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Annotation of mandoc/mdoc.7, Revision 1.145

1.145   ! kristaps    1: .\"    $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.144 2010/08/06 17:09:58 schwarze Exp $
1.1       kristaps    2: .\"
1.130     schwarze    3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
                      4: .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1       kristaps    5: .\"
                      6: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.22      kristaps    7: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
                      8: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1       kristaps    9: .\"
1.22      kristaps   10: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
                     11: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
                     12: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
                     13: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
                     14: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
                     15: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
                     16: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.50      kristaps   17: .\"
1.144     schwarze   18: .Dd $Mdocdate: August 6 2010 $
1.20      kristaps   19: .Dt MDOC 7
1.1       kristaps   20: .Os
                     21: .Sh NAME
1.57      kristaps   22: .Nm mdoc
                     23: .Nd mdoc language reference
1.1       kristaps   24: .Sh DESCRIPTION
                     25: The
1.57      kristaps   26: .Nm mdoc
1.50      kristaps   27: language is used to format
1.57      kristaps   28: .Bx
                     29: .Ux
1.138     kristaps   30: manuals.
1.144     schwarze   31: This reference document describes its syntax, structure, and
1.138     kristaps   32: usage.
1.144     schwarze   33: The reference implementation is
                     34: .Xr mandoc 1 ;
                     35: the
1.57      kristaps   36: .Sx COMPATIBILITY
1.93      kristaps   37: section describes compatibility with other troff \-mdoc implementations.
1.57      kristaps   38: .Pp
1.13      kristaps   39: An
1.57      kristaps   40: .Nm
1.118     kristaps   41: document follows simple rules: lines beginning with the control
1.50      kristaps   42: character
1.57      kristaps   43: .Sq \.
1.138     kristaps   44: are parsed for macros.
                     45: Other lines are interpreted within the scope of
1.13      kristaps   46: prior macros:
1.57      kristaps   47: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.13      kristaps   48: \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
                     49: Other lines are interpreted within the current state.
1.57      kristaps   50: .Ed
1.46      kristaps   51: .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
1.57      kristaps   52: .Nm
1.13      kristaps   53: documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
1.138     kristaps   54: character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.
                     55: All manuals must have
1.57      kristaps   56: .Ux
1.50      kristaps   57: line terminators.
1.57      kristaps   58: .Ss Comments
1.43      kristaps   59: Text following a
1.135     kristaps   60: .Sq \e\*q ,
1.43      kristaps   61: whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
1.138     kristaps   62: line.
                     63: A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
1.135     kristaps   64: .Sq \&.\e\*q ,
1.138     kristaps   65: is also ignored.
1.144     schwarze   66: Macro lines with only a control character and optional whitespace are
1.138     kristaps   67: stripped from input.
1.57      kristaps   68: .Ss Reserved Characters
1.2       kristaps   69: Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
1.61      kristaps   70: .Pp
1.57      kristaps   71: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
                     72: .It \&.
                     73: .Pq period
                     74: .It \&,
                     75: .Pq comma
                     76: .It \&:
                     77: .Pq colon
                     78: .It \&;
                     79: .Pq semicolon
                     80: .It \&(
                     81: .Pq left-parenthesis
                     82: .It \&)
                     83: .Pq right-parenthesis
                     84: .It \&[
                     85: .Pq left-bracket
                     86: .It \&]
                     87: .Pq right-bracket
                     88: .It \&?
                     89: .Pq question
                     90: .It \&!
                     91: .Pq exclamation
                     92: .It \&|
                     93: .Pq vertical bar
                     94: .El
                     95: .Pp
1.5       kristaps   96: Use of reserved characters is described in
1.57      kristaps   97: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
1.141     kristaps   98: For general use in macro lines, these characters can either be escaped
1.43      kristaps   99: with a non-breaking space
1.57      kristaps  100: .Pq Sq \e&
1.141     kristaps  101: or, if applicable, an appropriate escape sequence can be used.
1.57      kristaps  102: .Ss Special Characters
1.43      kristaps  103: Special characters may occur in both macro and free-form lines.
                    104: Sequences begin with the escape character
1.57      kristaps  105: .Sq \e
1.50      kristaps  106: followed by either an open-parenthesis
1.57      kristaps  107: .Sq \&(
1.1       kristaps  108: for two-character sequences; an open-bracket
1.57      kristaps  109: .Sq \&[
1.1       kristaps  110: for n-character sequences (terminated at a close-bracket
1.57      kristaps  111: .Sq \&] ) ;
1.144     schwarze  112: or a single one character sequence.
1.100     kristaps  113: See
1.57      kristaps  114: .Xr mandoc_char 7
1.100     kristaps  115: for a complete list.
                    116: Examples include
1.57      kristaps  117: .Sq \e(em
                    118: .Pq em-dash
1.50      kristaps  119: and
1.57      kristaps  120: .Sq \ee
                    121: .Pq back-slash .
                    122: .Ss Text Decoration
1.54      kristaps  123: Terms may be text-decorated using the
1.57      kristaps  124: .Sq \ef
1.144     schwarze  125: escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I (italic), R (Roman), or P
1.82      kristaps  126: (revert to previous mode):
1.75      kristaps  127: .Pp
1.76      kristaps  128: .D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
                    129: .Pp
                    130: A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
1.100     kristaps  131: respectively) may be used instead.
                    132: A text decoration is valid within
1.118     kristaps  133: the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
1.77      kristaps  134: its own scope, such as
1.78      kristaps  135: .Sx \&Bf
1.77      kristaps  136: .Cm \&Sy ,
                    137: in-scope invocations of
                    138: .Sq \ef
1.100     kristaps  139: are only valid within the font scope of the macro.
                    140: If
1.77      kristaps  141: .Sq \ef
                    142: is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
                    143: text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
1.76      kristaps  144: .Pp
1.136     kristaps  145: Note this form is
1.76      kristaps  146: .Em not
1.82      kristaps  147: recommended for
1.57      kristaps  148: .Nm ,
1.74      kristaps  149: which encourages semantic annotation.
1.57      kristaps  150: .Ss Predefined Strings
1.82      kristaps  151: Historically,
1.145   ! kristaps  152: troff
1.82      kristaps  153: also defined a set of package-specific
1.57      kristaps  154: .Dq predefined strings ,
1.82      kristaps  155: which, like
1.57      kristaps  156: .Sx Special Characters ,
1.124     kristaps  157: mark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
1.54      kristaps  158: Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
1.57      kristaps  159: .Sq \e* :
1.54      kristaps  160: single-character
1.57      kristaps  161: .Sq \e*X ,
1.54      kristaps  162: two-character
1.57      kristaps  163: .Sq \e*(XX ,
1.54      kristaps  164: and N-character
1.57      kristaps  165: .Sq \e*[N] .
1.54      kristaps  166: See
1.57      kristaps  167: .Xr mandoc_char 7
1.100     kristaps  168: for a complete list.
                    169: Examples include
1.57      kristaps  170: .Sq \e*(Am
                    171: .Pq ampersand
1.54      kristaps  172: and
1.57      kristaps  173: .Sq \e*(Ba
                    174: .Pq vertical bar .
                    175: .Ss Whitespace
1.98      kristaps  176: Whitespace consists of the space character.
1.144     schwarze  177: In free-form lines, whitespace is preserved within a line; unescaped
1.96      kristaps  178: trailing spaces are stripped from input (unless in a literal context).
1.97      kristaps  179: Blank free-form lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
1.96      kristaps  180: within literal contexts.
1.57      kristaps  181: .Pp
1.100     kristaps  182: In macro lines, whitespace delimits arguments and is discarded.
                    183: If arguments are quoted, whitespace within the quotes is retained.
1.57      kristaps  184: .Ss Quotation
1.141     kristaps  185: Macro arguments may be quoted with double-quotes to group
1.100     kristaps  186: space-delimited terms or to retain blocks of whitespace.
                    187: A quoted argument begins with a double-quote preceded by whitespace.
1.144     schwarze  188: The next double-quote not pairwise adjacent to another double-quote
1.100     kristaps  189: terminates the literal, regardless of surrounding whitespace.
1.57      kristaps  190: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  191: Note that any quoted text, even if it would cause a macro invocation
                    192: when unquoted, is considered literal text.
1.100     kristaps  193: Thus, the following produces
1.141     kristaps  194: .Sq Op "Fl a" :
1.57      kristaps  195: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.141     kristaps  196: \&.Op "Fl a"
1.57      kristaps  197: .Ed
                    198: .Pp
1.46      kristaps  199: In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
1.63      kristaps  200: .Ss Dates
1.66      kristaps  201: There are several macros in
                    202: .Nm
1.100     kristaps  203: that require a date argument.
                    204: The canonical form for dates is the American format:
1.66      kristaps  205: .Pp
                    206: .D1 Cm Month Day , Year
                    207: .Pp
                    208: The
                    209: .Cm Day
1.100     kristaps  210: value is an optionally zero-padded numeral.
                    211: The
1.66      kristaps  212: .Cm Month
1.100     kristaps  213: value is the full month name.
                    214: The
1.66      kristaps  215: .Cm Year
                    216: value is the full four-digit year.
                    217: .Pp
1.72      kristaps  218: Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
1.66      kristaps  219: .Pp
1.72      kristaps  220: .D1 Cm Month , Year
                    221: .D1 Cm Year
1.66      kristaps  222: .Pp
                    223: Some examples of valid dates follow:
                    224: .Pp
                    225: .D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
                    226: .D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
                    227: .D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
1.61      kristaps  228: .Ss Scaling Widths
                    229: Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
                    230: stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
                    231: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    232: \&.Bl -tag -width 2i
                    233: .Ed
                    234: .Pp
                    235: The syntax for scaled widths is
1.62      kristaps  236: .Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,
1.61      kristaps  237: where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
1.100     kristaps  238: Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero.
                    239: The following scaling units are accepted:
1.61      kristaps  240: .Pp
                    241: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
                    242: .It c
                    243: centimetre
                    244: .It i
                    245: inch
                    246: .It P
                    247: pica (~1/6 inch)
                    248: .It p
                    249: point (~1/72 inch)
                    250: .It f
                    251: synonym for
                    252: .Sq u
                    253: .It v
                    254: default vertical span
                    255: .It m
                    256: width of rendered
                    257: .Sq m
                    258: .Pq em
                    259: character
                    260: .It n
                    261: width of rendered
                    262: .Sq n
                    263: .Pq en
                    264: character
                    265: .It u
                    266: default horizontal span
                    267: .It M
                    268: mini-em (~1/100 em)
                    269: .El
                    270: .Pp
                    271: Using anything other than
                    272: .Sq m ,
                    273: .Sq n ,
                    274: .Sq u ,
                    275: or
                    276: .Sq v
1.100     kristaps  277: is necessarily non-portable across output media.
