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version 1.2, 2009/03/13 09:08:59 version 1.281, 2020/02/13 18:32:56
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 .\" $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>  .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013-2020 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 .\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all  .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 .\" copies.  
 .\"  .\"
 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL  .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 .\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED  .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE  .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 .\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL  .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 .\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR  .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER  .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR  .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.  .\"
 .\"  
 .Dd $Mdocdate$  .Dd $Mdocdate$
 .Dt mdoc 7  .Dt MDOC 7
 .Os  .Os
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 .Nd mdoc macro reference  .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm mdoc  .Nm mdoc
 language is used to format  language supports authoring of manual pages for the
 .Bx  .Xr man 1
 .Ux  utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
 manuals.  An  page sections and complete manual pages.
   Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
   presentation across all manuals written in
   .Nm ,
   and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
   .Pp
   This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
   and the syntax and usage of the
 .Nm  .Nm
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  language.
 character  The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
 .Sq \.  .Xr mandoc 1 ;
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  the
 prior macros.  Macros are either two or three characters in length.  .Sx COMPATIBILITY
 .\" SECTION  section describes compatibility with other implementations.
 .Sh CHARACTER ENCODING  .Pp
   In an
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only printable alphanumeric characters, the space  document, lines beginning with the control character
 character  .Sq \&.
 .Sq \  ,  are called
 and, in certain circumstances, the tab character  .Dq macro lines .
 .Sq \et .  The first word is the macro name.
 All manuals must have  It consists of two or three letters.
 .Sq \en  Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
 line termination.  For a list of available macros, see
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
 .Ss Reserved Characters  The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
 Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:  including the names of other, callable macros; see
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset XXXX -compact  .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
 .It \&.  for details.
 .Pq period  .Pp
 .It \&,  Lines not beginning with the control character are called
 .Pq comma  .Dq text lines .
 .It \&:  They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
 .Pq colon  depends on the respective processing context:
 .It \&;  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Pq semicolon  \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
 .It \&(  Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
 .Pq left-parenthesis  .Ed
 .It \&)  .Pp
 .Pq right-parenthesis  Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
 .It \&[  .Nm
 .Pq left-bracket  language are based on the
 .It \&]  .Xr roff 7
 .Pq right-bracket  language; see the
 .It \&?  .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Pq question  and
 .It \&!  .Em MACRO SYNTAX
 .Pq exclmamation  sections in the
   .Xr roff 7
   manual for details, in particular regarding
   comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
   However, using
   .Xr roff 7
   requests in
   .Nm
   documents is discouraged;
   .Xr mandoc 1
   supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
   .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
   A well-formed
   .Nm
   document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
   sections.
   .Pp
   The prologue, which consists of the
   .Ic \&Dd ,
   .Ic \&Dt ,
   and
   .Ic \&Os
   macros in that order, is required for every document.
   .Pp
   The first section (sections are denoted by
   .Ic \&Sh )
   must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
   .Ic \&Nm
   followed by
   .Ic \&Nd .
   .Pp
   Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   and
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   sections, although this varies between manual sections.
   .Pp
   The following is a well-formed skeleton
   .Nm
   file for a utility
   .Qq progname :
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
   \&.Dt PROGNAME section
   \&.Os
   \&.Sh NAME
   \&.Nm progname
   \&.Nd one line about what it does
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only.
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm progname
   \&.Op Fl options
   \&.Ar
   \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility processes files ...
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT
   \&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
   \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only.
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
   \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS
   \&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   The sections in an
   .Nm
   document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
   Sections should be composed as follows:
   .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
   .It Em NAME
   The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
   The syntax for this as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm name0 ,
   \&.Nm name1 ,
   \&.Nm name2
   \&.Nd a one line description
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Multiple
   .Sq \&Nm
   names should be separated by commas.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ic \&Nm
   macro(s) must precede the
   .Ic \&Nd
   macro.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Nm
   and
   .Ic \&Nd .
   .It Em LIBRARY
   The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
   assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
   The syntax for this is as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Lb libarm
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Lb .
   .It Em SYNOPSIS
   Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
   configuration.
   .Pp
   For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
   generally structured as follows:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Nm bar
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   \&.Nm foo
   \&.Op Fl v
   \&.Op Fl o Ar file
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
   .Pp
   For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.In header.h
   \&.Vt extern const char *global;
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
   \&.Ft "char *"
   \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Ordering of
   .Ic \&In ,
   .Ic \&Vt ,
   .Ic \&Fn ,
   and
   .Ic \&Fo
   macros should follow C header-file conventions.
   .Pp
   And for the third, configurations (section 4):
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq
   \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   .Pp
   Some macros are displayed differently in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, particularly
   .Ic \&Nm ,
   .Ic \&Cd ,
   .Ic \&Fd ,
   .Ic \&Fn ,
   .Ic \&Fo ,
   .Ic \&In ,
   .Ic \&Vt ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ft .
   All of these macros are output on their own line.
   If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
   .Ic \&Ft
   before
   .Ic \&Fo
   or
   .Ic \&Fn ) ,
   they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
   .Ic \&Fo ,
   .Ic \&Fn ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ft ,
   which are always separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   When text and macros following an
   .Ic \&Nm
   macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
   all output lines but the first will be indented to align
   with the text immediately following the
   .Ic \&Nm
   macro, up to the next
   .Ic \&Nm ,
   .Ic \&Sh ,
   or
   .Ic \&Ss
   macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
   .It Em DESCRIPTION
   This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
   .Em NAME :
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The
   \&.Nm
   utility does this, that, and the other.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
   command), such as:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   The arguments are as follows:
   \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
   \&.It Fl v
   Print verbose information.
   \&.El
   .Ed
   .Pp
   List the options in alphabetical order,
   uppercase before lowercase for each letter and
   with no regard to whether an option takes an argument.
   Put digits in ascending order before all letter options.
   .Pp
   Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
   .Pp
   Since the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
   often use the
   .Ic \&Ss
   macro to form subsections.
   In very long manuals, the
   .Em DESCRIPTION
   may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
   .Ic \&Sh
   macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
   several subsections, like in the present
   .Nm
   manual.
   .It Em CONTEXT
   This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9.
   The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt.
   .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
   Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
   This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
   effects or notable algorithmic implications.
   .It Em RETURN VALUES
   This section documents the
   return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Rv .
   .It Em ENVIRONMENT
   Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
   and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
   The
   .Xr environ 7
   manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Ev .
   .It Em FILES
   Documents files used.
   It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
   the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Pa .
   .It Em EXIT STATUS
   This section documents the
   command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
   Historically, this information was described in
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
   a practise that is now discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Ex .
   .It Em EXAMPLES
   Example usages.
   This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
   Make sure that examples work properly!
   .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
   Documents error messages.
   In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the
   kernel to the console and to the kernel log.
   In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by
   userland programs to the standard error output.
   .Pp
   Historically, this section was used in place of
   .Em EXIT STATUS
   for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
   discouraged.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Bl
   .Fl diag .
   .It Em ERRORS
   Documents
   .Xr errno 2
   settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Er .
   .It Em SEE ALSO
   References other manuals with related topics.
   This section should exist for most manuals.
   Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
   alphabetically (ignoring case).
   .Pp
   References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
   for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
   provided in this section.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&Rs
   and
   .Ic \&Xr .
   .It Em STANDARDS
   References any standards implemented or used.
   If not adhering to any standards, the
   .Em HISTORY
   section should be used instead.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&St .
   .It Em HISTORY
   A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
   and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
   .It Em AUTHORS
   Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
   Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
   .Pp
   See
   .Ic \&An .
   .It Em CAVEATS
   Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
   in this section.
   .It Em BUGS
   Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
   in this section.
   .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
   Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
 .El  .El
   .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
   This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
   together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
   Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
   in the alphabetical
   .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
   .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
   .It Ic \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch
   .It Ic \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
   .It Ic \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
   .It Ic \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
   .El
   .Ss Sections and cross references
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Sh Ta section header (one line)
   .It Ic \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line)
   .It Ic \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection
   .It Ic \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section
   .It Ic \&Tg Ta tag the definition of a Ar term Pq <= 1 arguments
   .It Ic \&Pp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Displays and lists
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block:
   .Fl Ar type
   .Op Fl offset Ar width
   .Op Fl compact
   .It Ic \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
   .It Ic \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
   .It Ic \&Ql Ta in-line literal display: Ql text
   .It Ic \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
   .Fl Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .It Ic \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
   .It Ic \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Ic \&Bl Fl column No lists
   .It Ic \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
   .El
   .Ss Spacing control
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
   .It Ic \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
   .It Ic \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Op Cm on | off
   .It Ic \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
   .El
   .Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility
   .It Ic \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure)
   .It Ic \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Semantic markup for function libraries
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
   .It Ic \&In Ta include file (one argument)
   .It Ic \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
   .It Ic \&Fn Ta function name: Ar funcname Op Ar argument ...
