It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text -.It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text -.It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text -.It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text -.It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text -.It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text -.It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure +.It Ic \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text +.It Ic \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text +.It Ic \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text +.It Ic \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text +.It Ic \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text +.It Ic \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text +.It Ic \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text +.It Ic \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure .El .Ss Text production .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description -.It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ... -.It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ... -.It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument) -.It Sx \&Ux Ta Ux -.It Sx \&At Ta At -.It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx -.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx -.It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx -.It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx -.It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox -.It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ... +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ... +.It Ic \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument) +.It Ic \&At Ta At +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Bx +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Bsx +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Nx +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Fx +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Ox +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Dx .El .Sh MACRO REFERENCE This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see .Sx MACRO SYNTAX . -.Ss \&%A +.Bl -tag -width 3n +.It Ic \&%A Ar first_name ... last_name Author name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \%%A +.Ic \%%A line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s) first, then full surname. -.Ss \&%B +.It Ic \&%B Ar title Book title of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when referring to book titles. -.Ss \&%C +.It Ic \&%C Ar location Publication city or location of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%D +.It Ic \&%D Oo Ar month day , Oc Ar year Publication date of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -Recommended formats of arguments are -.Ar month day , year -or just +Provide the full English name of the +.Ar month +and all four digits of the .Ar year . -.Ss \&%I +.It Ic \&%I Ar name Publisher or issuer name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%J +.It Ic \&%J Ar name Journal name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%N +.It Ic \&%N Ar number Issue number (usually for journals) of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%O +.It Ic \&%O Ar line Optional information of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%P +.It Ic \&%P Ar number Book or journal page number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%Q +Conventionally, the argument starts with +.Ql p.\& +for a single page or +.Ql pp.\& +for a range of pages, for example: +.Pp +.Dl .%P pp. 42\e(en47 +.It Ic \&%Q Ar name Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own -.Sx \&%Q +.Ic \&%Q line. -.Ss \&%R +.It Ic \&%R Ar name Technical report name of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&%T +.It Ic \&%T Ar title Article title of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when referring to article titles. -.Ss \&%U +.It Ic \&%U Ar protocol Ns :// Ns Ar path URI of reference document. -.Ss \&%V +.It Ic \&%V Ar number Volume number of an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. -.Ss \&Ac +.It Ic \&Ac Close an -.Sx \&Ao +.Ic \&Ao block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Ad +.It Ic \&Ad Ar address Memory address. Do not use this for postal addresses. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ad [0,$] .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000 -.Ss \&An +.It Ic \&An Fl split | nosplit | Ar first_name ... last_name Author name. Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself. @@ -635,7 +648,7 @@ Requires either the name of an author or one of the fo .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact .It Fl split Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of -.Sx \&An . +.Ic \&An . .It Fl nosplit The opposite of .Fl split . @@ -659,41 +672,65 @@ for all other author listings. Examples: .Dl \&.An -nosplit .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv -.Ss \&Ao +.It Ic \&Ao Ar block Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets. Does not have any head arguments. -.Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&Aq . -.Ss \&Ap +This macro is almost never useful. +See +.Ic \&Aq +for more details. +.It Ic \&Ap Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace. This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb form of a function. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d -.Ss \&Aq -Encloses its arguments in angle brackets. +.It Ic \&Aq Ar line +Enclose the rest of the input line in angle brackets. +The only important use case is for email addresses. +See +.Ic \&Mt +for an example. .Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val +Occasionally, it is used for names of characters and keys, for example: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +Press the +\&.Aq escape +key to ... +.Ed .Pp -.Em Remarks : -this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use -.Sx \&Lk +For URIs, use +.Ic \&Lk +instead, and +.Ic \&In +for +.Dq #include +directives. +Never wrap +.Ic \&Ar +in +.Ic \&Aq . +.Pp +Since +.Ic \&Aq +usually renders with non-ASCII characters in non-ASCII output modes, +do not use it where the ASCII characters +.Sq < +and +.Sq > +are required as syntax elements. +Instead, use these characters directly in such cases, combining them +with the macros +.Ic \&Pf , +.Ic \&Ns , or -.Sx \&Mt , -or to note pre-processor -.Dq Li #include -statements, which should use -.Sx \&In . +.Ic \&Eo +as needed. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ao . -.Ss \&Ar +.Ic \&Ao . +.It Ic \&Ar Op Ar placeholder ... Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string .Dq file ...\& @@ -705,13 +742,13 @@ Examples: .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ." .Pp The arguments to the -.Sx \&Ar +.Ic \&Ar macro are names and placeholders for command arguments; for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use -.Sx \&Fl +.Ic \&Fl or -.Sx \&Cm . -.Ss \&At +.Ic \&Cm . +.It Ic \&At Op Ar version Formats an .At version. @@ -723,7 +760,7 @@ A version of .At . .It Cm III .At III . -.It Cm V[.[1-4]]? +.It Cm V | V.[1-4] A version of .At V . .El @@ -736,29 +773,20 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.At V.1 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Bc +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bc Close a -.Sx \&Bo +.Ic \&Bo block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Bd +.It Ic \&Bd Fl Ns Ar type Oo Fl offset Ar width Oc Op Fl compact Begin a display block. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bd -.Fl Ns Ar type -.Op Fl offset Ar width -.Op Fl compact -.Ed -.Pp Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and justification than the one used by the surrounding text. They may contain both macro lines and text lines. @@ -769,7 +797,7 @@ The must be one of the following: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent .It Fl centered -Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line. +Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line. Using this display type is not recommended; many .Nm implementations render it poorly. @@ -814,7 +842,7 @@ which has no effect; .Cm right , which justifies to the right margin; or .Cm center , -which aligns around an imagined centre axis. +which aligns around an imagined center axis. .It A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width associated with that macro. @@ -844,20 +872,11 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&D1 +.Ic \&D1 and -.Sx \&Dl . -.Ss \&Bf +.Ic \&Dl . +.It Ic \&Bf Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy Change the font mode for a scoped block of text. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bf -.Oo -.Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | -.Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy -.Oc -.Ed -.Pp The .Fl emphasis and @@ -873,30 +892,27 @@ and Without an argument, this macro does nothing. The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested scope or -.Sx \&Ef +.Ic \&Ef is encountered. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Li , -.Sx \&Ef , -.Sx \&Em , +.Ic \&Li , +.Ic \&Ef , +.Ic \&Em , and -.Sx \&Sy . -.Ss \&Bk +.Ic \&Sy . +.It Ic \&Bk Fl words For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line, until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached, whichever comes first. Line breaks in text lines are unaffected. -The syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words -.Pp The .Fl words argument is required; additional arguments are ignored. .Pp The following example will not break within each -.Sx \&Op +.Ic \&Op macro line: .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Bk \-words @@ -907,20 +923,18 @@ macro line: .Pp Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block! Doing so will clobber the right margin. -.Ss \&Bl -Begin a list. -Lists consist of items specified using the -.Sx \&It -macro, containing a head or a body or both. -The list syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Bl +.It Xo +.Ic \&Bl .Fl Ns Ar type .Op Fl width Ar val .Op Fl offset Ar val .Op Fl compact -.Op HEAD ... -.Ed +.Op Ar col ... +.Xc +Begin a list. +Lists consist of items specified using the +.Ic \&It +macro, containing a head or a body or both. .Pp The list .Ar type @@ -929,8 +943,11 @@ The .Fl width and .Fl offset -arguments accept scaling widths as described in -.Xr roff 7 +arguments accept macro names as described for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset , +scaling widths as described in +.Xr roff 7 , or use the length of the given string. The .Fl offset @@ -958,21 +975,19 @@ argument. A columnated list. The .Fl width -argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width -of one column, using either the scaling width syntax described in -.Xr roff 7 -or the string length of the argument. +argument has no effect; instead, the string length of each argument +specifies the width of one column. If the first line of the body of a .Fl column list is not an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro line, -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as described in the -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It documentation. .It Fl dash Like @@ -1035,10 +1050,10 @@ and lists may not be portable. .Pp See also -.Sx \&El +.Ic \&El and -.Sx \&It . -.Ss \&Bo +.Ic \&It . +.It Ic \&Bo Ar block Begin a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1049,8 +1064,8 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bq . -.Ss \&Bq +.Ic \&Bq . +.It Ic \&Bq Ar line Encloses its arguments in square brackets. .Pp Examples: @@ -1059,19 +1074,19 @@ Examples: .Em Remarks : this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are -.Sx \&Op , -.Sx \&Oo , +.Ic \&Op , +.Ic \&Oo , and -.Sx \&Oc . +.Ic \&Oc . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bo . -.Ss \&Brc +.Ic \&Bo . +.It Ic \&Brc Close a -.Sx \&Bro +.Ic \&Bro block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Bro +.It Ic \&Bro Ar block Begin a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1082,16 +1097,16 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Brq . -.Ss \&Brq +.Ic \&Brq . +.It Ic \&Brq Ar line Encloses its arguments in curly braces. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bro . -.Ss \&Bsx +.Ic \&Bro . +.It Ic \&Bsx Op Ar version Format the .Bsx version provided as an argument, or a default value if @@ -1102,18 +1117,18 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Bsx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Bt +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Bt +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. Prints .Dq is currently in beta test. -.Ss \&Bx +.It Ic \&Bx Op Ar version Op Ar variant Format the .Bx version provided as an argument, or a default value if no @@ -1125,15 +1140,14 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Bx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Cd +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Cd Ar line Kernel configuration declaration. This denotes strings accepted by .Xr config 8 . @@ -1145,23 +1159,25 @@ Examples: .Em Remarks : this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain whitespace and align consecutive -.Sx \&Cd +.Ic \&Cd declarations. This practise is discouraged. -.Ss \&Cm +.It Ic \&Cm Ar keyword ... Command modifiers. -Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless -.Sx \&Fl +Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments to interactive +commands, to commands in interpreted scripts, or to configuration +file directives, unless +.Ic \&Fl is more appropriate. -Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys. .Pp Examples: .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind" .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command" .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2" -.Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa" -.Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG" -.Ss \&D1 +.Dl ".Ic set Fl o Cm vi" +.Dl ".Ic lookup Cm file bind" +.Dl ".Ic permit Ar identity Op Cm as Ar target" +.It Ic \&D1 Ar line One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented statements. @@ -1171,36 +1187,33 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Bd and -.Sx \&Dl . -.Ss \&Db -Switch debugging mode. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off -.Pp -This macro is ignored by -.Xr mandoc 1 . -.Ss \&Dc +.Ic \&Dl . +.It Ic \&Db +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement is needed. +It is ignored by +.Xr mandoc 1 +and groff including its arguments. +It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode. +.It Ic \&Dc Close a -.Sx \&Do +.Ic \&Do block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Dd -Document date. +.It Ic \&Dd Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year +Document date for display in the page footer, +by convention the date of the last change. This is the mandatory first macro of any .Nm manual. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year -.Pp The .Ar month is the full English month name, the .Ar day -is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the +is an integer number, and the .Ar year is the full four-digit year. .Pp @@ -1217,8 +1230,11 @@ the special string .Dq $\&Mdocdate$ can be given as an argument. .It -A few alternative date formats are accepted as well -and converted to the standard form. +The traditional, purely numeric +.Xr man 7 +format +.Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day +is accepted, too. .It If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim. .It @@ -1227,15 +1243,15 @@ If no date string is given, the current date is used. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$ -.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$ -.Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007 +.Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 2 2018$ +.Dl \&.Dd July 2, 2018 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dt +.Ic \&Dt and -.Sx \&Os . -.Ss \&Dl -One-line intended display. +.Ic \&Os . +.It Ic \&Dl Ar line +One-line indented display. This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline. @@ -1244,10 +1260,11 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bd +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal , and -.Sx \&D1 . -.Ss \&Do +.Ic \&D1 . +.It Ic \&Do Ar block Begin a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head arguments. .Pp @@ -1260,8 +1277,8 @@ April is the cruellest month .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq . -.Ss \&Dq +.Ic \&Dq . +.It Ic \&Dq Ar line Encloses its arguments in .Dq typographic double-quotes. @@ -1273,103 +1290,50 @@ Examples: .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Qq , -.Sx \&Sq , +.Ic \&Qq , +.Ic \&Sq , and -.Sx \&Do . -.Ss \&Dt -Document title. +.Ic \&Do . +.It Ic \&Dt Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch +Document title for display in the page header. This is the mandatory second macro of any .Nm file. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Dt -.Oo -.Ar title -.Oo -.Ar section -.Op Ar volume -.Op Ar arch -.Oc -.Oc -.Ed .Pp Its arguments are as follows: -.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds -.It Ar title +.Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n +.It Ar TITLE The document's title (name), defaulting to -.Dq UNKNOWN +.Dq UNTITLED if unspecified. -It should be capitalised. +To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines, +it should by convention be all caps. .It Ar section The manual section. This may be one of -.Ar 1 -.Pq utilities , -.Ar 2 -.Pq system calls , -.Ar 3 -.Pq libraries , -.Ar 3p -.Pq Perl libraries , -.Ar 4 -.Pq devices , -.Ar 5 -.Pq file formats , -.Ar 6 -.Pq games , -.Ar 7 -.Pq miscellaneous , -.Ar 8 -.Pq system utilities , -.Ar 9 -.Pq kernel functions , -.Ar X11 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar X11R6 -.Pq X Window System , -.Ar unass -.Pq unassociated , -.Ar local -.Pq local system , -.Ar draft -.Pq draft manual , +.Cm 1 +.Pq General Commands , +.Cm 2 +.Pq System Calls , +.Cm 3 +.Pq Library Functions , +.Cm 3p +.Pq Perl Library , +.Cm 4 +.Pq Device Drivers , +.Cm 5 +.Pq File Formats , +.Cm 6 +.Pq Games , +.Cm 7 +.Pq Miscellaneous Information , +.Cm 8 +.Pq System Manager's Manual , or -.Ar paper -.Pq paper . +.Cm 9 +.Pq Kernel Developer's Manual . It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to -.Dq 1 -if unspecified. -.It Ar volume -This overrides the volume inferred from -.Ar section . -This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of -.Ar USD -.Pq users' supplementary documents , -.Ar PS1 -.Pq programmers' supplementary documents , -.Ar AMD -.Pq administrators' supplementary documents , -.Ar SMM -.Pq system managers' manuals , -.Ar URM -.Pq users' reference manuals , -.Ar PRM -.Pq programmers' reference manuals , -.Ar KM -.Pq kernel manuals , -.Ar IND -.Pq master index , -.Ar MMI -.Pq master index , -.Ar LOCAL -.Pq local manuals , -.Ar LOC -.Pq local manuals , -or -.Ar CON -.Pq contributed manuals . +the empty string if unspecified. .It Ar arch This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to, where relevant, for example @@ -1378,24 +1342,18 @@ where relevant, for example .Cm i386 , or .Cm sparc64 . -The list of supported architectures varies by operating system. -For the full list of all architectures recognized by -.Xr mandoc 1 , -see the file -.Pa arch.in -in the source distribution. +The list of valid architectures varies by operating system. .El .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1 -.Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Dd and -.Sx \&Os . -.Ss \&Dv +.Ic \&Os . +.It Ic \&Dv Ar identifier ... Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols, enumeration values, and so on. .Pp @@ -1405,16 +1363,16 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO .Pp See also -.Sx \&Er +.Ic \&Er and -.Sx \&Ev +.Ic \&Ev for special-purpose constants, -.Sx \&Va +.Ic \&Va for variable symbols, and -.Sx \&Fd +.Ic \&Fd for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the .Em SYNOPSIS . -.Ss \&Dx +.It Ic \&Dx Op Ar version Format the .Dx version provided as an argument, or a default @@ -1425,76 +1383,83 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Dx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Fx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Ec +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Ec Op Ar closing_delimiter Close a scope started by -.Sx \&Eo . -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Eo . .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM -.Pp The -.Ar TERM +.Ar closing_delimiter argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq will emulate -.Sx \&Dc . -.Ss \&Ed +.Ic \&Dc . +.It Ic \&Ed End a display context started by -.Sx \&Bd . -.Ss \&Ef +.Ic \&Bd . +.It Ic \&Ef End a font mode context started by -.Sx \&Bf . -.Ss \&Ek +.Ic \&Bf . +.It Ic \&Ek End a keep context started by -.Sx \&Bk . -.Ss \&El +.Ic \&Bk . +.It Ic \&El End a list context started by -.Sx \&Bl . -.Pp +.Ic \&Bl . See also -.Sx \&Bl +.Ic \&It . +.It Ic \&Em Ar word ... +Request an italic font. +If the output device does not provide that, underline. +.Pp +This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with +importance, see +.Ic \&Sy ) . +In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit, +it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except +that for syntax elements, +.Ic \&Sy and -.Sx \&It . -.Ss \&Em -Denotes text that should be -.Em emphasised . -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. -Depending on the output device, this is usually represented -using an italic font or underlined characters. +.Ic \&Ar +are preferred, respectively. .Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Em Warnings! -.Dl \&.Em Remarks : +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +Selected lines are those +\&.Em not +matching any of the specified patterns. +Some of the functions use a +\&.Em hold space +to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval. +.Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Li , -.Sx \&No , +.Ic \&No , +.Ic \&Ql , and -.Sx \&Sy . -.Ss \&En -This macro is obsolete and not implemented in -.Xr mandoc 1 . -.Ss \&Eo -An arbitrary enclosure. -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Sy . +.It Ic \&En Ar word ... +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM -.Pp +It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last +.Ic \&Es +macro. +.It Ic \&Eo Op Ar opening_delimiter +An arbitrary enclosure. The -.Ar TERM +.Ar opening_delimiter argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq will emulate -.Sx \&Do . -.Ss \&Er +.Ic \&Do . +.It Ic \&Er Ar identifier ... Error constants for definitions of the .Va errno libc global variable. @@ -1505,11 +1470,18 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Er ENOENT .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dv +.Ic \&Dv for general constants. -.Ss \&Es -This macro is obsolete and not implemented. -.Ss \&Ev +.It Ic \&Es Ar opening_delimiter closing_delimiter +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Eo +or any of the other enclosure macros. +.Pp +It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent +.Ic \&En +macros. +.It Ic \&Ev Ar identifier ... Environmental variables such as those specified in .Xr environ 7 . .Pp @@ -1518,75 +1490,68 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Ev PATH .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dv +.Ic \&Dv for general constants. -.Ss \&Ex +.It Ic \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ... Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success and >0 on failure. This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ... -.Pp If .Ar utility is not specified, the document's name set by -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm is used. Multiple .Ar utility arguments are treated as separate utilities. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Rv . -.Ss \&Fa -Function argument. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Fa -.Op Cm argtype -.Cm argname -.Ed +.Ic \&Rv . +.It Ic \&Fa Ar argument ... +Function argument or parameter. +Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section), a name alone (for function invocations), +or a type alone (for function prototypes). +If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple +words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be +given in a single argument to the +.Ic \&Fa +macro. .Pp -This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type. -It is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure. +.Pp Most often, the -.Sx \&Fa +.Ic \&Fa macro is used in the .Em SYNOPSIS within -.Sx \&Fo -section when documenting multi-line function prototypes. +.Ic \&Fo +blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes. If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a comma. Furthermore, if the following macro is another -.Sx \&Fa , +.Ic \&Fa , the last argument will also have a trailing comma. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq -.Dl \&.Fa foo +.Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t .Pp See also -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fc +.Ic \&Fo . +.It Ic \&Fc End a function context started by -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fd +.Ic \&Fo . +.It Ic \&Fd Pf # Ar directive Op Ar argument ... Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the .Em SYNOPSIS . Historically, it was also used to document include files. The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of -.Sx \&In . +.Ic \&In . .Pp -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Fd -.Li # Ns Ar directive -.Op Ar argument ... -.Ed -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler .Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS @@ -1597,10 +1562,10 @@ Examples: .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&In , +.Ic \&In , and -.Sx \&Dv . -.Ss \&Fl +.Ic \&Dv . +.It Ic \&Fl Op Ar word ... Command-line flag or option. Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities. Prints a fixed-width hyphen @@ -1618,16 +1583,9 @@ Examples: .Dl ".Fl o Fl" .Pp See also -.Sx \&Cm . -.Ss \&Fn +.Ic \&Cm . +.It Ic \&Fn Ar funcname Op Ar argument ... A function name. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn -.Op Ar functype -.Ar funcname -.Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname -.Ed .Pp Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and are delimited by commas. @@ -1641,66 +1599,56 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0 -.Pp -.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +.Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Ft functype \&.Fn funcname .Ed .Pp When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use -.Sx \&Xr +.Ic \&Xr instead. See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&Fo , +.Ic \&Fo , and -.Sx \&Ft . -.Ss \&Fo +.Ic \&Ft . +.It Ic \&Fo Ar funcname Begin a function block. This is a multi-line version of -.Sx \&Fn . -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Fn . .