                    278: See
1.61      kristaps  279: .Sx COMPATIBILITY .
1.101     kristaps  280: .Ss Sentence Spacing
1.144     schwarze  281: When composing a manual, make sure that sentences end at the end of
1.101     kristaps  282: a line.
                    283: By doing so, front-ends will be able to apply the proper amount of
                    284: spacing after the end of sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark,
1.107     kristaps  285: or question mark followed by zero or more non-sentence closing
                    286: delimiters (
                    287: .Ns Sq \&) ,
                    288: .Sq \&] ,
                    289: .Sq \&' ,
                    290: .Sq \&" ) .
1.102     kristaps  291: .Pp
                    292: The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence ends at
1.144     schwarze  293: the boundary of a macro line.
                    294: For example:
1.107     kristaps  295: .Pp
                    296: .D1 \&Xr mandoc 1 \.
                    297: .D1 \&Fl T \&Ns \&Cm ascii \.
1.43      kristaps  298: .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.66      kristaps  299: A well-formed
1.57      kristaps  300: .Nm
1.66      kristaps  301: document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
                    302: sections.
                    303: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  304: The prologue, which consists of the
1.64      kristaps  305: .Sx \&Dd ,
                    306: .Sx \&Dt ,
1.33      kristaps  307: and
1.66      kristaps  308: .Sx \&Os
1.141     kristaps  309: macros in that order, is required for every document.
1.66      kristaps  310: .Pp
1.82      kristaps  311: The first section (sections are denoted by
1.66      kristaps  312: .Sx \&Sh )
                    313: must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
1.64      kristaps  314: .Sx \&Nm
1.50      kristaps  315: followed by
1.66      kristaps  316: .Sx \&Nd .
                    317: .Pp
1.122     kristaps  318: Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
                    319: .Em SYNOPSIS
                    320: and
                    321: .Em DESCRIPTION
                    322: sections, although this varies between manual sections.
1.66      kristaps  323: .Pp
                    324: The following is a well-formed skeleton
                    325: .Nm
                    326: file:
1.57      kristaps  327: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.43      kristaps  328: \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
                    329: \&.Dt mdoc 7
                    330: \&.Os
                    331: \&.Sh NAME
1.58      kristaps  332: \&.Nm foo
                    333: \&.Nd a description goes here
1.108     kristaps  334: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
1.58      kristaps  335: \&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
                    336: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
                    337: \&.Nm foo
                    338: \&.Op Fl options
                    339: \&.Ar
                    340: \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
                    341: The
                    342: \&.Nm
                    343: utility processes files ...
1.59      kristaps  344: \&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1.58      kristaps  345: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
                    346: \&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
                    347: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
                    348: \&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
                    349: \&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
1.99      kristaps  350: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
                    351: \&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
1.58      kristaps  352: \&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
                    353: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
                    354: \&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
                    355: \&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
                    356: \&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
                    357: \&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
                    358: \&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
                    359: \&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
                    360: \&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY
                    361: \&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS
                    362: \&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
                    363: \&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
                    364: \&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
1.57      kristaps  365: .Ed
                    366: .Pp
1.144     schwarze  367: The sections in an
1.66      kristaps  368: .Nm
1.100     kristaps  369: document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
                    370: Sections should be composed as follows:
1.73      kristaps  371: .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
                    372: .It Em NAME
1.144     schwarze  373: The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
1.100     kristaps  374: The syntax for this as follows:
1.73      kristaps  375: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.144     schwarze  376: \&.Nm name0 ,
                    377: \&.Nm name1 ,
1.73      kristaps  378: \&.Nm name2
1.144     schwarze  379: \&.Nd a one line description
1.73      kristaps  380: .Ed
                    381: .Pp
                    382: The
1.66      kristaps  383: .Sx \&Nm
1.73      kristaps  384: macro(s) must precede the
                    385: .Sx \&Nd
                    386: macro.
1.80      kristaps  387: .Pp
1.82      kristaps  388: See
1.80      kristaps  389: .Sx \&Nm
                    390: and
                    391: .Sx \&Nd .
1.73      kristaps  392: .It Em LIBRARY
                    393: The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
1.108     kristaps  394: assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
1.100     kristaps  395: The syntax for this is as follows:
1.73      kristaps  396: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    397: \&.Lb libarm
                    398: .Ed
                    399: .Pp
                    400: See
1.80      kristaps  401: .Sx \&Lb .
1.73      kristaps  402: .It Em SYNOPSIS
                    403: Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
1.82      kristaps  404: configuration.
1.73      kristaps  405: .Pp
                    406: For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
                    407: generally structured as follows:
                    408: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    409: \&.Nm foo
                    410: \&.Op Fl v
                    411: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
                    412: \&.Op Ar
                    413: \&.Nm bar
                    414: \&.Op Fl v
                    415: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
                    416: \&.Op Ar
                    417: .Ed
                    418: .Pp
                    419: For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
                    420: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    421: \&.Vt extern const char *global;
                    422: \&.In header.h
                    423: \&.Ft "char *"
                    424: \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
                    425: \&.Ft "char *"
                    426: \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
                    427: .Ed
                    428: .Pp
                    429: And for the third, configurations (section 4):
                    430: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    431: \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
                    432: \&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
                    433: .Ed
                    434: .Pp
1.82      kristaps  435: Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
1.73      kristaps  436: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1.80      kristaps  437: .Pp
1.122     kristaps  438: Some macros are displayed differently in the
                    439: .Em SYNOPSIS
                    440: section, particularly
                    441: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.80      kristaps  442: .Sx \&Cd ,
1.122     kristaps  443: .Sx \&Fd ,
                    444: .Sx \&Fn ,
                    445: .Sx \&Fo ,
                    446: .Sx \&In ,
                    447: .Sx \&Vt ,
                    448: and
                    449: .Sx \&Ft .
1.138     kristaps  450: All of these macros are output on their own line.
1.144     schwarze  451: If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
1.122     kristaps  452: .Sx \&Ft
                    453: before
                    454: .Sx \&Fo
                    455: or
1.123     kristaps  456: .Sx \&Fn ) ,
1.122     kristaps  457: they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
                    458: .Sx \&Fo ,
1.80      kristaps  459: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.122     kristaps  460: and
1.80      kristaps  461: .Sx \&Ft ,
1.122     kristaps  462: which are always separated by vertical space.
1.128     schwarze  463: .Pp
                    464: When text and macros following an
                    465: .Sx \&Nm
                    466: macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
                    467: all output lines but the first will be indented to align
                    468: with the text immediately following the
                    469: .Sx \&Nm
                    470: macro, up to the next
                    471: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.141     kristaps  472: .Sx \&Sh ,
1.128     schwarze  473: or
                    474: .Sx \&Ss
                    475: macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
1.73      kristaps  476: .It Em DESCRIPTION
1.144     schwarze  477: This expands upon the brief, one line description in
1.73      kristaps  478: .Em NAME .
1.144     schwarze  479: It usually contains a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
1.73      kristaps  480: command), such as:
                    481: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    482: The arguments are as follows:
                    483: \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
                    484: \&.It Fl v
                    485: Print verbose information.
                    486: \&.El
                    487: .Ed
1.80      kristaps  488: .Pp
1.73      kristaps  489: Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
                    490: .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1.100     kristaps  491: Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
                    492: This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
                    493: effects or notable algorithmic implications.
1.73      kristaps  494: .It Em RETURN VALUES
1.144     schwarze  495: This section documents the
                    496: return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
1.73      kristaps  497: .Pp
                    498: See
                    499: .Sx \&Rv .
                    500: .It Em ENVIRONMENT
1.141     kristaps  501: Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
                    502: and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
                    503: The
                    504: .Xr environ 7
                    505: manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
1.73      kristaps  506: .Pp
                    507: See
                    508: .Sx \&Ev .
                    509: .It Em FILES
1.100     kristaps  510: Documents files used.
1.141     kristaps  511: It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
1.100     kristaps  512: the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
1.73      kristaps  513: .Pp
                    514: See
                    515: .Sx \&Pa .
1.99      kristaps  516: .It Em EXIT STATUS
1.144     schwarze  517: This section documents the
                    518: command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
1.100     kristaps  519: Historically, this information was described in
1.99      kristaps  520: .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
                    521: a practise that is now discouraged.
                    522: .Pp
                    523: See
                    524: .Sx \&Ex .
1.73      kristaps  525: .It Em EXAMPLES
1.100     kristaps  526: Example usages.
                    527: This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
1.144     schwarze  528: Make sure that examples work properly!
1.73      kristaps  529: .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
1.100     kristaps  530: Documents error conditions.
                    531: This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
1.73      kristaps  532: Historically, this section was used in place of
                    533: .Em EXIT STATUS
                    534: for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
                    535: discouraged.
                    536: .Pp
                    537: See
1.80      kristaps  538: .Sx \&Bl
                    539: .Fl diag .
1.73      kristaps  540: .It Em ERRORS
                    541: Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
                    542: .Pp
                    543: See
                    544: .Sx \&Er .
                    545: .It Em SEE ALSO
1.100     kristaps  546: References other manuals with related topics.
                    547: This section should exist for most manuals.
                    548: Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
                    549: alphabetically.
1.73      kristaps  550: .Pp
                    551: See
                    552: .Sx \&Xr .
                    553: .It Em STANDARDS
1.100     kristaps  554: References any standards implemented or used.
                    555: If not adhering to any standards, the
1.73      kristaps  556: .Em HISTORY
                    557: section should be used instead.
                    558: .Pp
                    559: See
                    560: .Sx \&St .
                    561: .It Em HISTORY
1.143     schwarze  562: A brief history of the subject, including where support first appeared.
1.73      kristaps  563: .It Em AUTHORS
1.143     schwarze  564: Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
1.141     kristaps  565: Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
1.73      kristaps  566: .Pp
                    567: See
                    568: .Sx \&An .
                    569: .It Em CAVEATS
1.141     kristaps  570: Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
1.73      kristaps  571: in this section.
                    572: .It Em BUGS
1.141     kristaps  573: Known bugs, limitations and work-arounds should be described
                    574: in this section.
1.73      kristaps  575: .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
                    576: Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
1.66      kristaps  577: .El
1.43      kristaps  578: .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
1.56      kristaps  579: Macros are one to three three characters in length and begin with a
1.141     kristaps  580: control character,
1.57      kristaps  581: .Sq \&. ,
1.100     kristaps  582: at the beginning of the line.
                    583: An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character
                    584: and the macro name.