   .It Ic \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Various semantic markup
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar display_name
   .It Ic \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain
   .It Ic \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
   .El
   .Ss Physical markup
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (>0 arguments)
   .It Ic \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block: Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
   .El
   .Ss Physical enclosures
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
   .It Ic \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
   .It Ic \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
   .It Ic \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
   .It Ic \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
   .It Ic \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
   .It Ic \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text
   .It Ic \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure
   .El
   .Ss Text production
   .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
   .It Ic \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
   .It Ic \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
   .It Ic \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
   .It Ic \&At Ta At
   .It Ic \&Bx Ta Bx
   .It Ic \&Bsx Ta Bsx
   .It Ic \&Nx Ta Nx
   .It Ic \&Fx Ta Fx
   .It Ic \&Ox Ta Ox
   .It Ic \&Dx Ta Dx
   .El
   .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
   This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
   alphabetically.
   For the scoping of individual macros, see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
   .Bl -tag -width 3n
   .It Ic \&%A Ar first_name ... last_name
   Author name of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
   .Ic \%%A
   line.
   Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
   first, then full surname.
   .It Ic \&%B Ar title
   Book title of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
   referring to book titles.
   .It Ic \&%C Ar location
   Publication city or location of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&%D Oo Ar month day , Oc Ar year
   Publication date of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   Provide the full English name of the
   .Ar month
   and all four digits of the
   .Ar year .
   .It Ic \&%I Ar name
   Publisher or issuer name of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&%J Ar name
   Journal name of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&%N Ar number
   Issue number (usually for journals) of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&%O Ar line
   Optional information of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&%P Ar number
   Book or journal page number of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   Conventionally, the argument starts with
   .Ql p.\&
   for a single page or
   .Ql pp.\&
   for a range of pages, for example:
 .Pp  .Pp
 Use of these characters must either be escaped with a non-breaking space  .Dl .%P pp. 42\e(en47
 .Pq Sq \e&  .It Ic \&%Q Ar name
 or, if applicable, an appropriate escape-sequence used.  Use of reserved  Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
 characters is described later in this document.  .Ic \&Rs
 .\" SUB-SECTION  block.
 .Ss Special Characters  Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
 Special character sequences begin with the escape character  .Ic \&%Q
 .Sq \\  line.
 and followed by either an open-parenthesis  .It Ic \&%R Ar name
 .Sq \&(  Technical report name of an
 for two-character sequences; an open-bracket  .Ic \&Rs
 .Sq \&[  block.
 for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket  .It Ic \&%T Ar title
 .Sq \&] ) ;  Article title of an
 or a single one-character sequence.  .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
   referring to article titles.
   .It Ic \&%U Ar protocol Ns :// Ns Ar path
   URI of reference document.
   .It Ic \&%V Ar number
   Volume number of an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   .It Ic \&Ac
   Close an
   .Ic \&Ao
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .It Ic \&Ad Ar address
   Memory address.
   Do not use this for postal addresses.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Characters may alternatively be escaped by a slash-asterisk,  Examples:
 .Sq \\* ,  .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
 with the same combinations as described above.  This form, however, is  .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
 deprecated.  The following is a table of all available escapes, arranged  .It Ic \&An Fl split | nosplit | Ar first_name ... last_name
 by classification.  Author name.
   Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
   documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
   Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
 .Pp  .Pp
 Grammatic:  .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .It Fl split
 .It \\(em  Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
 .Pq em-dash  .Ic \&An .
 .It \\(en  .It Fl nosplit
 .Pq en-dash  The opposite of
 .It \e-  .Fl split .
 .Pq hyphen  
 .It \\\\  
 .Pq back-slash  
 .It \e'  
 .Pq apostrophe  
 .It \e`  
 .Pq back-tick  
 .It \\  
 .Pq space  
 .It \\.  
 .Pq period  
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Enclosures:  The default is
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Fl nosplit .
 .It \\(rC  The effect of selecting either of the
 .Pq right brace  .Fl split
 .It \\(lC  modes ends at the beginning of the
 .Pq left brace  .Em AUTHORS
 .It \\(ra  section.
 .Pq right angle  In the
 .It \\(la  .Em AUTHORS
 .Pq left angle  section, the default is
 .It \\(rB  .Fl nosplit
 .Pq right bracket  for the first author listing and
 .It \\(lB  .Fl split
 .Pq left bracket  for all other author listings.
 .It \\q  .Pp
 .Pq double-quote  Examples:
 .It \\(lq  .Dl \&.An -nosplit
 .Pq left double-quote  .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
 .It \\(Lq  .It Ic \&Ao Ar block
 .Pq left double-quote, deprecated  Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
 .It \\(rq  Does not have any head arguments.
 .Pq right double-quote  This macro is almost never useful.
 .It \\(Rq  See
 .Pq right double-quote, deprecated  .Ic \&Aq
 .It \\(oq  for more details.
 .Pq left single-quote  .It Ic \&Ap
 .It \\(aq  Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
 .Pq right single-quote  This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
   form of a function.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
   .It Ic \&Aq Ar line
   Enclose the rest of the input line in angle brackets.
   The only important use case is for email addresses.
   See
   .Ic \&Mt
   for an example.
   .Pp
   Occasionally, it is used for names of characters and keys, for example:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   Press the
   \&.Aq escape
   key to ...
   .Ed
   .Pp
   For URIs, use
   .Ic \&Lk
   instead, and
   .Ic \&In
   for
   .Dq #include
   directives.
   Never wrap
   .Ic \&Ar
   in
   .Ic \&Aq .
   .Pp
   Since
   .Ic \&Aq
   usually renders with non-ASCII characters in non-ASCII output modes,
   do not use it where the ASCII characters
   .Sq <
   and
   .Sq >
   are required as syntax elements.
   Instead, use these characters directly in such cases, combining them
   with the macros
   .Ic \&Pf ,
   .Ic \&Ns ,
   or
   .Ic \&Eo
   as needed.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Ao .
   .It Ic \&Ar Op Ar placeholder ...
   Command arguments.
   If an argument is not provided, the string
   .Dq file ...\&
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
   .Dl ".Ar"
   .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
   .Pp
   The arguments to the
   .Ic \&Ar
   macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
   for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
   .Ic \&Fl
   or
   .Ic \&Cm .
   .It Ic \&At Op Ar version
   Formats an
   .At
   version.
   Accepts one optional argument:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
   .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
   A version of
   .At .
   .It Cm III
   .At III .
   .It Cm V | V.[1-4]
   A version of
   .At V .
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Indicatives:  Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Pp
 .It \\(<-  Examples:
 .Pq left arrow  .Dl \&.At
 .It \\(->  .Dl \&.At III
 .Pq right arrow  .Dl \&.At V.1
 .It \\(ua  .Pp
 .Pq up arrow  See also
 .It \\(da  .Ic \&Bsx ,
 .Pq down arrow  .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   .Ic \&Nx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Bc
   Close a
   .Ic \&Bo
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .It Ic \&Bd Fl Ns Ar type Oo Fl offset Ar width Oc Op Fl compact
   Begin a display block.
   Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
   justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
   They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
   By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar type
   must be one of the following:
   .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
   .It Fl centered
   Produce one output line from each input line, and center-justify each line.
   Using this display type is not recommended; many
   .Nm
   implementations render it poorly.
   .It Fl filled
   Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
   right-justify the resulting block.
   .It Fl literal
   Produce one output line from each input line,
   and do not justify the block at all.
   Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
   Always use a constant-width font.
   Use this for displaying source code.
   .It Fl ragged
   Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
   the resulting block.
   .It Fl unfilled
   The same as
   .Fl literal ,
   but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
   if supported by the output device.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Mathematical:  The
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Ar type
 .It \\(Gt  must be provided first.