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname -.Pp Invocations usually occur in the following context: .Bd -ragged -offset indent -.Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype +.Pf \. Ic \&Ft Ar functype .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname +.Pf \. Ic \&Fo Ar funcname .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname +.Pf \. Ic \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname .br \&.\.\. .br -.Pf \. Sx \&Fc +.Pf \. Ic \&Fc .Ed .Pp A -.Sx \&Fo +.Ic \&Fo scope is closed by -.Sx \&Fc . +.Ic \&Fc . .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&Fa , -.Sx \&Fc , +.Ic \&Fa , +.Ic \&Fc , and -.Sx \&Ft . -.Ss \&Fr -This macro is obsolete and not implemented in -.Xr mandoc 1 . +.Ic \&Ft . +.It Ic \&Fr Ar number +This macro is obsolete. +No replacement markup is needed. .Pp -It was used to show function return values. -The syntax was: -.Pp -.Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value -.Ss \&Ft +It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font. +.It Ic \&Ft Ar functype A function type. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype -.Pp In the .Em SYNOPSIS section, a new output line is started after this macro. @@ -1714,10 +1662,10 @@ Examples: .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE , -.Sx \&Fn , +.Ic \&Fn , and -.Sx \&Fo . -.Ss \&Fx +.Ic \&Fo . +.It Ic \&Fx Op Ar version Format the .Fx version provided as an argument, or a default value @@ -1728,59 +1676,56 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Fx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Nx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Nx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Hf +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Hf Ar filename This macro is not implemented in .Xr mandoc 1 . -.Pp It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally. -The syntax was: +.It Ic \&Ic Ar keyword ... +Internal or interactive command, or configuration instruction +in a configuration file. +See also +.Ic \&Cm . .Pp -.Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename -.Ss \&Ic -Designate an internal or interactive command. -This is similar to -.Sx \&Cm -but used for instructions rather than values. -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ic :wq .Dl \&.Ic hash .Dl \&.Ic alias .Pp Note that using -.Sx \&Bd Fl literal +.Ic \&Ql , +.Ic \&Dl , or -.Sx \&D1 -is preferred for displaying code; the -.Sx \&Ic -macro is used when referring to specific instructions. -.Ss \&In -An -.Dq include -file. +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal +is preferred for displaying code samples; the +.Ic \&Ic +macro is used when referring to an individual command name. +.It Ic \&In Ar filename +The name of an include file. +This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages. +.Pp When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets and preceded by -.Dq #include , +.Qq #include , and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding function declaration. -This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages. +In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets +and causes no line break. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.In sys/types.h .Pp See also .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . -.Ss \&It +.It Ic \&It Op Ar head A list item. The syntax of this macro depends on the list type. .Pp @@ -1793,7 +1738,7 @@ and .Fl diag have the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar args .Pp Lists of type .Fl bullet , @@ -1804,20 +1749,20 @@ and .Fl item have the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It .Pp with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It until either a closing -.Sx \&El +.Ic \&El or another -.Sx \&It . +.Ic \&It . .Pp The .Fl tag list has the following syntax: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Op Cm args .Pp Subsequent lines are interpreted as with .Fl bullet @@ -1830,46 +1775,55 @@ The list is the most complicated. Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Ar cell ... -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ... +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ic \&Ta Ar cell ... +.D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ar cell ... .Pp The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros representing a complete table line. -Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special -.Sx \&Ta -block macro. +Cells within the line are delimited by the special +.Ic \&Ta +block macro or by literal tab characters. +.Pp +Using literal tabs is strongly discouraged because they are very +hard to use correctly and +.Nm +code using them is very hard to read. +In particular, a blank character is syntactically significant +before and after the literal tab character. +If a word precedes or follows the tab without an intervening blank, +that word is never interpreted as a macro call, but always output +literally. +.Pp The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It line itself; on following lines, only the -.Sx \&Ta -macro can be used to delimit cells, and -.Sx \&Ta -is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros, -not as the first macro on a line. +.Ic \&Ta +macro can be used to delimit cells, and portability requires that +.Ic \&Ta +is called by other macros: some parsers do not recognize it when +it appears as the first macro on a line. .Pp Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It line. For example, .Pp -.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; col2 ;\(dq \&; +.Dl .It \(dqcol1 ,\& col2 ,\(dq \&; .Pp -will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last. +will preserve the whitespace before both commas, +but not the whitespace before the semicolon. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Bl . -.Ss \&Lb +.Ic \&Bl . +.It Ic \&Lb Cm lib Ns Ar name Specify a library. -The syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library -.Pp The -.Ar library +.Ar name parameter may be a system library, such as -.Cm libz +.Cm z or -.Cm libpam , +.Cm pam , in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is printed in quotes. @@ -1881,73 +1835,56 @@ section as described in Examples: .Dl \&.Lb libz .Dl \&.Lb libmandoc -.Ss \&Li -Denotes text that should be in a -.Li literal -font mode. -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. -.Pp -On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from -normal text. -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Em , -.Sx \&No , -and -.Sx \&Sy . -.Ss \&Lk +.It Ic \&Li Ar word ... +Request a typewriter (literal) font. +Deprecated because on terminal output devices, this is usually +indistinguishable from normal text. +For literal displays, use +.Ic \&Ql Pq in-line , +.Ic \&Dl Pq single line , +or +.Ic \&Bd Fl literal Pq multi-line +instead. +.It Ic \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar display_name Format a hyperlink. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name -.Pp Examples: -.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq -.Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq +.Dl \&.Lk https://bsd.lv .Pp See also -.Sx \&Mt . -.Ss \&Lp -Synonym for -.Sx \&Pp . -.Ss \&Ms +.Ic \&Mt . +.It Ic \&Lp +Deprecated synonym for +.Ic \&Pp . +.It Ic \&Ms Ar name Display a mathematical symbol. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Ms sigma .Dl \&.Ms aleph -.Ss \&Mt +.It Ic \&Mt Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain Format a .Dq mailto: hyperlink. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv -.Ss \&Nd +.It Ic \&Nd Ar line A one line description of the manual's content. -This may only be invoked in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -section subsequent the -.Sx \&Nm -macro. +This is the mandatory last macro of the +.Em NAME +section and not appropriate for other sections. .Pp Examples: -.Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference -.Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd mdoc language reference +.Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals .Pp The -.Sx \&Nd +.Ic \&Nd macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh invocation. Do not assume this behaviour: some .Xr whatis 1 @@ -1955,13 +1892,13 @@ database generators are not smart enough to parse more arguments and will display macros verbatim. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Nm . -.Ss \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm . +.It Ic \&Nm Op Ar name The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6, and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in the manual page. When first invoked, the -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page. Usually, the first invocation happens in the .Em NAME @@ -1969,7 +1906,7 @@ section of the page. The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is called again without arguments later in the page. The -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro uses .Sx Block full-implicit semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the @@ -1989,41 +1926,40 @@ Examples: In the .Em SYNOPSIS of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the -.Sx \&Fn +.Ic \&Fn macro rather than -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm to mark up the name of the manual page. -.Ss \&No +.It Ic \&No Ar word ... Normal text. Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro. When used after physical formatting macros like -.Sx \&Em +.Ic \&Em or -.Sx \&Sy , +.Ic \&Sy , switches back to the standard font face and weight. Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines using semantic annotation macros. .Pp Examples: .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman" -.Pp -.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact +.Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Sm off \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No / \&.Sm on .Ed .Pp See also -.Sx \&Em , -.Sx \&Li , +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&Ql , and -.Sx \&Sy . -.Ss \&Ns +.Ic \&Sy . +.It Ic \&Ns Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro and the following text or macro. Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text just like after an -.Sx \&No +.Ic \&No macro. .Pp This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line. @@ -2034,10 +1970,10 @@ Examples: .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output" .Pp See also -.Sx \&No +.Ic \&No and -.Sx \&Sm . -.Ss \&Nx +.Ic \&Sm . +.It Ic \&Nx Op Ar version Format the .Nx version provided as an argument, or a default value if @@ -2048,21 +1984,20 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Nx .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Ox , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Oc +.Ic \&Ox . +.It Ic \&Oc Close multi-line -.Sx \&Oo +.Ic \&Oo context. -.Ss \&Oo +.It Ic \&Oo Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Op . +.Ic \&Op . .Pp Examples: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact @@ -2070,7 +2005,7 @@ Examples: \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value \&.Oc .Ed -.Ss \&Op +.It Ic \&Op Ar line Optional part of a command line. Prints the argument(s) in brackets. This is most often used in the @@ -2082,22 +2017,27 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b .Pp See also -.Sx \&Oo . -.Ss \&Os -Document operating system version. +.Ic \&Oo . +.It Ic \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version +Operating system version for display in the page footer. This is the mandatory third macro of any .Nm file. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version -.Pp The optional .Ar system parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. -Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. -This is the suggested form. +It is suggested to leave it unspecified, in which case +.Xr mandoc 1 +uses its +.Fl Ios +argument or, if that isn't specified either, +.Fa sysname +and +.Fa release +as returned by +.Xr uname 3 . .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Os @@ -2105,18 +2045,22 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dd +.Ic \&Dd and -.Sx \&Dt . -.Ss \&Ot -This macro is obsolete and not implemented in -.Xr mandoc 1 . +.Ic \&Dt . +.It Ic \&Ot Ar functype +This macro is obsolete. +Use +.Ic \&Ft +instead; with +.Xr mandoc 1 , +both have the same effect. .Pp Historical .Nm packages described it as .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" . -.Ss \&Ox +.It Ic \&Ox Op Ar version Format the .Ox version provided as an argument, or a default value @@ -2127,15 +2071,14 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Ox .Pp See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , +.Ic \&At , +.Ic \&Bsx , +.Ic \&Bx , +.Ic \&Dx , +.Ic \&Fx , and -.Sx \&Ux . -.Ss \&Pa +.Ic \&Nx . +.It Ic \&Pa Ar name ... An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name. If an argument is not provided, the character .Sq \(ti @@ -2146,104 +2089,108 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 .Pp See also -.Sx \&Lk . -.Ss \&Pc +.Ic \&Lk . +.It Ic \&Pc Close parenthesised context opened by -.Sx \&Po . -.Ss \&Pf -Removes the space between its argument -.Pq Dq prefix -and the following macro. -Its syntax is as follows: +.Ic \&Po . +.It Ic \&Pf Ar prefix macro Op Ar argument ... +Removes the space between its argument and the following macro. +It is equivalent to: .Pp -.D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ... +.D1 Ic \&No Pf \e& Ar prefix Ic \&Ns Ar macro Op Ar argument ... .Pp -This is equivalent to: +The +.Ar prefix +argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters, +but used verbatim as if it were escaped. .Pp -.D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ... -.Pp Examples: .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name" +.Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name" .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits" .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ns +.Ic \&Ns and -.Sx \&Sm . -.Ss \&Po +.Ic \&Sm . +.It Ic \&Po Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Pq . -.Ss \&Pp +.Ic \&Pq . +.It Ic \&Pp Break a paragraph. This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros and/or text. .Pp Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh or -.Sx \&Ss +.Ic \&Ss macros or before displays -.Pq Sx \&Bd +.Pq Ic \&Bd Ar line or lists -.Pq Sx \&Bl +.Pq Ic \&Bl unless the .Fl compact flag is given. -.Ss \&Pq +.It Ic \&Pq Ar line Parenthesised enclosure. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Po . -.Ss \&Qc +.Ic \&Po . +.It Ic \&Qc Close quoted context opened by -.Sx \&Qo . -.Ss \&Ql -Format a single-quoted literal. +.Ic \&Qo . +.It Ic \&Ql Ar line +In-line literal display. +This can be used for complete command invocations and for multi-word +code examples when an indented display is not desired. +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Qq +.Ic \&Dl and -.Sx \&Sq . -.Ss \&Qo +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal . +.It Ic \&Qo Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Qq . -.Ss \&Qq +.Ic \&Qq . +.It Ic \&Qq Ar line Encloses its arguments in .Qq typewriter double-quotes. Consider using -.Sx \&Dq . +.Ic \&Dq . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq , -.Sx \&Sq , +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Sq , and -.Sx \&Qo . -.Ss \&Re +.Ic \&Qo . +.It Ic \&Re Close an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block. Does not have any tail arguments. -.Ss \&Rs +.It Ic \&Rs Begin a bibliographic .Pq Dq reference block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only contain -.Sx \&%A , -.Sx \&%B , -.Sx \&%C , -.Sx \&%D , -.Sx \&%I , -.Sx \&%J , -.Sx \&%N , -.Sx \&%O , -.Sx \&%P , -.Sx \&%Q , -.Sx \&%R , -.Sx \&%T , -.Sx \&%U , +.Ic \&%A , +.Ic \&%B , +.Ic \&%C , +.Ic \&%D , +.Ic \&%I , +.Ic \&%J , +.Ic \&%N , +.Ic \&%O , +.Ic \&%P , +.Ic \&%Q , +.Ic \&%R , +.Ic \&%T , +.Ic \&%U , and -.Sx \&%V +.Ic \&%V child macros (at least one must be specified). .Pp Examples: @@ -2253,40 +2200,37 @@ Examples: \&.%A J. D. Ullman \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation \&.%I Addison-Wesley -\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes +\&.%C Reading, Massachusetts \&.%D 1979 \&.Re .Ed .Pp If an -.Sx \&Rs +.Ic \&Rs block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current line. -.Ss \&Rv +.It Ic \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ... Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0 on success and \-1 on error, with the .Va errno libc global variable set on error. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ... -.Pp If .Ar function is not specified, the document's name set by -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm is used. Multiple .Ar function arguments are treated as separate functions. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Ex . -.Ss \&Sc +.Ic \&Ex . +.It Ic \&Sc Close single-quoted context opened by -.Sx \&So . -.Ss \&Sh +.Ic \&So . +.It Ic \&Sh Ar TITLE LINE Begin a new section. For a list of conventional manual sections, see .