                    585: Thus, the following are equivalent:
1.64      kristaps  586: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                    587: \&.Pp
                    588: \&.\ \ \ \&Pp
                    589: .Ed
1.57      kristaps  590: .Pp
1.100     kristaps  591: The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
                    592: In this section,
1.57      kristaps  593: .Sq \-arg
1.43      kristaps  594: refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
1.57      kristaps  595: .Sq parm
1.43      kristaps  596: parameters;
1.57      kristaps  597: .Sq \&Yo
1.43      kristaps  598: opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
1.57      kristaps  599: .Sq \&Yc
1.43      kristaps  600: closes it out.
1.57      kristaps  601: .Pp
1.43      kristaps  602: The
1.57      kristaps  603: .Em Callable
1.43      kristaps  604: column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial
1.100     kristaps  605: line-macro.
                    606: If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the initial line
                    607: macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that
1.60      kristaps  608: .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
1.55      kristaps  609: produces
1.60      kristaps  610: .Sq Fl \&Sh .
1.57      kristaps  611: .Pp
1.55      kristaps  612: The
1.141     kristaps  613: .Em Parsed
1.43      kristaps  614: column indicates whether the macro may be followed by further
1.100     kristaps  615: (ostensibly callable) macros.
1.141     kristaps  616: If a macro is not parsed, subsequent macro invocations on the line
1.100     kristaps  617: will be interpreted as opaque text.
1.57      kristaps  618: .Pp
1.55      kristaps  619: The
1.57      kristaps  620: .Em Scope
1.43      kristaps  621: column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
1.57      kristaps  622: .Ss Block full-explicit
1.100     kristaps  623: Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
                    624: All macros contains bodies; only
1.64      kristaps  625: .Sx \&Bf
1.43      kristaps  626: contains a head.
1.57      kristaps  627: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.50      kristaps  628: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
                    629: \(lBbody...\(rB
1.43      kristaps  630: \&.Yc
1.57      kristaps  631: .Ed
                    632: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  633: .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX"
                    634: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
1.64      kristaps  635: .It Sx \&Bd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ed
                    636: .It Sx \&Bf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ef
                    637: .It Sx \&Bk  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Ek
                    638: .It Sx \&Bl  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&El
                    639: .It Sx \&Ed  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bd
                    640: .It Sx \&Ef  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bf
                    641: .It Sx \&Ek  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bk
                    642: .It Sx \&El  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Bl
1.57      kristaps  643: .El
                    644: .Ss Block full-implicit
1.43      kristaps  645: Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
1.50      kristaps  646: All macros have bodies; some
1.57      kristaps  647: .Po
1.64      kristaps  648: .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
                    649: .Fl hyphen ,
                    650: .Fl dash ,
                    651: .Fl enum ,
                    652: .Fl item
1.57      kristaps  653: .Pc
1.64      kristaps  654: don't have heads; only one
                    655: .Po
1.141     kristaps  656: .Sx \&It
                    657: in
                    658: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
1.82      kristaps  659: .Pc
1.64      kristaps  660: has multiple heads.
1.57      kristaps  661: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.50      kristaps  662: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
                    663: \(lBbody...\(rB
1.57      kristaps  664: .Ed
                    665: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  666: .Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
                    667: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
1.64      kristaps  668: .It Sx \&It  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
                    669: .It Sx \&Nd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
1.128     schwarze  670: .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    \&No     Ta  Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
1.64      kristaps  671: .It Sx \&Sh  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh
                    672: .It Sx \&Ss  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
1.57      kristaps  673: .El
1.128     schwarze  674: .Pp
                    675: Note that the
                    676: .Sx \&Nm
                    677: macro is a
                    678: .Sx Block full-implicit
                    679: macro only when invoked as the first macro
                    680: in a
                    681: .Em SYNOPSIS
                    682: section line, else it is
                    683: .Sx In-line .
1.57      kristaps  684: .Ss Block partial-explicit
1.100     kristaps  685: Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
                    686: Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
1.64      kristaps  687: .Po
                    688: .Sx \&Fo ,
                    689: .Sx \&Eo
                    690: .Pc
1.50      kristaps  691: and/or tail
1.64      kristaps  692: .Pq Sx \&Ec .
1.57      kristaps  693: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.50      kristaps  694: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
                    695: \(lBbody...\(rB
                    696: \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
1.2       kristaps  697:
1.43      kristaps  698: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
1.50      kristaps  699: \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
1.57      kristaps  700: .Ed
                    701: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  702: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
                    703: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
1.64      kristaps  704: .It Sx \&Ac  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Ao
1.63      kristaps  705: .It Sx \&Ao  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ac
1.64      kristaps  706: .It Sx \&Bc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Bo
                    707: .It Sx \&Bo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bc
                    708: .It Sx \&Brc Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Bro
                    709: .It Sx \&Bro Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Brc
                    710: .It Sx \&Dc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Do
                    711: .It Sx \&Do  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Dc
                    712: .It Sx \&Ec  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Eo
                    713: .It Sx \&Eo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Ec
                    714: .It Sx \&Fc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Fo
                    715: .It Sx \&Fo  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Fc
                    716: .It Sx \&Oc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oo
                    717: .It Sx \&Oo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oc
                    718: .It Sx \&Pc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Po
                    719: .It Sx \&Po  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Pc
                    720: .It Sx \&Qc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Oo
                    721: .It Sx \&Qo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Oc
1.63      kristaps  722: .It Sx \&Re  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    opened by Sx \&Rs
                    723: .It Sx \&Rs  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    closed by Sx \&Re
1.64      kristaps  724: .It Sx \&Sc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&So
                    725: .It Sx \&So  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Sc
                    726: .It Sx \&Xc  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    opened by Sx \&Xo
                    727: .It Sx \&Xo  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    closed by Sx \&Xc
1.57      kristaps  728: .El
                    729: .Ss Block partial-implicit
1.50      kristaps  730: Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by
1.57      kristaps  731: .Sx Reserved Characters
1.43      kristaps  732: or end of line.
1.57      kristaps  733: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.43      kristaps  734: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
1.57      kristaps  735: .Ed
                    736: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  737: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -compact -offset indent
                    738: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
1.64      kristaps  739: .It Sx \&Aq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    740: .It Sx \&Bq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    741: .It Sx \&Brq Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    742: .It Sx \&D1  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&Yes
                    743: .It Sx \&Dl  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes
                    744: .It Sx \&Dq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    745: .It Sx \&Op  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    746: .It Sx \&Pq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    747: .It Sx \&Ql  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    748: .It Sx \&Qq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
                    749: .It Sx \&Sq  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
1.83      kristaps  750: .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes
1.57      kristaps  751: .El
1.83      kristaps  752: .Pp
                    753: Note that the
                    754: .Sx \&Vt
                    755: macro is a
                    756: .Sx Block partial-implicit
                    757: only when invoked as the first macro
1.109     kristaps  758: in a
                    759: .Em SYNOPSIS
                    760: section line, else it is
1.83      kristaps  761: .Sx In-line .
1.57      kristaps  762: .Ss In-line
1.50      kristaps  763: Closed by
1.57      kristaps  764: .Sx Reserved Characters ,
1.100     kristaps  765: end of line, fixed argument lengths, and/or subsequent macros.
                    766: In-line macros have only text children.
                    767: If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
1.57      kristaps  768: .Pq n ,
1.3       kristaps  769: then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
1.57      kristaps  770: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.144     schwarze  771: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
1.43      kristaps  772:
                    773: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
                    774:
                    775: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
1.57      kristaps  776: .Ed
                    777: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  778: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
                    779: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
1.63      kristaps  780: .It Sx \&%A  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    781: .It Sx \&%B  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    782: .It Sx \&%C  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    783: .It Sx \&%D  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    784: .It Sx \&%I  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    785: .It Sx \&%J  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    786: .It Sx \&%N  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    787: .It Sx \&%O  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    788: .It Sx \&%P  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
1.69      kristaps  789: .It Sx \&%Q  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
1.63      kristaps  790: .It Sx \&%R  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    791: .It Sx \&%T  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
1.69      kristaps  792: .It Sx \&%U  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
1.63      kristaps  793: .It Sx \&%V  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
1.64      kristaps  794: .It Sx \&Ad  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    795: .It Sx \&An  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    796: .It Sx \&Ap  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
                    797: .It Sx \&Ar  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    798: .It Sx \&At  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
                    799: .It Sx \&Bsx Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    800: .It Sx \&Bt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    801: .It Sx \&Bx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    802: .It Sx \&Cd  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    803: .It Sx \&Cm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    804: .It Sx \&Db  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
1.142     kristaps  805: .It Sx \&Dd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
1.64      kristaps  806: .It Sx \&Dt  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    807: .It Sx \&Dv  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    808: .It Sx \&Dx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    809: .It Sx \&Em  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    810: .It Sx \&En  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    811: .It Sx \&Er  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    812: .It Sx \&Es  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    813: .It Sx \&Ev  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    814: .It Sx \&Ex  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    815: .It Sx \&Fa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    816: .It Sx \&Fd  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    >0
                    817: .It Sx \&Fl  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    818: .It Sx \&Fn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    819: .It Sx \&Fr  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    820: .It Sx \&Ft  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    821: .It Sx \&Fx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    822: .It Sx \&Hf  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    823: .It Sx \&Ic  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    824: .It Sx \&In  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    825: .It Sx \&Lb  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
                    826: .It Sx \&Li  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    827: .It Sx \&Lk  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    828: .It Sx \&Lp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    829: .It Sx \&Ms  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    830: .It Sx \&Mt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    831: .It Sx \&Nm  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    832: .It Sx \&No  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
                    833: .It Sx \&Ns  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    0
                    834: .It Sx \&Nx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    835: .It Sx \&Os  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    836: .It Sx \&Ot  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    837: .It Sx \&Ox  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    838: .It Sx \&Pa  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
1.88      kristaps  839: .It Sx \&Pf  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    1
1.64      kristaps  840: .It Sx \&Pp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    841: .It Sx \&Rv  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    n
                    842: .It Sx \&Sm  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
                    843: .It Sx \&St  Ta    \&No     Ta    Yes      Ta    1
                    844: .It Sx \&Sx  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    845: .It Sx \&Sy  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    846: .It Sx \&Tn  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
                    847: .It Sx \&Ud  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    848: .It Sx \&Ux  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    849: .It Sx \&Va  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    n
                    850: .It Sx \&Vt  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
1.84      kristaps  851: .It Sx \&Xr  Ta    Yes      Ta    Yes      Ta    >0
1.64      kristaps  852: .It Sx \&br  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    0
                    853: .It Sx \&sp  Ta    \&No     Ta    \&No     Ta    1
1.82      kristaps  854: .El
1.63      kristaps  855: .Sh REFERENCE
                    856: This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
1.100     kristaps  857: alphabetically.
                    858: For the scoping of individual macros, see
1.63      kristaps  859: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
                    860: .Ss \&%A
                    861: Author name of an
                    862: .Sx \&Rs
1.138     kristaps  863: block.