 .Pq greater-than, deprecated  Additional arguments may follow:
 .It \\(Lt  .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
 .Pq less-than, deprecated  .It Fl offset Ar width
 .It \\(<=  Indent the display by the
 .Pq less-than-equal  .Ar width ,
 .It \\(Le  which may be one of the following:
 .Pq less-than-equal, deprecated  .Bl -item
 .It \\(>=  .It
 .Pq greater-than-equal  One of the pre-defined strings
 .It \\(Ge  .Cm indent ,
 .Pq greater-than-equal  the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
 .It \\(==  .Cm indent-two ,
 .Pq equal  twice
 .It \\(!=  .Cm indent ;
 .Pq not equal  .Cm left ,
 .It \\(Ne  which has no effect;
 .Pq not equal, deprecated  .Cm right ,
 .It \\(if  which justifies to the right margin; or
 .Pq infinity  .Cm center ,
 .It \\(If  which aligns around an imagined center axis.
 .Pq infinity, deprecated  .It
 .It \\(na  A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
 .Pq NaN , an extension  associated with that macro.
 .It \\(Na  The most popular is the imaginary macro
 .Pq NaN, deprecated  .Ar \&Ds ,
 .It \\(+-  which resolves to
 .Pq plus-minus  .Sy 6n .
 .It \\(Pm  .It
 .Pq plus-minus, deprecated  A scaling width as described in
 .It \\(**  .Xr roff 7 .
 .Pq asterisk  .It
   An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Diacritics:  When the argument is missing,
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Fl offset
 .It \\(ga  is ignored.
 .Pq accent grave  .It Fl compact
 .It \\(aa  Do not assert vertical space before the display.
 .Pq accent accute  
 .El  .El
 .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Special symbols:  Examples:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset "XXXX" -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .It \\(bu  \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
 .Pq bullet     Hello       world.
 .It \\(ba  \&.Ed
 .Pq bar  .Ed
 .It \\(Ba  .Pp
 .Pq bar, deprecated  See also
 .It \\(co  .Ic \&D1
 .Pq copyright  and
 .It \\&  .Ic \&Dl .
 .Pq non-breaking space  .It Ic \&Bf Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
 .It \\e  Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
 .Pq escape  The
 .It \\(Am  .Fl emphasis
 .Pq ampersand, deprecated  and
 .El  .Cm \&Em
 .\" SECTION  argument are equivalent, as are
 .Sh ONTOLOGY  .Fl symbolic
 Macros are classified in an ontology described by scope rules.  and
 .Bl -inset  .Cm \&Sy ,
 .\" LIST-ITEM  and
 .It Em Block  .Fl literal
 macros enclose other block macros, in-line macros or text, and  and
 may span multiple lines.  .Cm \&Li .
 .Qq Implicit  Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
 block scope is closed by a subsequent invocation of the same macro,  The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
 one of a set of corresponding closure macros or end-of-file.  scope or
 .Qq Explicit  .Ic \&Ef
 block scope is closed by a corresponding closure macro.  is encountered.
 .Bl -inset -offset XXXX  .Pp
 .\" LIST-ITEM  See also
 .It Em Full-block  .Ic \&Li ,
 macros always span multiple lines.  They consist optionally of one or  .Ic \&Ef ,
 more  .Ic \&Em ,
 .Qq heads ,  and
 subsequent macros or text on the same line following invocation; a  .Ic \&Sy .
 .Qq body ,  .It Ic \&Bk Fl words
 which spans subsequent lines of text or macros; and an optional  For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
 .Qq tail ,  until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
 macros or text on the same line following closure.  whichever comes first.
 .\" LIST-ITEM  Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
 .It Em Partial-block  .Pp
 macros may span multiple lines.  They consists optionally of a  The
 .Qq head ,  .Fl words
 text immediately following invocation; always a  argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
 .Qq body ,  .Pp
 text or macros following the head on the same and subsequent lines; and  The following example will not break within each
 optionally a  .Ic \&Op
 .Qq tail ,  macro line:
 text immediately following closure.  .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Bk \-words
   \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
   \&.Op Fl o Ar output
   \&.Ek
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
   Doing so will clobber the right margin.
   .It Xo
   .Ic \&Bl
   .Fl Ns Ar type
   .Op Fl width Ar val
   .Op Fl offset Ar val
   .Op Fl compact
   .Op Ar col ...
   .Xc
   Begin a list.
   Lists consist of items specified using the
   .Ic \&It
   macro, containing a head or a body or both.
   .Pp
   The list
   .Ar type
   is mandatory and must be specified first.
   The
   .Fl width
   and
   .Fl offset
   arguments accept macro names as described for
   .Ic \&Bd
   .Fl offset ,
   scaling widths as described in
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   or use the length of the given string.
   The
   .Fl offset
   is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
   and bodies.
   For those list types supporting it, the
   .Fl width
   argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
   to be added to the
   .Fl offset .
   Unless the
   .Fl compact
   argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
   .Pp
   A list must specify one of the following list types:
   .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
   .It Fl bullet
   No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
   of each item.
   Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
   and are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   .It Fl column
   A columnated list.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument has no effect; instead, the string length of each argument
   specifies the width of one column.
   If the first line of the body of a
   .Fl column
   list is not an
   .Ic \&It
   macro line,
   .Ic \&It
   contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
   .Ic \&It
   macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
   described in the
   .Ic \&It
   documentation.
   .It Fl dash
   Like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
   .It Fl diag
   Like
   .Fl inset ,
   except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
   Most often used in the
   .Em DIAGNOSTICS
   section with error constants in the item heads.
   .It Fl enum
   A numbered list.
   No item heads can be specified.
   Formatted like
   .Fl bullet ,
   except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
   starting at 1.
   .It Fl hang
   Like
   .Fl tag ,
   except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
   the item heads like in
   .Fl inset
   lists.
   .It Fl hyphen
   Synonym for
   .Fl dash .
   .It Fl inset
   Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
   spacing.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl item
   No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
   Bodies are not indented, and the
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl ohang
   Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
   The
   .Fl width
   argument is ignored.
   .It Fl tag
   Item bodies are indented according to the
   .Fl width
   argument.
   When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
   this head on the same output line.
   Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
 .El  .El
 .\" LIST-ITEM  .Pp
 .It Em In-line  Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
 macros may only enclose text and span at most a single line.  If  Nesting of
 a macro is parsable, its scope may be closed by subsequent macros or  .Fl column
 delimiting punctuation.  In-line macros follow different conventions for  and
 closure; see  .Fl enum
 .Sx MACROS  lists may not be portable.
 for per-macro details.  .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&El
   and
   .Ic \&It .
   .It Ic \&Bo Ar block
   Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bo 1 ,
   \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Bq .
   .It Ic \&Bq Ar line
   Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
   commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
   .Ic \&Op ,
   .Ic \&Oo ,
   and
   .Ic \&Oc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Bo .
   .It Ic \&Brc
   Close a
   .Ic \&Bro
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .It Ic \&Bro Ar block
   Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
   \&.Va n \&Brc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Brq .
   .It Ic \&Brq Ar line
   Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Bro .
   .It Ic \&Bsx Op Ar version
   Format the
   .Bsx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
   .Dl \&.Bsx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   .Ic \&Nx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Bt
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
   Prints
   .Dq is currently in beta test.
   .It Ic \&Bx Op Ar version Op Ar variant
   Format the
   .Bx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
   argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
   .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
   .Dl \&.Bx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bsx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   .Ic \&Nx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Cd Ar line
   Kernel configuration declaration.
   This denotes strings accepted by
   .Xr config 8 .
   It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
   .Pp
   .Em Remarks :
   this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
   whitespace and align consecutive
   .Ic \&Cd
   declarations.
   This practise is discouraged.
   .It Ic \&Cm Ar keyword ...
   Command modifiers.
   Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments to interactive
   commands, to commands in interpreted scripts, or to configuration
   file directives, unless
   .Ic \&Fl
   is more appropriate.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
   .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
   .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
   .Dl ".Ic set Fl o Cm vi"
   .Dl ".Ic lookup Cm file bind"
   .Dl ".Ic permit Ar identity Op Cm as Ar target"
   .It Ic \&D1 Ar line
   One-line indented display.
   This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
   statements.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Bd
   and
   .Ic \&Dl .
   .It Ic \&Db
   This macro is obsolete.
   No replacement is needed.
   It is ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1
   and groff including its arguments.
   It was formerly used to toggle a debugging mode.
   .It Ic \&Dc
   Close a
   .Ic \&Do
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .It Ic \&Dd Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
   Document date for display in the page footer,
   by convention the date of the last change.