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . @@ -2294,22 +2238,19 @@ These sections should be used unless it's absolutely n custom sections be used. .Pp Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it may not be linked with -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Pp , -.Sx \&Ss , +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Ss , and -.Sx \&Sx . -.Ss \&Sm +.Ic \&Sx . +.It Ic \&Sm Op Cm on | off Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros. -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off -.Pp By default, spacing is .Cm on . When switched @@ -2317,23 +2258,28 @@ When switched no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines still get normal spacing between words and sentences. -.Ss \&So +.Pp +When called without an argument, the +.Ic \&Sm +macro toggles the spacing mode. +Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read. +.It Ic \&So Ar block Multi-line version of -.Sx \&Sq . -.Ss \&Sq +.Ic \&Sq . +.It Ic \&Sq Ar line Encloses its arguments in .Sq typewriter single-quotes. .Pp See also -.Sx \&Dq , -.Sx \&Qq , +.Ic \&Dq , +.Ic \&Qq , and -.Sx \&So . -.Ss \&Ss +.Ic \&So . +.It Ic \&Ss Ar Title line Begin a new subsection. Unlike with -.Sx \&Sh , +.Ic \&Sh , there is no convention for the naming of subsections. Except .Em DESCRIPTION , @@ -2342,127 +2288,227 @@ the conventional sections described in rarely have subsections. .Pp Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it may not be linked with -.Sx \&Sx . +.Ic \&Sx . .Pp See also -.Sx \&Pp , -.Sx \&Sh , +.Ic \&Pp , +.Ic \&Sh , and -.Sx \&Sx . -.Ss \&St +.Ic \&Sx . +.It Ic \&St Fl Ns Ar abbreviation Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form. -The following standards are recognised: +The following standards are recognised. +Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between, +they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form +is recommended. +.Bl -tag -width 1n +.It C language standards .Pp -.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact -.It \-p1003.1-88 -.St -p1003.1-88 -.It \-p1003.1-90 -.St -p1003.1-90 -.It \-p1003.1-96 -.St -p1003.1-96 -.It \-p1003.1-2001 -.St -p1003.1-2001 -.It \-p1003.1-2004 -.St -p1003.1-2004 -.It \-p1003.1-2008 -.St -p1003.1-2008 -.It \-p1003.1 -.St -p1003.1 -.It \-p1003.1b -.St -p1003.1b -.It \-p1003.1b-93 -.St -p1003.1b-93 -.It \-p1003.1c-95 -.St -p1003.1c-95 -.It \-p1003.1d-99 -.St -p1003.1d-99 -.It \-p1003.1g-2000 -.St -p1003.1g-2000 -.It \-p1003.1i-95 -.St -p1003.1i-95 -.It \-p1003.1j-2000 -.St -p1003.1j-2000 -.It \-p1003.1q-2000 -.St -p1003.1q-2000 -.It \-p1003.2 -.St -p1003.2 -.It \-p1003.2-92 -.St -p1003.2-92 -.It \-p1003.2a-92 -.St -p1003.2a-92 -.It \-p1387.2 -.St -p1387.2 -.It \-p1387.2-95 -.St -p1387.2-95 +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ansiC +.St -ansiC +.It \-ansiC-89 +.St -ansiC-89 .It \-isoC .St -isoC .It \-isoC-90 .St -isoC-90 +.br +The original C standard. +.Pp .It \-isoC-amd1 .St -isoC-amd1 +.Pp .It \-isoC-tcor1 .St -isoC-tcor1 +.Pp .It \-isoC-tcor2 .St -isoC-tcor2 +.Pp .It \-isoC-99 .St -isoC-99 +.br +The second major version of the C language standard. +.Pp .It \-isoC-2011 .St -isoC-2011 +.br +The third major version of the C language standard. +.El +.It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-88 +.St -p1003.1-88 +.It \-p1003.1 +.St -p1003.1 +.br +The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-90 +.St -p1003.1-90 .It \-iso9945-1-90 .St -iso9945-1-90 +.br +The first update of POSIX.1. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1b-93 +.St -p1003.1b-93 +.It \-p1003.1b +.St -p1003.1b +.br +Real-time extensions. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1c-95 +.St -p1003.1c-95 +.br +POSIX thread interfaces. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1i-95 +.St -p1003.1i-95 +.br +Technical Corrigendum. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-96 +.St -p1003.1-96 .It \-iso9945-1-96 .St -iso9945-1-96 -.It \-iso9945-2-93 -.St -iso9945-2-93 -.It \-ansiC -.St -ansiC -.It \-ansiC-89 -.St -ansiC-89 -.It \-ansiC-99 -.St -ansiC-99 -.It \-ieee754 -.St -ieee754 -.It \-iso8802-3 -.St -iso8802-3 -.It \-iso8601 -.St -iso8601 -.It \-ieee1275-94 -.St -ieee1275-94 +.br +Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i. +.El +.It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact .It \-xpg3 .St -xpg3 +.br +An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2 +.St -p1003.2 +.It \-p1003.2-92 +.St -p1003.2-92 +.It \-iso9945-2-93 +.St -iso9945-2-93 +.br +An XCU4 precursor. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.2a-92 +.St -p1003.2a-92 +.br +Updates to POSIX.2. +.Pp .It \-xpg4 .St -xpg4 +.br +Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv1 +.St -susv1 .It \-xpg4.2 .St -xpg4.2 -.It \-xpg4.3 -.St -xpg4.3 -.It \-xbd5 -.St -xbd5 -.It \-xcu5 -.St -xcu5 +.br +This standard was published in 1994. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification. +The following three refer to parts of it. +.Pp .It \-xsh4.2 .St -xsh4.2 +.Pp +.It \-xcurses4.2 +.St -xcurses4.2 +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1g-2000 +.St -p1003.1g-2000 +.br +Networking APIs, including sockets. +.Pp +.It \-svid4 +.St -svid4 , +.br +Published in 1995. +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-susv2 +.St -susv2 +This Standard was published in 1997 +and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5. +It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification. +The following refer to parts of it. +.Pp +.It \-xbd5 +.St -xbd5 +.Pp .It \-xsh5 .St -xsh5 +.Pp +.It \-xcu5 +.St -xcu5 +.Pp .It \-xns5 .St -xns5 .It \-xns5.2 .St -xns5.2 -.It \-xns5.2d2.0 -.St -xns5.2d2.0 -.It \-xcurses4.2 -.St -xcurses4.2 -.It \-susv2 -.St -susv2 +.El +.It Single UNIX Specification version 3 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2001 +.St -p1003.1-2001 .It \-susv3 .St -susv3 -.It \-svid4 -.St -svid4 +.br +This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j. +It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6. +It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification. +.Pp +.It \-p1003.1-2004 +.St -p1003.1-2004 +.br +The second and last Technical Corrigendum. .El -.Ss \&Sx +.It Single UNIX Specification version 4 +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-p1003.1-2008 +.St -p1003.1-2008 +.It \-susv4 +.St -susv4 +.br +This standard is also called +X/Open Portability Guide version 7. +.El +.It Other standards +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact +.It \-ieee754 +.St -ieee754 +.br +Floating-point arithmetic. +.Pp +.It \-iso8601 +.St -iso8601 +.br +Representation of dates and times, published in 1988. +.Pp +.It \-iso8802-3 +.St -iso8802-3 +.br +Ethernet local area networks. +.Pp +.It \-ieee1275-94 +.St -ieee1275-94 +.El +.El +.It Ic \&Sx Ar Title line Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page. The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the enclosed argument, including whitespace. @@ -2471,65 +2517,113 @@ Examples: .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .Pp See also -.Sx \&Sh +.Ic \&Sh and -.Sx \&Ss . -.Ss \&Sy -Format enclosed arguments in symbolic -.Pq Dq boldface . -Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for -stylistically decorating technical terms. +.Ic \&Ss . +.It Ic \&Sy Ar word ... +Request a boldface font. .Pp +This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be +confused with stress emphasis, see +.Ic \&Em ) . +When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax +elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim. +.Pp +Examples: +.Bd -literal -compact -offset indent +\&.Sy Warning : +If +\&.Sy s +appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set. +This utility replaces the former +\&.Sy dumpdir +program. +.Ed +.Pp See also -.Sx \&Bf , -.Sx \&Em , -.Sx \&Li , +.Ic \&Em , +.Ic \&No , and -.Sx \&No . -.Ss \&Ta +.Ic \&Ql . +.It Ic \&Ta Table cell separator in -.Sx \&Bl Fl column +.Ic \&Bl Fl column lists; can only be used below -.Sx \&It . -.Ss \&Tn -Format a tradename. +.Ic \&It . +.It Ic \&Tg Op Ar term +Announce that the next input line starts a definition of the +.Ar term . +This macro must appear alone on its own input line. +The argument defaults to the first argument of the first macro +on the next line. +The argument may not contain whitespace characters, not even when it is quoted. +This macro is a +.Xr mandoc 1 +extension and is typically ignored by other formatters. .Pp -Since this macro is often implemented to use a small caps font, -it has historically been used for acronyms (like ASCII) as well. -Such usage is not recommended because it would use the same macro -sometimes for semantical annotation, sometimes for physical formatting. +When viewing terminal output with +.Xr less 1 , +the interactive +.Ic :t +command can be used to go to the definition of the +.Ar term +as described for the +.Ev MANPAGER +variable in +.Xr man 1 ; +when producing HTML output, a fragment identifier +.Pq Ic id No attribute +is generated, to be used for deep linking to this place of the document. .Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Tn IBM -.Ss \&Ud +In most cases, adding a +.Ic \&Tg +macro would be redundant because +.Xr mandoc 1 +is able to automatically tag most definitions. +This macro is intended for cases where automatic tagging of a +.Ar term +is unsatisfactory, for example if a definition is not tagged +automatically (false negative) or if places are tagged that do +not define the +.Ar term +(false positives). +When there is at least one +.Ic \&Tg +macro for a +.Ar term , +no other places are automatically marked as definitions of that +.Ar term . +.It Ic \&Tn Ar word ... +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Even though the macro name +.Pq Dq tradename +suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly +using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font. +.It Ic \&Ud +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. Prints out .Dq currently under development. -.Ss \&Ux -Format the -.Ux -name. -Accepts no argument. -.Pp -Examples: -.Dl \&.Ux -.Pp -See also -.Sx \&At , -.Sx \&Bsx , -.Sx \&Bx , -.Sx \&Dx , -.Sx \&Fx , -.Sx \&Nx , -and -.Sx \&Ox . -.Ss \&Va +.It Ic \&Ux +Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals. +Prints out +.Dq Ux . +.It Ic \&Va Oo Ar type Oc Ar identifier ... A variable name. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Va foo .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ; -.Ss \&Vt +.Pp +For function arguments and parameters, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead. +For declarations of global variables in the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section, use +.Ic \&Vt . +.It Ic \&Vt Ar type Op Ar identifier A variable type. +.Pp This is also used for indicating global variables in the .Em SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. @@ -2544,70 +2638,47 @@ In the former case, this macro starts a new output lin and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding function definition or include directive. .Pp -Note that this should not be confused with -.Sx \&Ft , -which is used for function return types. -.Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&; .Pp +For parameters in function prototypes, use +.Ic \&Fa +instead, for function return types +.Ic \&Ft , +and for variable names outside the +.Em SYNOPSIS +section +.Ic \&Va , +even when including a type with the name. See also -.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE -and -.Sx \&Va . -.Ss \&Xc +.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE . +.It Ic \&Xc Close a scope opened by -.Sx \&Xo . -.Ss \&Xo +.Ic \&Xo . +.It Ic \&Xo Ar block Extend the header of an -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro beyond the end of the input line. This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit of historic .Xr roff 7 . -.Ss \&Xr +.It Ic \&Xr Ar name section Link to another manual .Pq Qq cross-reference . -Its syntax is as follows: .Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name Op section -.Pp Cross reference the .Ar name and .Ar section -number of another man page; -omitting the section number is rarely useful. +number of another man page. .Pp Examples: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&; .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour -.Ss \&br -Emits a line-break. -This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with -historical manuals. -.Pp -Consider using -.Sx \&Pp -in the event of natural paragraph breaks. -.Ss \&sp -Emits vertical space. -This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with -historical manuals. -Its syntax is as follows: -.Pp -.D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height -.Pp -The -.Ar height -argument is a scaling width as described in -.Xr roff 7 . -If unspecified, -.Sx \&sp -asserts a single vertical space. +.El .Sh MACRO SYNTAX The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section, @@ -2655,10 +2726,10 @@ column, if applicable, describes closure rules. .Ss Block full-explicit Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros contains bodies; only -.Sx \&Bf +.Ic \s&Bf and .Pq optionally -.Sx \&Bl +.Ic \&Bl contain a head. .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB @@ -2667,20 +2738,20 @@ contain a head. .Ed .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed -.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef -.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek -.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd -.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf -.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk -.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl +.It Ic \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ed +.It Ic \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ef +.It Ic \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Ek +.It Ic \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bd +.It Ic \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bf +.It Ic \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bk +.It Ic \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Bl .El .Ss Block full-implicit Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro. All macros have bodies; some .Po -.Sx \&It Fl bullet , +.Ic \&It Fl bullet , .Fl hyphen , .Fl dash , .Fl enum , @@ -2688,9 +2759,9 @@ All macros have bodies; some .Pc don't have heads; only one .Po -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It in -.Sx \&Bl Fl column +.Ic \&Bl Fl column .Pc has multiple heads. .Bd -literal -offset indent @@ -2699,15 +2770,15 @@ has multiple heads. .Ed .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El -.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss -.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh -.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss +.It Ic \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&It , Ic \&El +.It Ic \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Nm , Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss +.It Ic \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh +.It Ic \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss .El .Pp Note that the -.Sx \&Nm +.Ic \&Nm macro is a .Sx Block full-implicit macro only when invoked as the first macro @@ -2719,11 +2790,11 @@ section line, else it is Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head .Po -.Sx \&Fo , -.Sx \&Eo +.Ic \&Fo , +.Ic \&Eo .Pc and/or tail -.Pq Sx \&Ec . +.Pq Ic \&Ec . .Bd -literal -offset indent \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB @@ -2734,30 +2805,30 @@ and/or tail .Ed .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao -.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac -.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo -.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc -.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro -.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc -.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do -.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc -.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo -.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec -.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo -.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc -.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po -.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc -.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo -.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc -.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs -.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re -.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So -.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc -.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo -.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc +.It Ic \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Ao +.It Ic \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ac +.It Ic \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Bo +.It Ic \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bc +.It Ic \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Bro +.It Ic \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Brc +.It Ic \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Do +.It Ic \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Dc +.It Ic \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Eo +.It Ic \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ec +.It Ic \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Fo +.It Ic \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Fc +.It Ic \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Po +.It Ic \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Pc +.It Ic \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Oo +.It Ic \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Oc +.It Ic \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Ic \&Rs +.It Ic \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Re +.It Ic \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&So +.It Ic \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Sc +.It Ic \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Ic \&Xo +.It Ic \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Xc .El .Ss Block partial-implicit Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the @@ -2767,22 +2838,23 @@ end of the line. .Ed .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed -.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes -.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes -.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes +.It Ic \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&En Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes .El .Pp Note that the -.Sx \&Vt +.Ic \&Vt macro is a .Sx Block partial-implicit only when invoked as the first macro @@ -2792,17 +2864,17 @@ section line, else it is .Sx In-line . .Ss Special block macro The -.Sx \&Ta +.Ic \&Ta macro can only be used below -.Sx \&It +.Ic \&It in -.Sx \&Bl Fl column +.Ic \&Bl Fl column lists. It delimits blocks representing table cells; these blocks have bodies, but no heads. .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope -.It Sx \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It +.It Ic \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Ic \&Ta , Ic \&It .El .Ss In-line Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths, @@ -2820,80 +2892,78 @@ then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of argument .Ed .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments -.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n -.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 -.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 -.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n -.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 -.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 -.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Es Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 +.It Ic \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Ot Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n +.It Ic \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1 +.It Ic \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Tg Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta <2 +.It Ic \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0 +.It Ic \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n +.It Ic \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0 +.It Ic \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2 .El .Ss Delimiters When a macro argument consists of one single input character @@ -2911,6 +2981,8 @@ For many macros, when the leading arguments are openin these delimiters are put before the macro scope, and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters, these delimiters are put after the macro scope. +Spacing is suppressed after opening delimiters +and before closing delimiters. For example, .Pp .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ." @@ -2952,7 +3024,7 @@ exclamation mark Note that even a period preceded by a backslash .Pq Sq \e.\& gets this special handling; use -.Sq \e&. +.Sq \e&.\& to prevent that. .Pp Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter @@ -2967,7 +3039,7 @@ renders as: .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e .Pp This applies to both opening and closing delimiters, -and also to the middle delimiter: +and also to the middle delimiter, which does not suppress spacing: .Pp .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact .It \&| @@ -2979,6 +3051,13 @@ in the same way as a plain .Sq \&| character. Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals. +.Pp +Appending a zero-width space +.Pq Sq \e& +to the end of an input line is also useful to prevent the interpretation +of a trailing period, exclamation or question mark as the end of a +sentence, for example when an abbreviation happens to occur +at the end of a text or macro input line. .Ss Font handling In .Nm @@ -2998,135 +3077,25 @@ Manually switching the font using the .Ql \ef font escape sequences is never required. .Sh COMPATIBILITY -This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other -troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff +This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues +between mandoc and GNU troff .Pq Qq groff . -The term -.Qq historic groff -refers to groff versions before 1.17, -which featured a significant update of the -.Pa doc.tmac -file. .Pp -Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting -\-mdoc, is similar to historic groff. -.Pp The following problematic behaviour is found in groff: -.ds hist (Historic groff only.) .Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -Display macros -.Po -.Sx \&Bd , -.Sx \&Dl , -and -.Sx \&D1 -.Pc -may not be nested. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&At -with unknown arguments produces no output at all. -\*[hist] -Newer groff and mandoc print -.Qq AT&T UNIX -and the arguments. -.It -.Sx \&Bl Fl column -does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately -precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and -outputs a space before them. -.It -.Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact -does not start a new line. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Dd -with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely. -When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim. -Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date, -but without any arguments the string -.Dq Epoch -is printed. -.It -.Sx \&Fl -does not print a dash for an empty argument. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Fn -does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -section. -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&Fo -with -.Pf non- Sx \&Fa -children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments. -In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments. -.It -.Sx \&Ft -in the -.Em SYNOPSIS -causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior -.Sx \&Fn -has been invoked. -See -.Sx \&Ft -and -.Sx \&Fn -for the normalised behaviour in mandoc. -.It -.Sx \&In -ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the -.Em SYNOPSIS . -\*[hist] -.It -.Sx \&It -sometimes requires a -.Fl nested -flag. -\*[hist] -In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and -.Fl enum -lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list. -.It -.Sx \&Li -followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals -instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with -historic groff. -.It -.Sx \&Lk -only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted. -.It -.Sx \&Pa +.Ic \&Pa does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under certain list types. .It -.Sx \&Ta +.Ic \&Ta can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line. .It -.Sx \&%C -is not implemented. -.It -Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input -line, depending on the exact situation. -Providing more arguments causes garbled output. -The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc. -.It -Historic groff has many un-callable macros. -Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable -in new groff and mandoc. -.It -.Sq \(ba -(vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter. -\*[hist] -.It .Sq \ef .Pq font face and -.Sq \ef +.Sq \eF .Pq font family face .Sx Text Decoration escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes. @@ -3139,45 +3108,28 @@ The following features are unimplemented in mandoc: .Pp .Bl -dash -compact .It -.Sx \&Bd -.Fl file Ar file . +.Ic \&Bd Fl file Ar file +is unsupported for security reasons. .It -.Sx \&Bd -.Fl offset Ar center -and -.Fl offset Ar right . -Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either, -but produces large indentations. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl filled +does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl ragged . .It -The -.Sq \eh -.Pq horizontal position , -.Sq \ev -.Pq vertical position , -.Sq \em -.Pq text colour , -.Sq \eM -.Pq text filling colour , -.Sq \ez -.Pq zero-length character , -.Sq \ew -.Pq string length , -.Sq \ek -.Pq horizontal position marker , -.Sq \eo -.Pq text overstrike , -and -.Sq \es -.Pq text size -escape sequences are all discarded in mandoc. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl literal +does not use a literal font, but is an alias for +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl unfilled . .It -The -.Sq \ef -scaling unit is accepted by mandoc, but rendered as the default unit. -.It -In quoted literals, groff allows pairwise double-quotes to produce a -standalone double-quote in formatted output. -This is not supported by mandoc. +.Ic \&Bd +.Fl offset Cm center +and +.Fl offset Cm right +don't work. +Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either, +but produces large indentations. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr man 1 , @@ -3187,6 +3139,18 @@ This is not supported by mandoc. .Xr mandoc_char 7 , .Xr roff 7 , .Xr tbl 7 +.Pp +The web page +.Lk https://mandoc.bsd.lv/mdoc/ "extended documentation for the mdoc language" +provides a few tutorial-style pages for beginners, an extensive style +guide for advanced authors, and an alphabetic index helping to choose +the best macros for various kinds of content. +.Pp +The manual page +.Lk https://man.voidlinux.org/groff_mdoc "groff_mdoc(7)" +contained in the +.Dq groff +package documents exactly the same language in a somehwat different style. .Sh HISTORY The .Nm