                    864: Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
1.64      kristaps  865: .Sx \%%A
1.138     kristaps  866: line.
                    867: Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
                    868: first, then full surname.
1.63      kristaps  869: .Ss \&%B
                    870: Book title of an
                    871: .Sx \&Rs
1.138     kristaps  872: block.
                    873: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
1.63      kristaps  874: referring to book titles.
                    875: .Ss \&%C
                    876: Publication city or location of an
                    877: .Sx \&Rs
                    878: block.
                    879: .Pp
1.65      kristaps  880: .Em Remarks :
1.63      kristaps  881: this macro is not implemented in
                    882: .Xr groff 1 .
                    883: .Ss \&%D
                    884: Publication date of an
                    885: .Sx \&Rs
1.138     kristaps  886: block.
                    887: This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax described in
1.63      kristaps  888: .Sx Dates .
                    889: .Ss \&%I
                    890: Publisher or issuer name of an
                    891: .Sx \&Rs
                    892: block.
                    893: .Ss \&%J
                    894: Journal name of an
                    895: .Sx \&Rs
                    896: block.
                    897: .Ss \&%N
                    898: Issue number (usually for journals) of an
                    899: .Sx \&Rs
                    900: block.
                    901: .Ss \&%O
                    902: Optional information of an
                    903: .Sx \&Rs
                    904: block.
                    905: .Ss \&%P
                    906: Book or journal page number of an
                    907: .Sx \&Rs
                    908: block.
                    909: .Ss \&%Q
                    910: Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
                    911: .Sx \&Rs
1.138     kristaps  912: block.
                    913: Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
1.64      kristaps  914: .Sx \&%Q
1.63      kristaps  915: line.
                    916: .Ss \&%R
                    917: Technical report name of an
                    918: .Sx \&Rs
                    919: block.
                    920: .Ss \&%T
                    921: Article title of an
                    922: .Sx \&Rs
1.138     kristaps  923: block.
                    924: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
                    925: referring to article titles.
1.69      kristaps  926: .Ss \&%U
1.70      kristaps  927: URI of reference document.
1.63      kristaps  928: .Ss \&%V
                    929: Volume number of an
                    930: .Sx \&Rs
                    931: block.
                    932: .Ss \&Ac
1.141     kristaps  933: Close an
1.63      kristaps  934: .Sx \&Ao
1.138     kristaps  935: block.
                    936: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63      kristaps  937: .Ss \&Ad
1.141     kristaps  938: Memory address.
                    939: Do not use this for postal addresses.
1.63      kristaps  940: .Pp
1.64      kristaps  941: Examples:
1.91      kristaps  942: .D1 \&.Ad [0,$]
                    943: .D1 \&.Ad 0x00000000
1.63      kristaps  944: .Ss \&An
1.100     kristaps  945: Author name.
1.141     kristaps  946: Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
1.140     kristaps  947: .Pp
                    948: .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
1.64      kristaps  949: .It Fl split
1.141     kristaps  950: Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
                    951: .Sx \&An .
1.64      kristaps  952: .It Fl nosplit
                    953: The opposite of
                    954: .Fl split .
                    955: .El
                    956: .Pp
1.141     kristaps  957: The default is
                    958: .Fl nosplit .
                    959: The effect of selecting either of the
                    960: .Fl split
                    961: modes ends at the beginning of the
                    962: .Em AUTHORS
                    963: section.
1.140     kristaps  964: In the
                    965: .Em AUTHORS
1.141     kristaps  966: section, the default is
                    967: .Fl nosplit
                    968: for the first author listing and
1.64      kristaps  969: .Fl split
1.141     kristaps  970: for all other author listings.
1.64      kristaps  971: .Pp
                    972: Examples:
1.91      kristaps  973: .D1 \&.An -nosplit
1.141     kristaps  974: .D1 \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
1.63      kristaps  975: .Ss \&Ao
1.141     kristaps  976: Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
1.100     kristaps  977: Does not have any head arguments.
1.63      kristaps  978: .Pp
1.64      kristaps  979: Examples:
1.91      kristaps  980: .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
1.63      kristaps  981: .Pp
1.64      kristaps  982: See also
                    983: .Sx \&Aq .
1.63      kristaps  984: .Ss \&Ap
1.138     kristaps  985: Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
1.124     kristaps  986: This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
1.140     kristaps  987: form of a function.
                    988: .Pp
                    989: Examples:
                    990: .D1 \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
1.63      kristaps  991: .Ss \&Aq
1.141     kristaps  992: Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
1.64      kristaps  993: .Pp
                    994: Examples:
1.91      kristaps  995: .D1 \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
1.64      kristaps  996: .Pp
                    997: .Em Remarks :
                    998: this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
                    999: .Sx \&Lk
                   1000: or
                   1001: .Sx \&Mt ,
                   1002: or to note pre-processor
                   1003: .Dq Li #include
                   1004: statements, which should use
                   1005: .Sx \&In .
                   1006: .Pp
                   1007: See also
                   1008: .Sx \&Ao .
1.63      kristaps 1009: .Ss \&Ar
1.100     kristaps 1010: Command arguments.
                   1011: If an argument is not provided, the string
1.141     kristaps 1012: .Dq file ...\&
1.66      kristaps 1013: is used as a default.
1.64      kristaps 1014: .Pp
                   1015: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1016: .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file1
                   1017: .D1 \&.Ar
                   1018: .D1 \&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
1.63      kristaps 1019: .Ss \&At
1.100     kristaps 1020: Formats an AT&T version.
1.141     kristaps 1021: Accepts one optional argument:
1.140     kristaps 1022: .Pp
                   1023: .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
1.64      kristaps 1024: .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
                   1025: A version of
                   1026: .At .
                   1027: .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
1.141     kristaps 1028: A version of
                   1029: .At V .
1.64      kristaps 1030: .El
                   1031: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1032: Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
1.64      kristaps 1033: .Pp
                   1034: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1035: .D1 \&.At
                   1036: .D1 \&.At V.1
1.65      kristaps 1037: .Pp
                   1038: See also
1.66      kristaps 1039: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65      kristaps 1040: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 1041: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 1042: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   1043: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   1044: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   1045: and
                   1046: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 1047: .Ss \&Bc
1.141     kristaps 1048: Close a
1.64      kristaps 1049: .Sx \&Bo
1.138     kristaps 1050: block.
                   1051: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63      kristaps 1052: .Ss \&Bd
1.141     kristaps 1053: Begin a display block.
1.131     kristaps 1054: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1055: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1056: .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
1.141     kristaps 1057: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131     kristaps 1058: .Op Fl offset Ar width
                   1059: .Op Fl compact
                   1060: .Ed
                   1061: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1062: Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
                   1063: justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
                   1064: They may contain both macro lines and free-form text lines.
                   1065: By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
1.64      kristaps 1066: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1067: The
                   1068: .Ar type
                   1069: must be one of the following:
                   1070: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
                   1071: .It Fl centered
                   1072: Centre-justify each line.
                   1073: Using this display type is not recommended; many
                   1074: .Nm
                   1075: implementations render it poorly.
                   1076: .It Fl filled
                   1077: Left- and right-justify the block.
                   1078: .It Fl literal
                   1079: Do not justify the block at all.
                   1080: Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
1.64      kristaps 1081: .It Fl ragged
                   1082: Only left-justify the block.
                   1083: .It Fl unfilled
1.141     kristaps 1084: An alias for
                   1085: .Fl literal .
1.64      kristaps 1086: .El
                   1087: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1088: The
                   1089: .Ar type
                   1090: must be provided first.
                   1091: Additional arguments may follow:
                   1092: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
                   1093: .It Fl offset Ar width
                   1094: Indent the display by the
                   1095: .Ar width ,
                   1096: which may be one of the following:
1.64      kristaps 1097: .Bl -item
                   1098: .It
1.141     kristaps 1099: One of the pre-defined strings
                   1100: .Cm indent ,
1.64      kristaps 1101: the width of standard indentation;
1.141     kristaps 1102: .Cm indent-two ,
1.64      kristaps 1103: twice
1.141     kristaps 1104: .Cm indent ;
                   1105: .Cm left ,
1.131     kristaps 1106: which has no effect;
1.141     kristaps 1107: .Cm right ,
                   1108: which justifies to the right margin; or
                   1109: .Cm center ,
1.64      kristaps 1110: which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
                   1111: .It
1.141     kristaps 1112: A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
                   1113: associated with that macro.
1.100     kristaps 1114: The most popular is the imaginary macro
1.67      kristaps 1115: .Ar \&Ds ,
1.64      kristaps 1116: which resolves to
1.141     kristaps 1117: .Sy 6n .
1.64      kristaps 1118: .It
1.141     kristaps 1119: A width using the syntax described in
1.64      kristaps 1120: .Sx Scaling Widths .
                   1121: .It
1.141     kristaps 1122: An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
1.64      kristaps 1123: .El
                   1124: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1125: When the argument is missing,
                   1126: .Fl offset
                   1127: is ignored.
1.64      kristaps 1128: .It Fl compact
1.141     kristaps 1129: Do not assert vertical space before the display.
1.64      kristaps 1130: .El
                   1131: .Pp
                   1132: Examples:
                   1133: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.141     kristaps 1134: \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
1.65      kristaps 1135:    Hello       world.
1.64      kristaps 1136: \&.Ed
                   1137: .Ed
1.66      kristaps 1138: .Pp
                   1139: See also
                   1140: .Sx \&D1
                   1141: and
                   1142: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63      kristaps 1143: .Ss \&Bf
1.129     kristaps 1144: Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
                   1145: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1146: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1147: .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
                   1148: .Oo
                   1149: .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
                   1150: .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
                   1151: .Oc
                   1152: .Ed
                   1153: .Pp
                   1154: The
                   1155: .Fl emphasis
                   1156: and
                   1157: .Cm \&Em
                   1158: argument are equivalent, as are
                   1159: .Fl symbolic
                   1160: and
1.144     schwarze 1161: .Cm \&Sy ,
1.129     kristaps 1162: and
                   1163: .Fl literal
                   1164: and
                   1165: .Cm \&Li .
                   1166: Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
                   1167: The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
                   1168: scope or
                   1169: .Sx \&Ef
                   1170: is encountered.
                   1171: .Pp
                   1172: See also
                   1173: .Sx \&Li ,
                   1174: .Sx \&Ef ,
1.141     kristaps 1175: .Sx \&Em ,
1.129     kristaps 1176: and
                   1177: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63      kristaps 1178: .Ss \&Bk
1.141     kristaps 1179: Keep the output generated from each macro input line together
                   1180: on one single output line.
                   1181: Line breaks in free-form text lines are unaffected.