   This is the mandatory first macro of any
   .Nm
   manual.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar month
   is the full English month name, the
   .Ar day
   is an integer number, and the
   .Ar year
   is the full four-digit year.
   .Pp
   Other arguments are not portable; the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility handles them as follows:
   .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
   .It
   To have the date automatically filled in by the
   .Ox
   version of
   .Xr cvs 1 ,
   the special string
   .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
   can be given as an argument.
   .It
   The traditional, purely numeric
   .Xr man 7
   format
   .Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day
   is accepted, too.
   .It
   If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
   .It
   If no date string is given, the current date is used.
 .El  .El
 .\" .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .\" .Ss Examples  
 .\" The following examples illustrate each macro classification.  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit full-block.  Has head, body and no tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" second  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 1  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 2  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Nested implicit full-block, where the subsection  
 .\" .Sq \&Ss  
 .\" is within the scope of the parent section  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh  
 .\" and closed along with its parent by the subsequent  
 .\" .Sq \&Sh .  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 1  
 .\" \&.Ss Subsection 1  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Sh SECTION 2  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit full-block.  Has a head, a body and no tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ef  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Bf symbolic  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.Ef  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Nested explicit/implicit scope.  
 .\" .Sq \&It  
 .\" macro is an implicit block whose scope is closed by the explicit  
 .\" .Sq \&El  
 .\" closure.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Bl \-bullet  
 .\" \&.It head  
 .\" body...  
 .\" \&.El  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit partial-block.  Has head, body and tail.  Scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ec  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Eo head body... \&Ec tail  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit partial-block.  Has only body.  Scope is closed by end-of-line.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Sq body...  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Explicit partial-block with only body and scope closed by  
 .\" .Sq \&Ac  
 .\" invocation.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Ao body... \&Ac  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Implicit partial-block enclosing explicit partial-block.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXX  
 .\" \&.Sq body... \&Ao body... \&Ac  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" .\" PARAGRAPH  
 .\" .Pp  
 .\" Inline macros, several in sequence.  Scope is closed for  
 .\" .Sq \&Fl  
 .\" by the punctuation delimiter and  
 .\" .Sq \&Ar  
 .\" by the end-of-line.  
 .\" .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  
 .\" \&.Fl text0 text1 ; Ar text0 text1  
 .\" .Ed  
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh SYNTAX  
 The syntax of macro invocation depends on classification.  
 .Qq \-arg  
 refers to the macro arguments (which may contain zero or more values).  
 In these illustrations,  
 .Sq \&.Yo  
 opens the scope of a macro, and if specified,  
 .Sq \&.Yc  
 closes it out (closure may be implicit at end-of-line or end-of-file).  
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-explicit (may contain head, body, tail):  Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 2 2018$
 \(lBbody...\(rB  .Dl \&.Dd July 2, 2018
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dt
   and
   .Ic \&Os .
   .It Ic \&Dl Ar line
   One-line indented display.
   This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
   invocations.
   It is followed by a newline.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Ql ,
   .Ic \&Bd Fl literal ,
   and
   .Ic \&D1 .
   .It Ic \&Do Ar block
   Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Do
   April is the cruellest month
   \&.Dc
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block full-implicit (may contain zero or more heads, body, no tail):  See also
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Ic \&Dq .
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB  .It Ic \&Dq Ar line
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Dq typographic
   double-quotes.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
   \e(em T.S. Eliot
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Qq ,
   .Ic \&Sq ,
   and
   .Ic \&Do .
   .It Ic \&Dt Ar TITLE section Op Ar arch
   Document title for display in the page header.
   This is the mandatory second macro of any
   .Nm
   file.
   .Pp
   Its arguments are as follows:
   .Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n
   .It Ar TITLE
   The document's title (name), defaulting to
   .Dq UNTITLED
   if unspecified.
   To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines,
   it should by convention be all caps.
   .It Ar section
   The manual section.
   This may be one of
   .Cm 1
   .Pq General Commands ,
   .Cm 2
   .Pq System Calls ,
   .Cm 3
   .Pq Library Functions ,
   .Cm 3p
   .Pq Perl Library ,
   .Cm 4
   .Pq Device Drivers ,
   .Cm 5
   .Pq File Formats ,
   .Cm 6
   .Pq Games ,
   .Cm 7
   .Pq Miscellaneous Information ,
   .Cm 8
   .Pq System Manager's Manual ,
   or
   .Cm 9
   .Pq Kernel Developer's Manual .
   It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
   the empty string if unspecified.
   .It Ar arch
   This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
   where relevant, for example
   .Cm alpha ,
   .Cm amd64 ,
   .Cm i386 ,
   or
   .Cm sparc64 .
   The list of valid architectures varies by operating system.
   .El
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
   .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dd
   and
   .Ic \&Os .
   .It Ic \&Dv Ar identifier ...
   Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
   enumeration values, and so on.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dv NULL
   .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
   .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Er
   and
   .Ic \&Ev
   for special-purpose constants,
   .Ic \&Va
   for variable symbols, and
   .Ic \&Fd
   for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   .It Ic \&Dx Op Ar version
   Format the
   .Dx
   version provided as an argument, or a default
   value if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
   .Dl \&.Dx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bsx ,
   .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   .Ic \&Nx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Ec Op Ar closing_delimiter
   Close a scope started by
   .Ic \&Eo .
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar closing_delimiter
   argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
   will emulate
   .Ic \&Dc .
   .It Ic \&Ed
   End a display context started by
   .Ic \&Bd .
   .It Ic \&Ef
   End a font mode context started by
   .Ic \&Bf .
   .It Ic \&Ek
   End a keep context started by
   .Ic \&Bk .
   .It Ic \&El
   End a list context started by
   .Ic \&Bl .
   See also
   .Ic \&It .
   .It Ic \&Em Ar word ...
   Request an italic font.
   If the output device does not provide that, underline.
   .Pp
   This is most often used for stress emphasis (not to be confused with
   importance, see
   .Ic \&Sy ) .
   In the rare cases where none of the semantic markup macros fit,
   it can also be used for technical terms and placeholders, except
   that for syntax elements,
   .Ic \&Sy
   and
   .Ic \&Ar
   are preferred, respectively.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -compact -offset indent
   Selected lines are those
   \&.Em not
   matching any of the specified patterns.
   Some of the functions use a
   \&.Em hold space
   to save the pattern space for subsequent retrieval.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&No ,
   .Ic \&Ql ,
   and
   .Ic \&Sy .
   .It Ic \&En Ar word ...
   This macro is obsolete.
   Use
   .Ic \&Eo
   or any of the other enclosure macros.
   .Pp
   It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last
   .Ic \&Es
   macro.
   .It Ic \&Eo Op Ar opening_delimiter
   An arbitrary enclosure.
   The
   .Ar opening_delimiter
   argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
   will emulate
   .Ic \&Do .
   .It Ic \&Er Ar identifier ...
   Error constants for definitions of the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable.
   This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Er EPERM
   .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dv
   for general constants.
   .It Ic \&Es Ar opening_delimiter closing_delimiter
   This macro is obsolete.
   Use
   .Ic \&Eo
   or any of the other enclosure macros.
   .Pp
   It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent
   .Ic \&En
   macros.
   .It Ic \&Ev Ar identifier ...
   Environmental variables such as those specified in
   .Xr environ 7 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
   .Dl \&.Ev PATH
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dv
   for general constants.
   .It Ic \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
   Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
   and >0 on failure.
   This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
   .Pp
   If
   .Ar utility
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Ic \&Nm
   is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar utility
   arguments are treated as separate utilities.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Rv .
   .It Ic \&Fa Ar argument ...
   Function argument or parameter.
   Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section), a name alone (for function invocations),
   or a type alone (for function prototypes).
   If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple
   words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be
   given in a single argument to the
   .Ic \&Fa
   macro.
   .Pp
   This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
   .Pp
   Most often, the
   .Ic \&Fa
   macro is used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   within
   .Ic \&Fo
   blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
   If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
   comma.
   Furthermore, if the following macro is another
   .Ic \&Fa ,
   the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Fo .
   .It Ic \&Fc
   End a function context started by
   .Ic \&Fo .
   .It Ic \&Fd Pf # Ar directive Op Ar argument ...
   Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS .
   Historically, it was also used to document include files.
   The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of
   .Ic \&In .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler
   .Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS
   .Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG
   .Dl \&.Ft void
   .Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fd #endif
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Ic \&In ,
   and
   .Ic \&Dv .
   .It Ic \&Fl Op Ar word ...
   Command-line flag or option.
   Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
   Prints a fixed-width hyphen
   .Sq \-
   directly followed by each argument.
   If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
   If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
   output.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
   .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
   .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
   .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
   .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Cm .
   .It Ic \&Fn Ar funcname Op Ar argument ...
   A function name.
   .Pp
   Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
   are delimited by commas.
   If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq
   .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
   .Ic \&Xr
   instead.
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Ic \&Fo ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ft .
   .It Ic \&Fo Ar funcname
   Begin a function block.
   This is a multi-line version of
   .Ic \&Fn .
   .Pp
   Invocations usually occur in the following context:
   .Bd -ragged -offset indent
   .Pf \. Ic \&Ft Ar functype
   .br
   .Pf \. Ic \&Fo Ar funcname
   .br
   .Pf \. Ic \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname
   .br
   \&.\.\.
   .br
   .Pf \. Ic \&Fc
   .Ed
   .Pp
   A
   .Ic \&Fo
   scope is closed by
   .Ic \&Fc .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Ic \&Fa ,
   .Ic \&Fc ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ft .
   .It Ic \&Fr Ar number
   This macro is obsolete.
   No replacement markup is needed.
   .Pp
   It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font.
   .It Ic \&Ft Ar functype
   A function type.
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, a new output line is started after this macro.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ft int
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Ft functype
   \&.Fn funcname
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
   .Ic \&Fn ,
   and
   .Ic \&Fo .
   .It Ic \&Fx Op Ar version
   Format the
   .Fx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
   .Dl \&.Fx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bsx ,
   .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Nx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Hf Ar filename
   This macro is not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
   .It Ic \&Ic Ar keyword ...
   Internal or interactive command, or configuration instruction
   in a configuration file.
   See also
   .Ic \&Cm .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ic :wq
   .Dl \&.Ic hash
   .Dl \&.Ic alias
   .Pp
   Note that using
   .Ic \&Ql ,
   .Ic \&Dl ,
   or
   .Ic \&Bd Fl literal
   is preferred for displaying code samples; the
   .Ic \&Ic
   macro is used when referring to an individual command name.
   .It Ic \&In Ar filename
   The name of an include file.
   This macro is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
   .Pp
   When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
   and preceded by
   .Qq #include ,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function declaration.
   In other sections, it only encloses its argument in angle brackets
   and causes no line break.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
   .Pp
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .It Ic \&It Op Ar head
   A list item.
   The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
   .Pp
   Lists
   of type
   .Fl hang ,
   .Fl ohang ,
   .Fl inset ,
   and
   .Fl diag
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar args
   .Pp
   Lists of type
   .Fl bullet ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl hyphen
   and
   .Fl item
   have the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Ic \&It
   .Pp
   with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
   .Ic \&It
   until either a closing
   .Ic \&El
   or another
   .Ic \&It .
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl tag
   list has the following syntax:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Op Cm args
   .Pp
   Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
   .Fl bullet
   and family.
   The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
   arguments correspond to the list's contents.
   .Pp
   The
   .Fl column
   list is the most complicated.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op Ic \&Ta Ar cell ...
   .D1 Pf \. Ic \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
   .Pp
   The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
   representing a complete table line.
   Cells within the line are delimited by the special
   .Ic \&Ta
   block macro or by literal tab characters.
   .Pp
   Using literal tabs is strongly discouraged because they are very
   hard to use correctly and
   .Nm
   code using them is very hard to read.
   In particular, a blank character is syntactically significant
   before and after the literal tab character.
   If a word precedes or follows the tab without an intervening blank,
   that word is never interpreted as a macro call, but always output
   literally.
   .Pp
   The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
   .Ic \&It
   line itself; on following lines, only the
   .Ic \&Ta
   macro can be used to delimit cells, and portability requires that
   .Ic \&Ta
   is called by other macros: some parsers do not recognize it when
   it appears as the first macro on a line.
   .Pp
   Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
   .Ic \&It
   line.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ,\& <TAB> col2 ,\(dq \&;
   .Pp
   will preserve the whitespace before both commas,
   but not the whitespace before the semicolon.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Bl .
   .It Ic \&Lb Cm lib Ns Ar name
   Specify a library.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar name
   parameter may be a system library, such as
   .Cm z
   or
   .Cm pam ,
   in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
   invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
   printed in quotes.
   This is most commonly used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section as described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Lb libz
   .Dl \&.Lb libmandoc
   .It Ic \&Li Ar word ...
   Request a typewriter (literal) font.
   Deprecated because on terminal output devices, this is usually
   indistinguishable from normal text.
   For literal displays, use
   .Ic \&Ql Pq in-line ,
   .Ic \&Dl Pq single line ,
   or
   .Ic \&Bd Fl literal Pq multi-line
   instead.
   .It Ic \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar display_name
   Format a hyperlink.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq
   .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Mt .
   .It Ic \&Lp
   Deprecated synonym for
   .Ic \&Pp .
   .It Ic \&Ms Ar name
   Display a mathematical symbol.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ms sigma
   .Dl \&.Ms aleph
   .It Ic \&Mt Ar localpart Ns @ Ns Ar domain
   Format a
   .Dq mailto:
   hyperlink.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
   .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
   .It Ic \&Nd Ar line
   A one line description of the manual's content.
   This is the mandatory last macro of the
   .Em NAME
   section and not appropriate for other sections.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd mdoc language reference
   .Dl Pf . Ic \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
   .Pp
   The
   .Ic \&Nd
   macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
   .Ic \&Sh
   invocation.
   Do not assume this behaviour: some
   .Xr whatis 1
   database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
   arguments and will display macros verbatim.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Nm .
   .It Ic \&Nm Op Ar name
   The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
   and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
   the manual page.
   When first invoked, the
   .Ic \&Nm
   macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
   Usually, the first invocation happens in the
   .Em NAME
   section of the page.
   The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
   called again without arguments later in the page.
   The
   .Ic \&Nm
   macro uses
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   semantics.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
   \&.Nm cat
   \&.Op Fl benstuv
   \&.Op Ar
   .Ed
   .Pp
   In the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
   .Ic \&Fn
   macro rather than
   .Ic \&Nm
   to mark up the name of the manual page.
   .It Ic \&No Ar word ...
   Normal text.
   Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
   When used after physical formatting macros like
   .Ic \&Em
   or
   .Ic \&Sy ,
   switches back to the standard font face and weight.
   Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
   using semantic annotation macros.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Sm off
   \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
   \&.Sm on
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Em ,
   .Ic \&Ql ,
   and
   .Ic \&Sy .
   .It Ic \&Ns
   Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
   and the following text or macro.
   Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
   just like after an
   .Ic \&No
   macro.
   .Pp
   This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
   .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
   .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&No
   and
   .Ic \&Sm .
   .It Ic \&Nx Op Ar version
   Format the
   .Nx
   version provided as an argument, or a default value if
   no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
   .Dl \&.Nx
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bsx ,
   .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ox .
   .It Ic \&Oc
   Close multi-line
   .Ic \&Oo
   context.
   .It Ic \&Oo Ar block
   Multi-line version of
   .Ic \&Op .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Oo
   \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
   \&.Oc
   .Ed
   .It Ic \&Op Ar line
   Optional part of a command line.
   Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
   This is most often used in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
   .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Oo .
   .It Ic \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
   Operating system version for display in the page footer.
   This is the mandatory third macro of
   any
   .Nm
   file.
   .Pp
   The optional
   .Ar system
   parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
   It is suggested to leave it unspecified, in which case
   .Xr mandoc 1
   uses its
   .Fl Ios
   argument or, if that isn't specified either,
   .Fa sysname
   and
   .Fa release
   as returned by
   .Xr uname 3 .
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Os
   .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
   .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dd
   and
   .Ic \&Dt .
   .It Ic \&Ot Ar functype
   This macro is obsolete.
   Use
   .Ic \&Ft
   instead; with
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   both have the same effect.
   .Pp
   Historical
   .Nm
   packages described it as
   .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
   .It Ic \&Ox Op Ar version
   Format the
   .Ox
   version provided as an argument, or a default value
   if no argument is provided.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
   .Dl \&.Ox
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&At ,
   .Ic \&Bsx ,
   .Ic \&Bx ,
   .Ic \&Dx ,
   .Ic \&Fx ,
   and
   .Ic \&Nx .