                   1182: The syntax is as follows:
1.131     kristaps 1183: .Pp
                   1184: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
                   1185: .Pp
1.133     kristaps 1186: The
                   1187: .Fl words
1.141     kristaps 1188: argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
1.127     schwarze 1189: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1190: The following example will not break within each
1.133     kristaps 1191: .Sx \&Op
                   1192: macro line:
1.127     schwarze 1193: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                   1194: \&.Bk \-words
1.133     kristaps 1195: \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
                   1196: \&.Op Fl o Ar output
1.127     schwarze 1197: \&.Ek
                   1198: .Ed
1.129     kristaps 1199: .Pp
1.133     kristaps 1200: Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
                   1201: Doing so will clobber the right margin.
1.63      kristaps 1202: .Ss \&Bl
1.141     kristaps 1203: Begin a list.
                   1204: Lists consist of items started by the
                   1205: .Sx \&It
                   1206: macro, containing a head or a body or both.
                   1207: The list syntax is as follows:
1.131     kristaps 1208: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1209: .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
1.141     kristaps 1210: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131     kristaps 1211: .Op Fl width Ar val
                   1212: .Op Fl offset Ar val
                   1213: .Op Fl compact
                   1214: .Op HEAD ...
                   1215: .Ed
                   1216: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1217: The list
                   1218: .Ar type
                   1219: is mandatory and must be specified first.
                   1220: The
                   1221: .Fl width
                   1222: and
                   1223: .Fl offset
                   1224: arguments accept
1.104     kristaps 1225: .Sx Scaling Widths
1.141     kristaps 1226: or use the length of the given string.
                   1227: The
                   1228: .Fl offset
                   1229: is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
                   1230: and bodies.
                   1231: For those list types supporting it, the
                   1232: .Fl width
                   1233: argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
                   1234: to be added to the
                   1235: .Fl offset .
                   1236: Unless the
                   1237: .Fl compact
                   1238: argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
                   1239: .Pp
1.103     kristaps 1240: A list must specify one of the following list types:
                   1241: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
                   1242: .It Fl bullet
1.141     kristaps 1243: No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
                   1244: of each item.
                   1245: Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
                   1246: and are indented according to the
1.104     kristaps 1247: .Fl width
1.141     kristaps 1248: argument.
1.103     kristaps 1249: .It Fl column
                   1250: A columnated list.
1.104     kristaps 1251: The
                   1252: .Fl width
1.141     kristaps 1253: argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
                   1254: of one column, using either the
1.103     kristaps 1255: .Sx Scaling Widths
1.141     kristaps 1256: syntax or the string length of the argument.
                   1257: If the first line of the body of a
1.114     kristaps 1258: .Fl column
                   1259: list is not an
                   1260: .Sx \&It
1.141     kristaps 1261: macro line,
                   1262: .Sx \&It
                   1263: contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
1.114     kristaps 1264: .Sx \&It
1.141     kristaps 1265: macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
1.114     kristaps 1266: described in the
                   1267: .Sx \&It
                   1268: documentation.
1.103     kristaps 1269: .It Fl dash
1.141     kristaps 1270: Like
                   1271: .Fl bullet ,
                   1272: except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
1.103     kristaps 1273: .It Fl diag
                   1274: Like
                   1275: .Fl inset ,
1.141     kristaps 1276: except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
                   1277: .\" but with additional formatting to the head.
1.103     kristaps 1278: .It Fl enum
1.141     kristaps 1279: A numbered list.
                   1280: Formatted like
                   1281: .Fl bullet ,
                   1282: except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
                   1283: starting at 1.
1.103     kristaps 1284: .It Fl hang
                   1285: Like
                   1286: .Fl tag ,
1.141     kristaps 1287: except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
                   1288: the item heads like in
                   1289: .Fl inset
                   1290: lists.
1.103     kristaps 1291: .It Fl hyphen
                   1292: Synonym for
                   1293: .Fl dash .
                   1294: .It Fl inset
1.141     kristaps 1295: Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
                   1296: spacing.
                   1297: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104     kristaps 1298: .Fl width
                   1299: argument is ignored.
1.103     kristaps 1300: .It Fl item
1.141     kristaps 1301: No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
                   1302: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104     kristaps 1303: .Fl width
                   1304: argument is ignored.
1.103     kristaps 1305: .It Fl ohang
1.141     kristaps 1306: Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
1.104     kristaps 1307: The
                   1308: .Fl width
                   1309: argument is ignored.
1.103     kristaps 1310: .It Fl tag
1.141     kristaps 1311: Item bodies are indented according to the
1.103     kristaps 1312: .Fl width
                   1313: argument.
1.141     kristaps 1314: When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
                   1315: this head on the same output line.
                   1316: Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
1.103     kristaps 1317: .El
1.114     kristaps 1318: .Pp
                   1319: See also
1.141     kristaps 1320: .Sx \&El
                   1321: and
1.114     kristaps 1322: .Sx \&It .
1.63      kristaps 1323: .Ss \&Bo
1.141     kristaps 1324: Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
1.100     kristaps 1325: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65      kristaps 1326: .Pp
                   1327: Examples:
1.140     kristaps 1328: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65      kristaps 1329: \&.Bo 1 ,
1.91      kristaps 1330: \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
1.65      kristaps 1331: .Ed
                   1332: .Pp
                   1333: See also
                   1334: .Sx \&Bq .
1.63      kristaps 1335: .Ss \&Bq
1.82      kristaps 1336: Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
1.65      kristaps 1337: .Pp
                   1338: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1339: .D1 \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
1.65      kristaps 1340: .Pp
                   1341: .Em Remarks :
                   1342: this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
                   1343: commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
                   1344: .Sx \&Op ,
                   1345: .Sx \&Oo ,
                   1346: and
                   1347: .Sx \&Oc .
                   1348: .Pp
                   1349: See also
                   1350: .Sx \&Bo .
1.63      kristaps 1351: .Ss \&Brc
1.141     kristaps 1352: Close a
1.65      kristaps 1353: .Sx \&Bro
1.138     kristaps 1354: block.
                   1355: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63      kristaps 1356: .Ss \&Bro
1.141     kristaps 1357: Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
1.100     kristaps 1358: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65      kristaps 1359: .Pp
                   1360: Examples:
1.140     kristaps 1361: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65      kristaps 1362: \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
1.91      kristaps 1363: \&.Va n \&Brc
1.65      kristaps 1364: .Ed
                   1365: .Pp
                   1366: See also
                   1367: .Sx \&Brq .
1.63      kristaps 1368: .Ss \&Brq
1.65      kristaps 1369: Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
                   1370: .Pp
                   1371: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1372: .D1 \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
1.65      kristaps 1373: .Pp
                   1374: See also
                   1375: .Sx \&Bro .
1.63      kristaps 1376: .Ss \&Bsx
1.65      kristaps 1377: Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
                   1378: no argument is provided.
                   1379: .Pp
                   1380: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1381: .D1 \&.Bsx 1.0
                   1382: .D1 \&.Bsx
1.65      kristaps 1383: .Pp
                   1384: See also
                   1385: .Sx \&At ,
                   1386: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 1387: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 1388: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   1389: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   1390: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   1391: and
                   1392: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 1393: .Ss \&Bt
1.66      kristaps 1394: Prints
1.144     schwarze 1395: .Dq is currently in beta test .
1.63      kristaps 1396: .Ss \&Bx
1.65      kristaps 1397: Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
                   1398: argument is provided.
                   1399: .Pp
                   1400: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1401: .D1 \&.Bx 4.4
                   1402: .D1 \&.Bx
1.65      kristaps 1403: .Pp
                   1404: See also
                   1405: .Sx \&At ,
                   1406: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.66      kristaps 1407: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 1408: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   1409: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   1410: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   1411: and
                   1412: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 1413: .Ss \&Cd
1.141     kristaps 1414: Kernel configuration declaration.
1.100     kristaps 1415: This denotes strings accepted by
1.66      kristaps 1416: .Xr config 8 .
                   1417: .Pp
                   1418: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1419: .D1 \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
1.66      kristaps 1420: .Pp
                   1421: .Em Remarks :
                   1422: this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
1.138     kristaps 1423: whitespace and align consecutive
1.66      kristaps 1424: .Sx \&Cd
1.100     kristaps 1425: declarations.
                   1426: This practise is discouraged.
1.63      kristaps 1427: .Ss \&Cm
1.100     kristaps 1428: Command modifiers.
                   1429: Useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
1.66      kristaps 1430: .Pp
                   1431: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1432: .D1 \&.Cm ControlPath
                   1433: .D1 \&.Cm ControlMaster
1.66      kristaps 1434: .Pp
                   1435: See also
                   1436: .Sx \&Fl .
1.63      kristaps 1437: .Ss \&D1
1.100     kristaps 1438: One-line indented display.
                   1439: This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
                   1440: statements.
                   1441: It is followed by a newline.
1.66      kristaps 1442: .Pp
                   1443: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1444: .D1 \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
1.66      kristaps 1445: .Pp
                   1446: See also
                   1447: .Sx \&Bd
                   1448: and
                   1449: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63      kristaps 1450: .Ss \&Db
1.141     kristaps 1451: Switch debugging mode.
1.120     kristaps 1452: Its syntax is as follows:
1.117     kristaps 1453: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 1454: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
1.141     kristaps 1455: .Pp
                   1456: This macro is ignored by
                   1457: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63      kristaps 1458: .Ss \&Dc
1.141     kristaps 1459: Close a
1.66      kristaps 1460: .Sx \&Do
1.138     kristaps 1461: block.
                   1462: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63      kristaps 1463: .Ss \&Dd
1.100     kristaps 1464: Document date.
                   1465: This is the mandatory first macro of any
1.66      kristaps 1466: .Nm
1.100     kristaps 1467: manual.
1.120     kristaps 1468: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66      kristaps 1469: .Pp
1.142     kristaps 1470: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Op Ar date
1.66      kristaps 1471: .Pp
1.82      kristaps 1472: The
1.141     kristaps 1473: .Ar date
                   1474: may be either
1.66      kristaps 1475: .Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
                   1476: which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
1.72      kristaps 1477: .Xr cvs 1 ,
1.66      kristaps 1478: or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
                   1479: .Sx Dates .
1.142     kristaps 1480: If a date does not conform or is empty, the current date is used.
1.66      kristaps 1481: .Pp
                   1482: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1483: .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
                   1484: .D1 \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
                   1485: .D1 \&.Dd July 21, 2007
1.66      kristaps 1486: .Pp
                   1487: See also
                   1488: .Sx \&Dt
                   1489: and
                   1490: .Sx \&Os .
1.63      kristaps 1491: .Ss \&Dl
1.100     kristaps 1492: One-line intended display.
                   1493: This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
                   1494: invocations.