   .It Ic \&Pa Ar name ...
   An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
   If an argument is not provided, the character
   .Sq \(ti
   is used as a default.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
   .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Lk .
   .It Ic \&Pc
   Close parenthesised context opened by
   .Ic \&Po .
   .It Ic \&Pf Ar prefix macro Op Ar argument ...
   Removes the space between its argument and the following macro.
   It is equivalent to:
   .Pp
   .D1 Ic \&No Pf \e& Ar prefix Ic \&Ns Ar macro Op Ar argument ...
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar prefix
   argument is not parsed for macro names or delimiters,
   but used verbatim as if it were escaped.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
   .Dl ".Pf . Ar macro_name"
   .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Ns
   and
   .Ic \&Sm .
   .It Ic \&Po Ar block
   Multi-line version of
   .Ic \&Pq .
   .It Ic \&Pp
   Break a paragraph.
   This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
   and/or text.
   .Pp
   Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
   .Ic \&Sh
   or
   .Ic \&Ss
   macros or before displays
   .Pq Ic \&Bd Ar line
   or lists
   .Pq Ic \&Bl
   unless the
   .Fl compact
   flag is given.
   .It Ic \&Pq Ar line
   Parenthesised enclosure.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Po .
   .It Ic \&Qc
   Close quoted context opened by
   .Ic \&Qo .
   .It Ic \&Ql Ar line
   In-line literal display.
   This can be used for complete command invocations and for multi-word
   code examples when an indented display is not desired.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dl
   and
   .Ic \&Bd
   .Fl literal .
   .It Ic \&Qo Ar block
   Multi-line version of
   .Ic \&Qq .
   .It Ic \&Qq Ar line
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Qq typewriter
   double-quotes.
   Consider using
   .Ic \&Dq .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dq ,
   .Ic \&Sq ,
   and
   .Ic \&Qo .
   .It Ic \&Re
   Close an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block.
   Does not have any tail arguments.
   .It Ic \&Rs
   Begin a bibliographic
   .Pq Dq reference
   block.
   Does not have any head arguments.
   The block macro may only contain
   .Ic \&%A ,
   .Ic \&%B ,
   .Ic \&%C ,
   .Ic \&%D ,
   .Ic \&%I ,
   .Ic \&%J ,
   .Ic \&%N ,
   .Ic \&%O ,
   .Ic \&%P ,
   .Ic \&%Q ,
   .Ic \&%R ,
   .Ic \&%T ,
   .Ic \&%U ,
   and
   .Ic \&%V
   child macros (at least one must be specified).
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
   \&.Rs
   \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
   \&.%A J. D. Ullman
   \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
   \&.%I Addison-Wesley
   \&.%C Reading, Massachusetts
   \&.%D 1979
   \&.Re
   .Ed
   .Pp
   If an
   .Ic \&Rs
   block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
   before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
   line.
   .It Ic \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
   Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
   on success and \-1 on error, with the
   .Va errno
   libc global variable set on error.
   .Pp
   If
   .Ar function
   is not specified, the document's name set by
   .Ic \&Nm
   is used.
   Multiple
   .Ar function
   arguments are treated as separate functions.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Ex .
   .It Ic \&Sc
   Close single-quoted context opened by
   .Ic \&So .
   .It Ic \&Sh Ar TITLE LINE
   Begin a new section.
   For a list of conventional manual sections, see
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
   custom sections be used.
   .Pp
   Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Ic \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Ic \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Pp ,
   .Ic \&Ss ,
   and
   .Ic \&Sx .
   .It Ic \&Sm Op Cm on | off
   Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
   .Pp
   By default, spacing is
   .Cm on .
   When switched
   .Cm off ,
   no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
   output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
   still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
   .Pp
   When called without an argument, the
   .Ic \&Sm
   macro toggles the spacing mode.
   Using this is not recommended because it makes the code harder to read.
   .It Ic \&So Ar block
   Multi-line version of
   .Ic \&Sq .
   .It Ic \&Sq Ar line
   Encloses its arguments in
   .Sq typewriter
   single-quotes.
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Dq ,
   .Ic \&Qq ,
   and
   .Ic \&So .
   .It Ic \&Ss Ar Title line
   Begin a new subsection.
   Unlike with
   .Ic \&Sh ,
   there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
   Except
   .Em DESCRIPTION ,
   the conventional sections described in
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   rarely have subsections.
   .Pp
   Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
   .Ic \&Sx .
   Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
   may not be linked with
   .Ic \&Sx .
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Pp ,
   .Ic \&Sh ,
   and
   .Ic \&Sx .
   .It Ic \&St Fl Ns Ar abbreviation
   Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
   The following standards are recognised.
   Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between,
   they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form
   is recommended.
   .Bl -tag -width 1n
   .It C language standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-ansiC
   .St -ansiC
   .It \-ansiC-89
   .St -ansiC-89
   .It \-isoC
   .St -isoC
   .It \-isoC-90
   .St -isoC-90
   .br
   The original C standard.
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-amd1
   .St -isoC-amd1
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-tcor1
   .St -isoC-tcor1
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-tcor2
   .St -isoC-tcor2
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-99
   .St -isoC-99
   .br
   The second major version of the C language standard.
   .Pp
   .It \-isoC-2011
   .St -isoC-2011
   .br
   The third major version of the C language standard.
   .El
   .It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-88
   .St -p1003.1-88
   .It \-p1003.1
   .St -p1003.1
   .br
   The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-90
   .St -p1003.1-90
   .It \-iso9945-1-90
   .St -iso9945-1-90
   .br
   The first update of POSIX.1.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1b-93
   .St -p1003.1b-93
   .It \-p1003.1b
   .St -p1003.1b
   .br
   Real-time extensions.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1c-95
   .St -p1003.1c-95
   .br
   POSIX thread interfaces.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1i-95
   .St -p1003.1i-95
   .br
   Technical Corrigendum.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-96
   .St -p1003.1-96
   .It \-iso9945-1-96
   .St -iso9945-1-96
   .br
   Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i.
   .El
   .It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-xpg3
   .St -xpg3
   .br
   An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.2
   .St -p1003.2
   .It \-p1003.2-92
   .St -p1003.2-92
   .It \-iso9945-2-93
   .St -iso9945-2-93
   .br
   An XCU4 precursor.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.2a-92
   .St -p1003.2a-92
   .br
   Updates to POSIX.2.
   .Pp
   .It \-xpg4
   .St -xpg4
   .br
   Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992.
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-susv1
   .St -susv1
   .It \-xpg4.2
   .St -xpg4.2
   .br
   This standard was published in 1994.
   It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification.
   The following three refer to parts of it.
   .Pp
   .It \-xsh4.2
   .St -xsh4.2
   .Pp
   .It \-xcurses4.2
   .St -xcurses4.2
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1g-2000
   .St -p1003.1g-2000
   .br
   Networking APIs, including sockets.
   .Pp
   .It \-svid4
   .St -svid4 ,
   .br
   Published in 1995.
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-susv2
   .St -susv2
   This Standard was published in 1997
   and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5.
   It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification.
   The following refer to parts of it.
   .Pp
   .It \-xbd5
   .St -xbd5
   .Pp
   .It \-xsh5
   .St -xsh5
   .Pp
   .It \-xcu5
   .St -xcu5
   .Pp
   .It \-xns5
   .St -xns5
   .It \-xns5.2
   .St -xns5.2
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 3
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1-2001" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-2001
   .St -p1003.1-2001
   .It \-susv3
   .St -susv3
   .br
   This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j.
   It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6.
   It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification.
   .Pp
   .It \-p1003.1-2004
   .St -p1003.1-2004
   .br
   The second and last Technical Corrigendum.
   .El
   .It Single UNIX Specification version 4
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-p1003.1-2008
   .St -p1003.1-2008
   .It \-susv4
   .St -susv4
   .br
   This standard is also called
   X/Open Portability Guide version 7.
   .El
   .It Other standards
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
   .It \-ieee754
   .St -ieee754
   .br
   Floating-point arithmetic.
   .Pp
   .It \-iso8601
   .St -iso8601
   .br
   Representation of dates and times, published in 1988.
   .Pp
   .It \-iso8802-3
   .St -iso8802-3
   .br
   Ethernet local area networks.
   .Pp
   .It \-ieee1275-94
   .St -ieee1275-94
   .El
   .El
   .It Ic \&Sx Ar Title line
   Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
   The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
   enclosed argument, including whitespace.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Sh
   and
   .Ic \&Ss .
   .It Ic \&Sy Ar word ...
   Request a boldface font.
   .Pp
   This is most often used to indicate importance or seriousness (not to be
   confused with stress emphasis, see
   .Ic \&Em ) .
   When none of the semantic macros fit, it is also adequate for syntax
   elements that have to be given or that appear verbatim.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Bd -literal -compact -offset indent
   \&.Sy Warning :
   If
   \&.Sy s
   appears in the owner permissions, set-user-ID mode is set.
   This utility replaces the former
   \&.Sy dumpdir
   program.
   .Ed
   .Pp
   See also
   .Ic \&Em ,
   .Ic \&No ,
   and
   .Ic \&Ql .
   .It Ic \&Ta
   Table cell separator in
   .Ic \&Bl Fl column
   lists; can only be used below
   .Ic \&It .
   .It Ic \&Tg Op Ar term
   Announce that the next input line starts a definition of the
   .Ar term .
   This macro must appear alone on its own input line.
   The argument defaults to the first argument of the first macro
   on the next line.
   The argument may not contain whitespace characters, not even when it is quoted.
   This macro is a
   .Xr mandoc 1
   extension and is typically ignored by other formatters.
   .Pp
   When viewing terminal output with
   .Xr less 1 ,
   the interactive
   .Ic :t
   command can be used to go to the definition of the
   .Ar term
   as described for the
   .Ev MANPAGER
   variable in
   .Xr man 1 ;
   when producing HTML output, a fragment identifier
   .Pq Ic id No attribute
   is generated, to be used for deep linking to this place of the document.
   .Pp
   In most cases, adding a
   .Ic \&Tg
   macro would be redundant because
   .Xr mandoc 1
   is able to automatically tag most definitions.
   This macro is intended for cases where automatic tagging of a
   .Ar term
   is unsatisfactory, for example if a definition is not tagged
   automatically (false negative) or if places are tagged that do
   not define the
   .Ar term
   (false positives).
   When there is at least one
   .Ic \&Tg
   macro for a
   .Ar term ,
   no other places are automatically marked as definitions of that
   .Ar term .
   .It Ic \&Tn Ar word ...
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
   Even though the macro name
   .Pq Dq tradename
   suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly
   using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font.
   .It Ic \&Ud
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
   Prints out
   .Dq currently under development.
   .It Ic \&Ux
   Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
   Prints out
   .Dq Ux .
   .It Ic \&Va Oo Ar type Oc Ar identifier ...
   A variable name.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Va foo
   .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
   .Pp
   For function arguments and parameters, use
   .Ic \&Fa
   instead.
   For declarations of global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, use
   .Ic \&Vt .
   .It Ic \&Vt Ar type Op Ar identifier
   A variable type.
   .Pp
   This is also used for indicating global variables in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
   Note that it accepts
   .Sx Block partial-implicit
   syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, else it accepts ordinary
   .Sx In-line
   syntax.
   In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
   and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
   function definition or include directive.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
   .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
   .Pp
   For parameters in function prototypes, use
   .Ic \&Fa
   instead, for function return types
   .Ic \&Ft ,
   and for variable names outside the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section
   .Ic \&Va ,
   even when including a type with the name.
   See also
   .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
   .It Ic \&Xc
   Close a scope opened by
   .Ic \&Xo .
   .It Ic \&Xo Ar block
   Extend the header of an
   .Ic \&It
   macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
   beyond the end of the input line.
   This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
   of historic
   .Xr roff 7 .
   .It Ic \&Xr Ar name section
   Link to another manual
   .Pq Qq cross-reference .
   .Pp
   Cross reference the
   .Ar name
   and
   .Ar section
   number of another man page.
   .Pp
   Examples:
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
   .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
   .El
   .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
   The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
   In this section,
   .Sq \-arg
   refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
   .Sq parm
   parameters;
   .Sq \&Yo
   opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
   .Sq \&Yc
   closes it out.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Callable
   column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
   as an argument to another macro.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
   produces
   .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
   To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
   escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
   .Sq \e& .
   For example,
   .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
   produces
   .Sq Op \&Fl O .
   If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
   to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   For example,
   .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
   produces
   .Sq Fl \&Sh .
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Parsed
   column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
   their names as arguments.
   If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
   as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
   .Pp
   The
   .Em Scope
   column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
   .Ss Block full-explicit
   Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
   All macros contains bodies; only
   .Ic \s&Bf
   and
   .Pq optionally
   .Ic \&Bl
   contain a head.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
 \(lBbody...\(rB  \(lBbody...\(rB
 \&.Yc  \&.Yc
 .Ed  .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Ic \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&Ed
   .It Ic \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&Ef
   .It Ic \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&Ek
   .It Ic \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&El
   .It Ic \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Ic \&Bd
   .It Ic \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Ic \&Bf
   .It Ic \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Ic \&Bk
   .It Ic \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Ic \&Bl
   .El
   .Ss Block full-implicit
   Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
   All macros have bodies; some
   .Po
   .Ic \&It Fl bullet ,
   .Fl hyphen ,
   .Fl dash ,
   .Fl enum ,
   .Fl item
   .Pc
   don't have heads; only one
   .Po
   .Ic \&It
   in
   .Ic \&Bl Fl column
   .Pc
   has multiple heads.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
   \(lBbody...\(rB
   .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Ic \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Ic \&It , Ic \&El
   .It Ic \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Ic \&Sh
   .It Ic \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Ic \&Nm , Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss
   .It Ic \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Ic \&Sh
   .It Ic \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes  Ta closed by Ic \&Sh , Ic \&Ss
   .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 Block partial-explicit (may contain head, multi-line body, tail):  Note that the
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .Ic \&Nm
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB  macro is a
   .Sx Block full-implicit
   macro only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Block partial-explicit
   Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
   Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
   .Po
   .Ic \&Fo ,
   .Ic \&Eo
   .Pc
   and/or tail
   .Pq Ic \&Ec .
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
 \(lBbody...\(rB  \(lBbody...\(rB
 \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
   
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
 \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB  \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
 Block partial-implicit (no head, body, no tail):  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
 .Bd -literal -offset XXXX  .It Ic \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Ao
 \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB  .It Ic \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Ac
   .It Ic \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Bo
   .It Ic \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Bc
   .It Ic \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Bro
   .It Ic \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Brc
   .It Ic \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Do
   .It Ic \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Dc
   .It Ic \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Eo
   .It Ic \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Ec
   .It Ic \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Fo
   .It Ic \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&Fc
   .It Ic \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Oo
   .It Ic \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Oc
   .It Ic \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Po
   .It Ic \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Pc
   .It Ic \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Oo
   .It Ic \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Oc
   .It Ic \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Ic \&Rs
   .It Ic \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Ic \&Re
   .It Ic \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&So
   .It Ic \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Sc
   .It Ic \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Ic \&Xo
   .It Ic \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Ic \&Xc
   .El
   .Ss Block partial-implicit
   Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
   end of the line.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
 .Ed  .Ed
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
   .It Ic \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
   .It Ic \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&En  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .It Ic \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
   .El
 .Pp  .Pp
 In-line (may be closed by end-of-line, reserved character, subsequent  Note that the
 macro invocation or finite number of arguments):  .Ic \&Vt
 .Bd -literal -offset XXX  macro is a
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB args...  .Sx Block partial-implicit
   only when invoked as the first macro
   in a
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section line, else it is
   .Sx In-line .
   .Ss Special block macro
   The
   .Ic \&Ta
   macro can only be used below
   .Ic \&It
   in
   .Ic \&Bl Fl column
   lists.
   It delimits blocks representing table cells;
   these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
   .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
   .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
   .It Ic \&Ta  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes    Ta closed by Ic \&Ta , Ic \&It
   .El
   .Ss In-line
   Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
   and/or subsequent macros.
   In-line macros have only text children.