                   1495: It is followed by a newline.
1.66      kristaps 1496: .Pp
                   1497: Examples:
1.140     kristaps 1498: .D1 \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
1.66      kristaps 1499: .Pp
                   1500: See also
                   1501: .Sx \&Bd
                   1502: and
                   1503: .Sx \&D1 .
1.63      kristaps 1504: .Ss \&Do
1.141     kristaps 1505: Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
1.138     kristaps 1506: Does not have any head arguments.
1.66      kristaps 1507: .Pp
                   1508: Examples:
1.140     kristaps 1509: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
                   1510: \&.Do
                   1511: April is the cruellest month
                   1512: \&.Dc
                   1513: \e(em T.S. Eliot
                   1514: .Ed
1.66      kristaps 1515: .Pp
                   1516: See also
                   1517: .Sx \&Dq .
1.63      kristaps 1518: .Ss \&Dq
1.138     kristaps 1519: Encloses its arguments in
                   1520: .Dq typographic
                   1521: double-quotes.
1.66      kristaps 1522: .Pp
                   1523: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1524: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.66      kristaps 1525: \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
                   1526: \e(em T.S. Eliot
                   1527: .Ed
                   1528: .Pp
                   1529: See also
1.139     kristaps 1530: .Sx \&Qq ,
                   1531: .Sx \&Sq ,
1.138     kristaps 1532: and
1.66      kristaps 1533: .Sx \&Do .
1.139     kristaps 1534: .Ss \&Dt
1.100     kristaps 1535: Document title.
                   1536: This is the mandatory second macro of any
1.66      kristaps 1537: .Nm
1.100     kristaps 1538: file.
1.120     kristaps 1539: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1540: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1541: .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
                   1542: .Oo
1.141     kristaps 1543: .Ar title
1.120     kristaps 1544: .Oo
1.141     kristaps 1545: .Ar section
                   1546: .Op Ar volume | arch
1.120     kristaps 1547: .Oc
                   1548: .Oc
                   1549: .Ed
1.66      kristaps 1550: .Pp
                   1551: Its arguments are as follows:
                   1552: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
1.141     kristaps 1553: .It Ar title
1.111     kristaps 1554: The document's title (name), defaulting to
1.138     kristaps 1555: .Dq UNKNOWN
1.111     kristaps 1556: if unspecified.
                   1557: It should be capitalised.
1.141     kristaps 1558: .It Ar section
1.100     kristaps 1559: The manual section.
                   1560: This may be one of
1.66      kristaps 1561: .Ar 1
                   1562: .Pq utilities ,
                   1563: .Ar 2
                   1564: .Pq system calls ,
                   1565: .Ar 3
                   1566: .Pq libraries ,
                   1567: .Ar 3p
                   1568: .Pq Perl libraries ,
                   1569: .Ar 4
                   1570: .Pq devices ,
                   1571: .Ar 5
                   1572: .Pq file formats ,
                   1573: .Ar 6
                   1574: .Pq games ,
                   1575: .Ar 7
                   1576: .Pq miscellaneous ,
                   1577: .Ar 8
                   1578: .Pq system utilities ,
                   1579: .Ar 9
                   1580: .Pq kernel functions ,
                   1581: .Ar X11
                   1582: .Pq X Window System ,
                   1583: .Ar X11R6
                   1584: .Pq X Window System ,
                   1585: .Ar unass
                   1586: .Pq unassociated ,
                   1587: .Ar local
                   1588: .Pq local system ,
                   1589: .Ar draft
                   1590: .Pq draft manual ,
                   1591: or
                   1592: .Ar paper
                   1593: .Pq paper .
1.111     kristaps 1594: It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
1.138     kristaps 1595: .Dq 1
1.111     kristaps 1596: if unspecified.
1.141     kristaps 1597: .It Ar volume
1.66      kristaps 1598: This overrides the volume inferred from
                   1599: .Ar section .
                   1600: This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
                   1601: .Ar USD
                   1602: .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
                   1603: .Ar PS1
                   1604: .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
                   1605: .Ar AMD
                   1606: .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
                   1607: .Ar SMM
                   1608: .Pq system managers' manuals ,
                   1609: .Ar URM
                   1610: .Pq users' reference manuals ,
                   1611: .Ar PRM
                   1612: .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
                   1613: .Ar KM
                   1614: .Pq kernel manuals ,
                   1615: .Ar IND
                   1616: .Pq master index ,
                   1617: .Ar MMI
                   1618: .Pq master index ,
                   1619: .Ar LOCAL
                   1620: .Pq local manuals ,
                   1621: .Ar LOC
                   1622: .Pq local manuals ,
                   1623: or
                   1624: .Ar CON
                   1625: .Pq contributed manuals .
1.141     kristaps 1626: .It Ar arch
1.100     kristaps 1627: This specifies a specific relevant architecture.
                   1628: If
1.141     kristaps 1629: .Ar volume
1.66      kristaps 1630: is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used
1.100     kristaps 1631: subsequent that.
                   1632: It, too, is optional.
                   1633: It must be one of
1.66      kristaps 1634: .Ar alpha ,
                   1635: .Ar amd64 ,
                   1636: .Ar amiga ,
                   1637: .Ar arc ,
                   1638: .Ar arm ,
                   1639: .Ar armish ,
                   1640: .Ar aviion ,
                   1641: .Ar hp300 ,
                   1642: .Ar hppa ,
                   1643: .Ar hppa64 ,
                   1644: .Ar i386 ,
                   1645: .Ar landisk ,
1.86      kristaps 1646: .Ar loongson ,
1.66      kristaps 1647: .Ar luna88k ,
                   1648: .Ar mac68k ,
                   1649: .Ar macppc ,
                   1650: .Ar mvme68k ,
                   1651: .Ar mvme88k ,
                   1652: .Ar mvmeppc ,
                   1653: .Ar pmax ,
                   1654: .Ar sgi ,
                   1655: .Ar socppc ,
                   1656: .Ar sparc ,
                   1657: .Ar sparc64 ,
                   1658: .Ar sun3 ,
                   1659: .Ar vax ,
                   1660: or
                   1661: .Ar zaurus .
                   1662: .El
                   1663: .Pp
                   1664: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1665: .D1 \&.Dt FOO 1
                   1666: .D1 \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
                   1667: .D1 \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
1.66      kristaps 1668: .Pp
                   1669: See also
                   1670: .Sx \&Dd
                   1671: and
                   1672: .Sx \&Os .
1.63      kristaps 1673: .Ss \&Dv
1.66      kristaps 1674: Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
                   1675: .Pp
                   1676: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1677: .D1 \&.Dv BUFSIZ
                   1678: .D1 \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
1.66      kristaps 1679: .Pp
                   1680: See also
                   1681: .Sx \&Er .
1.63      kristaps 1682: .Ss \&Dx
1.71      kristaps 1683: Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
1.66      kristaps 1684: value if no argument is provided.
                   1685: .Pp
                   1686: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1687: .D1 \&.Dx 2.4.1
                   1688: .D1 \&.Dx
1.66      kristaps 1689: .Pp
                   1690: See also
                   1691: .Sx \&At ,
                   1692: .Sx \&Bsx ,
                   1693: .Sx \&Bx ,
                   1694: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   1695: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   1696: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   1697: and
                   1698: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 1699: .Ss \&Ec
1.131     kristaps 1700: Close a scope started by
                   1701: .Sx \&Eo .
                   1702: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1703: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1704: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
1.131     kristaps 1705: .Pp
                   1706: The
1.141     kristaps 1707: .Ar TERM
1.131     kristaps 1708: argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
                   1709: will emulate
                   1710: .Sx \&Dc .
1.63      kristaps 1711: .Ss \&Ed
1.131     kristaps 1712: End a display context started by
                   1713: .Sx \&Bd .
1.63      kristaps 1714: .Ss \&Ef
1.141     kristaps 1715: End a font mode context started by
1.129     kristaps 1716: .Sx \&Bf .
1.63      kristaps 1717: .Ss \&Ek
1.141     kristaps 1718: End a keep context started by
1.127     schwarze 1719: .Sx \&Bk .
1.63      kristaps 1720: .Ss \&El
1.141     kristaps 1721: End a list context started by
1.117     kristaps 1722: .Sx \&Bl .
                   1723: .Pp
                   1724: See also
                   1725: .Sx \&Bl
                   1726: and
                   1727: .Sx \&It .
1.63      kristaps 1728: .Ss \&Em
1.100     kristaps 1729: Denotes text that should be emphasised.
                   1730: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
                   1731: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.66      kristaps 1732: .Pp
                   1733: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1734: .D1 \&.Em Warnings!
                   1735: .D1 \&.Em Remarks :
1.138     kristaps 1736: .Pp
                   1737: See also
                   1738: .Sx \&Bf ,
                   1739: .Sx \&Sy ,
                   1740: and
                   1741: .Sx \&Li .
1.63      kristaps 1742: .Ss \&En
1.141     kristaps 1743: This macro is obsolete and not implemented in
                   1744: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63      kristaps 1745: .Ss \&Eo
1.131     kristaps 1746: An arbitrary enclosure.
                   1747: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1748: .Pp
1.141     kristaps 1749: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
1.131     kristaps 1750: .Pp
                   1751: The
1.141     kristaps 1752: .Ar TERM
1.131     kristaps 1753: argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
                   1754: will emulate
                   1755: .Sx \&Do .
1.63      kristaps 1756: .Ss \&Er
1.90      kristaps 1757: Display error constants.
1.66      kristaps 1758: .Pp
                   1759: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1760: .D1 \&.Er EPERM
                   1761: .D1 \&.Er ENOENT
1.66      kristaps 1762: .Pp
                   1763: See also
                   1764: .Sx \&Dv .
1.63      kristaps 1765: .Ss \&Es
1.132     kristaps 1766: This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
1.63      kristaps 1767: .Ss \&Ev
1.66      kristaps 1768: Environmental variables such as those specified in
                   1769: .Xr environ 7 .
                   1770: .Pp
                   1771: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1772: .D1 \&.Ev DISPLAY
                   1773: .D1 \&.Ev PATH
1.63      kristaps 1774: .Ss \&Ex
1.141     kristaps 1775: Insert a standard sentence regarding exit values.
                   1776: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1777: .Pp
                   1778: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility
                   1779: .Pp
                   1780: When
1.66      kristaps 1781: .Ar utility
1.141     kristaps 1782: is not specified, the document's name set by
1.66      kristaps 1783: .Sx \&Nm
1.141     kristaps 1784: is used.
1.139     kristaps 1785: .Pp
                   1786: See also
                   1787: .Sx \&Rv .
1.63      kristaps 1788: .Ss \&Fa
1.117     kristaps 1789: Function argument.