   If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
   .Pq n ,
   then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
   
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB args... ;  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
   
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB args... Xx  \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
   
 \&.Yy \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN  
 .Ed  .Ed
 .\"  .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
 .Sh MACROS  .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
 This section contains a complete list of all  .It Ic \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Nm  .It Ic \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 macros, arranged ontologically.  A  .It Ic \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Qq callable  .It Ic \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 macro is may be invoked subsequent to the initial macro-line macro.  A  .It Ic \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Qq parsable  .It Ic \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 macro may be followed by further (ostensibly callable) macros.  .It Ic \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .\" SUB-SECTION  .It Ic \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Ss Block full-implicit  .It Ic \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 The head of these macros follows invocation; the body is the content of  .It Ic \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 subsequent lines prior to closure.  None of these macros have tails;  .It Ic \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 some  .It Ic \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Po  .It Ic \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Sq \&It \-bullet ,  .It Ic \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
 .Sq \-hyphen ,  .It Ic \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .Sq \-dash ,  .It Ic \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
 .Sq \-enum ,  .It Ic \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
 .Sq \-item  .It Ic \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
 .Pc  .It Ic \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
 don't have heads.  .It Ic \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Ic \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Ic \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Es  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    2
   .It Ic \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Fr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Ic \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
   .It Ic \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Ic \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
   .It Ic \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Ot  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Ic \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Ic \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    <2
   .It Ic \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
   .It Ic \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Tg  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    <2
   .It Ic \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
   .It Ic \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
   .It Ic \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
   .It Ic \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    2
   .El
   .Ss Delimiters
   When a macro argument consists of one single input character
   considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
   This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
   more than one character.
   Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
   like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
   a zero-width space
   .Pq Sq \e& .
   In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
   as normal punctuation.
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Closing" -compact -offset XXXX  For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Closing  these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
 .It \&.Sh    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh  and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
 .It \&.Ss    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&.Sh, \&.Ss  these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
 .It \&.It    Ta    \&No    Ta    Yes     Ta    \&.It, \&.El  Spacing is suppressed after opening delimiters
   and before closing delimiters.
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
   .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
   .Pp
   Opening delimiters are:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&(
   left parenthesis
   .It \&[
   left bracket
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block full-explicit  
 None of these macros are callable or parsed.  The last column indicates  
 the explicit scope rules.  All contains bodies, some may contain heads  
 .Pq So \&Bf Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX" -compact -offset XXXX  Closing delimiters are:
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  .Pp
 .It \&.Bd    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ed  .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
 .It \&.Ed    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bd  .It \&.
 .It \&.Bl    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.El  period
 .It \&.El    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bl  .It \&,
 .It \&.Bf    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ef  comma
 .It \&.Ef    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bf  .It \&:
 .It \&.Bk    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    closed by \&.Ek  colon
 .It \&.Ek    Ta    \&No    Ta    \&No    Ta    opened by \&.Bk  .It \&;
   semicolon
   .It \&)
   right parenthesis
   .It \&]
   right bracket
   .It \&?
   question mark
   .It \&!
   exclamation mark
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-implicit  
 All of these are callable and parsed for further macros.  Their scopes  
 close at the invocation's end-of-line.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset XXXX  Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable  .Pq Sq \e.\&
 .It \&.Aq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  gets this special handling; use
 .It \&.Op    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Sq \e&.\&
 .It \&.Bq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  to prevent that.
 .It \&.Dq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Pp
 .It \&.Pq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
 .It \&.Qq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
 .It \&.Sq    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  are not delimiters.
 .It \&.Brq   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  For example,
 .It \&.D1    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&Yes  .Pp
 .It \&.Dl    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes  .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
 .It \&.Ql    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes  .Pp
   renders as:
   .Pp
   .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
   .Pp
   This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
   and also to the middle delimiter, which does not suppress spacing:
   .Pp
   .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
   .It \&|
   vertical bar
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss Block partial-explicit  
 Each of these contains at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a  
 head  
 .Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc  
 and/or tail  
 .Pq So \&Ec Sc .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset XXXX  As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope  in the same way as a plain
 .It \&.Ao    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ac  .Sq \&|
 .It \&.Ac    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Ao  character.
 .It \&.Bc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Bo  Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
 .It \&.Bo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bc  .Pp
 .It \&.Pc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Po  Appending a zero-width space
 .It \&.Po    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Pc  .Pq Sq \e&
 .It \&.Do    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Dc  to the end of an input line is also useful to prevent the interpretation
 .It \&.Dc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Do  of a trailing period, exclamation or question mark as the end of a
 .It \&.Xo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Xc  sentence, for example when an abbreviation happens to occur
 .It \&.Xc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Xo  at the end of a text or macro input line.
 .It \&.Bro   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Brc  .Ss Font handling
 .It \&.Brc   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Bro  In
 .It \&.Oc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oo  .Nm
 .It \&.Oo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oc  documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
 .It \&.So    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Sc  proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
 .It \&.Sc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.So  is available, consider falling back to
 .It \&.Fc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Fo  .Sx Physical markup
 .It \&.Fo    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Fc  macros.
 .It \&.Ec    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Eo  Whenever any
 .It \&.Eo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Ec  .Nm
 .It \&.Qc    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    opened by \&.Oo  macro switches the
 .It \&.Qo    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes    Ta    closed by \&.Oc  .Xr roff 7
 .It \&.Re    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    opened by \&.Rs  font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
 .It \&.Rs    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No   Ta    closed by \&.Re  its scope.
   Manually switching the font using the
   .Xr roff 7
   .Ql \ef
   font escape sequences is never required.
   .Sh COMPATIBILITY
   This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues
   between mandoc and GNU troff
   .Pq Qq groff .
   .Pp
   The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
   .Pp
   .Bl -dash -compact
   .It
   .Ic \&Pa
   does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
   certain list types.
   .It
   .Ic \&Ta
   can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
   .It
   .Sq \ef
   .Pq font face
   and
   .Sq \eF
   .Pq font family face
   .Sx Text Decoration
   escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
   .It
   Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
   Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
 .El  .El
 .\" SUB-SECTION  
 .Ss In-line  
 In-line macros have only text children.  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset XXXX  The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
 .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments  .Pp
 .It \&.Dd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It \&.Dt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  .It
 .It \&.Os    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd Fl file Ar file
 .It \&.Pp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    0  is unsupported for security reasons.
 .It \&.Ad    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .It
 .It \&.An    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd
 .It \&.Ar    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Fl filled
 .It \&.Cd    Ta    Yes   Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  does not adjust the right margin, but is an alias for
 .It \&.Cm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd
 .It \&.Dv    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Fl ragged .
 .It \&.Er    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .It
 .It \&.Ev    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd
 .It \&.Ex    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  .Fl literal
 .It \&.Fa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  does not use a literal font, but is an alias for
 .It \&.Fd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd
 .It \&.Fl    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Fl unfilled .
 .It \&.Fn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .It
 .It \&.Ft    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Ic \&Bd
 .It \&.Ic    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Fl offset Cm center
 .It \&.In    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  and
 .It \&.Li    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  .Fl offset Cm right
 .It \&.Nd    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  don't work.
 .It \&.Nm    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  Groff does not implement centered and flush-right rendering either,
 .It \&.Ot    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  but produces large indentations.
 .It \&.Pa    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Rv    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.St    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Va    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Vt    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Xr    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%A    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%B    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%C    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%D    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%I    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%J    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%N    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%O    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%P    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%R    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%T    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.%V    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.At    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Bsx   Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Bx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Db    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Em    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Fx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ms    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.No    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ns    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Nx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ox    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Pf    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Sm    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Sx    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Sy    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Tn    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ux    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Bt    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Hf    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Fr    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ud    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Lb    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Ap    Ta    Yes   Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Lp    Ta    \&No  Ta    \&No    Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Lk    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .It \&.Mt    Ta    \&No  Ta    Yes     Ta    \&  
 .El  .El
 .\" SECTION  
 .Sh SEE ALSO  .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr mdoctree 1 ,  .Xr man 1 ,
 .Xr mdoclint 1 ,  .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 .Xr mdocterm 1 ,  .Xr eqn 7 ,
 .Xr mdoc 3  .Xr man 7 ,
 .\" SECTION  .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
   .Xr roff 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Pp
   The web page
   .Lk http://mandoc.bsd.lv/mdoc/ "extended documentation for the mdoc language"
   provides a few tutorial-style pages for beginners, an extensive style
   guide for advanced authors, and an alphabetic index helping to choose
   the best macros for various kinds of content.
   .Sh HISTORY
   The
   .Nm
   language first appeared as a troff macro package in
   .Bx 4.4 .
   It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
   in groff-1.17.
   The standalone implementation that is part of the
   .Xr mandoc 1
   utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
   .Ox 4.6 .
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  The
 .Nm  .Nm
 utility was written by  reference was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se .  .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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