1.120     kristaps 1790: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1791: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1792: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
                   1793: .Op Cm argtype
                   1794: .Cm argname
                   1795: .Ed
                   1796: .Pp
1.117     kristaps 1797: This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
                   1798: It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
                   1799: Most often, the
                   1800: .Sx \&Fa
                   1801: macro is used in the
                   1802: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.120     kristaps 1803: within
                   1804: .Sx \&Fo
1.117     kristaps 1805: section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
                   1806: If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
                   1807: comma.
                   1808: Furthermore, if the following macro is another
                   1809: .Sx \&Fa ,
                   1810: the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
                   1811: .Pp
                   1812: Examples:
                   1813: .D1 \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
                   1814: .D1 \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
                   1815: .D1 \&.Fa foo
1.120     kristaps 1816: .Pp
                   1817: See also
                   1818: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63      kristaps 1819: .Ss \&Fc
1.141     kristaps 1820: End a function context started by
1.131     kristaps 1821: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63      kristaps 1822: .Ss \&Fd
1.117     kristaps 1823: Historically used to document include files.
                   1824: This usage has been deprecated in favour of
                   1825: .Sx \&In .
                   1826: Do not use this macro.
                   1827: .Pp
                   1828: See also
1.122     kristaps 1829: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
                   1830: and
1.117     kristaps 1831: .Sx \&In .
1.63      kristaps 1832: .Ss \&Fl
1.100     kristaps 1833: Command-line flag.
                   1834: Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
                   1835: Prints a fixed-width hyphen
1.79      kristaps 1836: .Sq \-
1.100     kristaps 1837: directly followed by each argument.
                   1838: If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
                   1839: If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
                   1840: output.
1.79      kristaps 1841: .Pp
                   1842: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1843: .D1 \&.Fl a b c
                   1844: .D1 \&.Fl \&Pf a b
                   1845: .D1 \&.Fl
                   1846: .D1 \&.Op \&Fl o \&Ns \&Ar file
1.79      kristaps 1847: .Pp
                   1848: See also
                   1849: .Sx \&Cm .
1.63      kristaps 1850: .Ss \&Fn
1.119     kristaps 1851: A function name.
1.120     kristaps 1852: Its syntax is as follows:
1.119     kristaps 1853: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1854: .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
                   1855: .Op Cm functype
                   1856: .Cm funcname
                   1857: .Op Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
                   1858: .Ed
1.120     kristaps 1859: .Pp
1.122     kristaps 1860: Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
1.119     kristaps 1861: are delimited by commas.
                   1862: If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
                   1863: .Pp
                   1864: Examples:
                   1865: .D1 \&.Fn "int funcname" "int arg0" "int arg1"
                   1866: .D1 \&.Fn funcname "int arg0"
                   1867: .D1 \&.Fn funcname arg0
1.120     kristaps 1868: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
                   1869: \&.Ft functype
                   1870: \&.Fn funcname
                   1871: .Ed
1.119     kristaps 1872: .Pp
                   1873: See also
1.122     kristaps 1874: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.119     kristaps 1875: and
                   1876: .Sx \&Ft .
1.63      kristaps 1877: .Ss \&Fo
1.120     kristaps 1878: Begin a function block.
                   1879: This is a multi-line version of
                   1880: .Sx \&Fn .
                   1881: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1882: .Pp
                   1883: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
                   1884: .Pp
                   1885: Invocations usually occur in the following context:
                   1886: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
                   1887: .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
                   1888: .br
                   1889: .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Cm funcname
                   1890: .br
                   1891: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Cm argtype Oc Cm argname
                   1892: .br
                   1893: \.\.\.
                   1894: .br
                   1895: .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
                   1896: .Ed
                   1897: .Pp
                   1898: A
                   1899: .Sx \&Fo
                   1900: scope is closed by
                   1901: .Pp
                   1902: See also
1.122     kristaps 1903: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1.120     kristaps 1904: .Sx \&Fa ,
                   1905: .Sx \&Fc ,
                   1906: and
1.139     kristaps 1907: .Sx \&Ft .
1.63      kristaps 1908: .Ss \&Ft
1.120     kristaps 1909: A function type.
                   1910: Its syntax is as follows:
                   1911: .Pp
                   1912: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Cm functype
                   1913: .Pp
                   1914: Examples:
                   1915: .D1 \&.Ft int
                   1916: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
                   1917: \&.Ft functype
                   1918: \&.Fn funcname
                   1919: .Ed
                   1920: .Pp
                   1921: See also
1.122     kristaps 1922: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
                   1923: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.120     kristaps 1924: and
1.122     kristaps 1925: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63      kristaps 1926: .Ss \&Fx
1.144     schwarze 1927: Format the
                   1928: .Fx
                   1929: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65      kristaps 1930: if no argument is provided.
                   1931: .Pp
                   1932: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 1933: .D1 \&.Fx 7.1
                   1934: .D1 \&.Fx
1.65      kristaps 1935: .Pp
                   1936: See also
                   1937: .Sx \&At ,
1.66      kristaps 1938: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65      kristaps 1939: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 1940: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 1941: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   1942: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   1943: and
                   1944: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 1945: .Ss \&Hf
1.132     kristaps 1946: This macro is obsolete and not implemented.
1.63      kristaps 1947: .Ss \&Ic
1.132     kristaps 1948: Designate an internal or interactive command.
                   1949: This is similar to
                   1950: .Sx \&Cm
                   1951: but used for instructions rather than values.
                   1952: .Pp
                   1953: Examples:
                   1954: .D1 \&.Ic hash
                   1955: .D1 \&.Ic alias
                   1956: .Pp
                   1957: Note that using
1.144     schwarze 1958: .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
1.132     kristaps 1959: or
                   1960: .Sx \&D1
                   1961: is preferred for displaying code; the
                   1962: .Sx \&Ic
                   1963: macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
1.63      kristaps 1964: .Ss \&In
1.118     kristaps 1965: An
1.138     kristaps 1966: .Dq include
1.118     kristaps 1967: file.
                   1968: In the
                   1969: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   1970: section (only if invoked as the line macro), the first argument is
                   1971: preceded by
1.138     kristaps 1972: .Dq #include ,
1.141     kristaps 1973: the arguments is enclosed in angle brackets.
1.118     kristaps 1974: .Pp
1.122     kristaps 1975: Examples:
1.118     kristaps 1976: .D1 \&.In sys/types
1.122     kristaps 1977: .Pp
                   1978: See also
                   1979: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
1.63      kristaps 1980: .Ss \&It
1.120     kristaps 1981: A list item.
                   1982: The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
1.114     kristaps 1983: .Pp
                   1984: Lists
                   1985: of type
                   1986: .Fl hang ,
                   1987: .Fl ohang ,
                   1988: .Fl inset ,
                   1989: and
                   1990: .Fl diag
1.120     kristaps 1991: have the following syntax:
1.114     kristaps 1992: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 1993: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Cm args
1.114     kristaps 1994: .Pp
                   1995: Lists of type
                   1996: .Fl bullet ,
                   1997: .Fl dash ,
                   1998: .Fl enum ,
                   1999: .Fl hyphen
                   2000: and
                   2001: .Fl item
1.120     kristaps 2002: have the following syntax:
1.114     kristaps 2003: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2004: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
1.114     kristaps 2005: .Pp
                   2006: with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
                   2007: .Sx \&It
                   2008: until either a closing
                   2009: .Sx \&El
                   2010: or another
                   2011: .Sx \&It .
                   2012: .Pp
                   2013: The
                   2014: .Fl tag
1.120     kristaps 2015: list has the following syntax:
1.114     kristaps 2016: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2017: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
1.114     kristaps 2018: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2019: Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
1.114     kristaps 2020: .Fl bullet
                   2021: and family.
                   2022: The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
                   2023: arguments correspond to the list's contents.
                   2024: .Pp
                   2025: The
                   2026: .Fl column
                   2027: list is the most complicated.
1.120     kristaps 2028: Its syntax is as follows:
1.114     kristaps 2029: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2030: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
1.114     kristaps 2031: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2032: The
1.114     kristaps 2033: .Cm args
                   2034: are phrases, a mix of macros and text corresponding to a line column,
                   2035: delimited by tabs or the special
                   2036: .Sq \&Ta
                   2037: pseudo-macro.
                   2038: Lines subsequent the
                   2039: .Sx \&It
                   2040: are interpreted within the scope of the last phrase.
                   2041: Calling the pseudo-macro
                   2042: .Sq \&Ta
                   2043: will open a new phrase scope (this must occur on a macro line to be
1.138     kristaps 2044: interpreted as a macro).
                   2045: Note that the tab phrase delimiter may only be used within the
1.114     kristaps 2046: .Sx \&It
                   2047: line itself.
                   2048: Subsequent this, only the
                   2049: .Sq \&Ta
                   2050: pseudo-macro may be used to delimit phrases.
1.124     kristaps 2051: Furthermore, note that quoted sections propagate over tab-delimited
1.114     kristaps 2052: phrases on an
                   2053: .Sx \&It ,
                   2054: for example,
                   2055: .Pp
1.121     kristaps 2056: .D1 .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
1.114     kristaps 2057: .Pp
                   2058: will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
                   2059: .Pp
                   2060: See also
                   2061: .Sx \&Bl .
1.63      kristaps 2062: .Ss \&Lb
1.109     kristaps 2063: Specify a library.
1.120     kristaps 2064: The syntax is as follows:
1.109     kristaps 2065: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2066: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Cm library
1.109     kristaps 2067: .Pp
                   2068: The
                   2069: .Cm library
                   2070: parameter may be a system library, such as
                   2071: .Cm libz
                   2072: or
                   2073: .Cm libpam ,
                   2074: in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
                   2075: invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
                   2076: printed in quotes.
                   2077: This is most commonly used in the
                   2078: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2079: section as described in
                   2080: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
                   2081: .Pp
                   2082: Examples:
                   2083: .D1 \&.Lb libz
                   2084: .D1 \&.Lb mdoc
1.63      kristaps 2085: .Ss \&Li
1.131     kristaps 2086: Denotes text that should be in a literal font mode.
                   2087: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
                   2088: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.138     kristaps 2089: .Pp
                   2090: See also
                   2091: .Sx \&Bf ,
                   2092: .Sx \&Sy ,
                   2093: and
                   2094: .Sx \&Em .
1.63      kristaps 2095: .Ss \&Lk
1.100     kristaps 2096: Format a hyperlink.
1.120     kristaps 2097: Its syntax is as follows:
1.70      kristaps 2098: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2099: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
1.70      kristaps 2100: .Pp
                   2101: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2102: .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
                   2103: .D1 \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
1.70      kristaps 2104: .Pp
                   2105: See also
                   2106: .Sx \&Mt .
1.63      kristaps 2107: .Ss \&Lp
1.132     kristaps 2108: Synonym for
                   2109: .Sx \&Pp .
1.63      kristaps 2110: .Ss \&Ms
1.138     kristaps 2111: Display a mathematical symbol.
1.140     kristaps 2112: Its syntax is as follows:
                   2113: .Pp
                   2114: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Cm symbol
1.138     kristaps 2115: .Pp
                   2116: Examples:
                   2117: .D1 \&.Ms sigma
                   2118: .D1 \&.Ms aleph
1.63      kristaps 2119: .Ss \&Mt
1.116     kristaps 2120: Format a
1.138     kristaps 2121: .Dq mailto:
1.116     kristaps 2122: hyperlink.
1.120     kristaps 2123: Its syntax is as follows:
1.116     kristaps 2124: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2125: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Cm address
1.116     kristaps 2126: .Pp
                   2127: Examples:
                   2128: .D1 \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
1.63      kristaps 2129: .Ss \&Nd
1.144     schwarze 2130: A one line description of the manual's content.
1.132     kristaps 2131: This may only be invoked in the
                   2132: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2133: section subsequent the
                   2134: .Sx \&Nm
                   2135: macro.
                   2136: .Pp
                   2137: Examples:
                   2138: .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
                   2139: .D1 \&.Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
                   2140: .Pp
                   2141: The
                   2142: .Sx \&Nd
                   2143: macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
                   2144: .Sx \&Sh
                   2145: invocation.
                   2146: Do not assume this behaviour: some
                   2147: .Xr whatis 1
                   2148: database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
                   2149: arguments and will display macros verbatim.
                   2150: .Pp
                   2151: See also
                   2152: .Sx \&Nm .
1.63      kristaps 2153: .Ss \&Nm
1.128     schwarze 2154: The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
                   2155: and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
                   2156: the manual page.
                   2157: When first invoked, the
                   2158: .Sx \&Nm
                   2159: macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
                   2160: Usually, the first invocation happens in the
                   2161: .Em NAME
                   2162: section of the page.
                   2163: The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
                   2164: called again without arguments later in the page.
                   2165: The
                   2166: .Sx \&Nm
                   2167: macro uses
                   2168: .Sx Block full-implicit
                   2169: semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
                   2170: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2171: section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
                   2172: .Sx In-line
                   2173: semantics.
                   2174: .Pp
                   2175: Examples:
                   2176: .Bd -literal -offset indent
                   2177: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
                   2178: \&.Nm cat
                   2179: \&.Op Fl benstuv
                   2180: \&.Op Ar
                   2181: .Ed
                   2182: .Pp
                   2183: In the
                   2184: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2185: of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
                   2186: .Sx \&Fn
                   2187: macro rather than
                   2188: .Sx \&Nm
                   2189: to mark up the name of the manual page.
1.63      kristaps 2190: .Ss \&No
1.132     kristaps 2191: A
1.138     kristaps 2192: .Dq noop
1.132     kristaps 2193: macro used to terminate prior macro contexts.
                   2194: .Pp
                   2195: Examples:
                   2196: .D1 \&.Sx \&Fl ab \&No cd \&Fl ef
1.63      kristaps 2197: .Ss \&Ns
1.138     kristaps 2198: Suppress a space.
                   2199: Following invocation, text is interpreted as free-form text until a
                   2200: macro is encountered.
                   2201: .Pp
                   2202: Examples:
                   2203: .D1 \&.Fl o \&Ns \&Ar output
                   2204: .Pp
                   2205: See also
                   2206: .Sx \&No
                   2207: and
                   2208: .Sx \&Sm .
1.63      kristaps 2209: .Ss \&Nx
1.144     schwarze 2210: Format the
                   2211: .Nx
                   2212: version provided as an argument, or a default value if
1.65      kristaps 2213: no argument is provided.
                   2214: .Pp
                   2215: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2216: .D1 \&.Nx 5.01
                   2217: .D1 \&.Nx
1.65      kristaps 2218: .Pp
                   2219: See also
                   2220: .Sx \&At ,
1.66      kristaps 2221: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65      kristaps 2222: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 2223: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 2224: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   2225: .Sx \&Ox ,
                   2226: and
                   2227: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 2228: .Ss \&Oc
1.141     kristaps 2229: Close multi-line
1.132     kristaps 2230: .Sx \&Oo
                   2231: context.
1.63      kristaps 2232: .Ss \&Oo
1.132     kristaps 2233: Multi-line version of
                   2234: .Sx \&Op .
                   2235: .Pp
                   2236: Examples:
1.138     kristaps 2237: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.132     kristaps 2238: \&.Oo
                   2239: \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
                   2240: \&.Oc
                   2241: .Ed
1.63      kristaps 2242: .Ss \&Op
1.132     kristaps 2243: Command-line option.
                   2244: Used when listing options to command-line utilities.
                   2245: Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
                   2246: .Pp
                   2247: Examples:
                   2248: .D1 \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
                   2249: .D1 \&.Op \&Ar a | b
                   2250: .Pp
                   2251: See also
                   2252: .Sx \&Oo .
1.63      kristaps 2253: .Ss \&Os
1.100     kristaps 2254: Document operating system version.
                   2255: This is the mandatory third macro of
1.66      kristaps 2256: any
                   2257: .Nm
1.120     kristaps 2258: file.
                   2259: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66      kristaps 2260: .Pp
1.143     schwarze 2261: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Cm system Op Cm version
1.66      kristaps 2262: .Pp
                   2263: The optional
                   2264: .Cm system
1.100     kristaps 2265: parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
                   2266: Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
                   2267: This is the suggested form.
1.66      kristaps 2268: .Pp
                   2269: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2270: .D1 \&.Os
                   2271: .D1 \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
                   2272: .D1 \&.Os BSD 4.3
1.66      kristaps 2273: .Pp
                   2274: See also
                   2275: .Sx \&Dd
                   2276: and
                   2277: .Sx \&Dt .
1.63      kristaps 2278: .Ss \&Ot
1.66      kristaps 2279: Unknown usage.
                   2280: .Pp
                   2281: .Em Remarks :
                   2282: this macro has been deprecated.
1.63      kristaps 2283: .Ss \&Ox
1.144     schwarze 2284: Format the
                   2285: .Ox
                   2286: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65      kristaps 2287: if no argument is provided.
                   2288: .Pp
                   2289: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2290: .D1 \&.Ox 4.5
                   2291: .D1 \&.Ox
1.65      kristaps 2292: .Pp
                   2293: See also
                   2294: .Sx \&At ,
                   2295: .Sx \&Bsx ,
                   2296: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 2297: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 2298: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   2299: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   2300: and
                   2301: .Sx \&Ux .
1.63      kristaps 2302: .Ss \&Pa
1.132     kristaps 2303: A file-system path.
                   2304: .Pp
                   2305: Examples:
                   2306: .D1 \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
                   2307: .D1 \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
                   2308: .Pp
                   2309: See also
                   2310: .Sx \&Lk .
1.63      kristaps 2311: .Ss \&Pc
1.132     kristaps 2312: Close parenthesised context opened by
                   2313: .Sx \&Po .
1.63      kristaps 2314: .Ss \&Pf
1.132     kristaps 2315: Removes the space
1.138     kristaps 2316: .Pq Dq prefix
1.132     kristaps 2317: between its arguments.
                   2318: Its syntax is as follows:
                   2319: .Pp
                   2320: .D1 Pf \. \&Pf Cm prefix suffix
                   2321: .Pp
                   2322: The
                   2323: .Cm suffix
                   2324: argument may be a macro.
                   2325: .Pp
                   2326: Examples:
                   2327: .D1 \&.Pf \e. \&Sx \&Pf \&Cm prefix suffix
1.63      kristaps 2328: .Ss \&Po
1.132     kristaps 2329: Multi-line version of
                   2330: .Sx \&Pq .
1.63      kristaps 2331: .Ss \&Pp
1.132     kristaps 2332: Break a paragraph.
                   2333: This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
                   2334: and/or text.
1.63      kristaps 2335: .Ss \&Pq
1.132     kristaps 2336: Parenthesised enclosure.
                   2337: .Pp
                   2338: See also
                   2339: .Sx \&Po .
1.63      kristaps 2340: .Ss \&Qc
1.138     kristaps 2341: Close quoted context opened by
                   2342: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63      kristaps 2343: .Ss \&Ql
1.138     kristaps 2344: Format a single-quoted literal.
                   2345: See also
                   2346: .Sx \&Qq
                   2347: and
                   2348: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63      kristaps 2349: .Ss \&Qo
1.138     kristaps 2350: Multi-line version of
                   2351: .Sx \&Qq .
1.63      kristaps 2352: .Ss \&Qq
1.138     kristaps 2353: Encloses its arguments in
                   2354: .Dq typewriter
                   2355: double-quotes.
                   2356: Consider using
                   2357: .Sx \&Dq .
                   2358: .Pp
                   2359: See also
                   2360: .Sx \&Dq ,
                   2361: .Sx \&Sq ,
                   2362: and
                   2363: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63      kristaps 2364: .Ss \&Re
1.141     kristaps 2365: Close an
1.63      kristaps 2366: .Sx \&Rs
1.100     kristaps 2367: block.
                   2368: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63      kristaps 2369: .Ss \&Rs
1.141     kristaps 2370: Begin a bibliographic
1.63      kristaps 2371: .Pq Dq reference
1.100     kristaps 2372: block.
                   2373: Does not have any head arguments.
                   2374: The block macro may only contain
1.63      kristaps 2375: .Sx \&%A ,
                   2376: .Sx \&%B ,
                   2377: .Sx \&%C ,
                   2378: .Sx \&%D ,
                   2379: .Sx \&%I ,
                   2380: .Sx \&%J ,
                   2381: .Sx \&%N ,
                   2382: .Sx \&%O ,
                   2383: .Sx \&%P ,
                   2384: .Sx \&%Q ,
                   2385: .Sx \&%R ,
                   2386: .Sx \&%T ,
1.120     kristaps 2387: .Sx \&%U ,
1.63      kristaps 2388: and
                   2389: .Sx \&%V
                   2390: child macros (at least one must be specified).
                   2391: .Pp
1.64      kristaps 2392: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2393: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.63      kristaps 2394: \&.Rs
                   2395: \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
                   2396: \&.%A J. D. Ullman
                   2397: \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
                   2398: \&.%I Addison-Wesley
                   2399: \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
                   2400: \&.%D 1979
                   2401: \&.Re
                   2402: .Ed
                   2403: .Pp
                   2404: If an
                   2405: .Sx \&Rs
                   2406: block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
                   2407: before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
                   2408: line.
                   2409: .Ss \&Rv
1.139     kristaps 2410: Inserts text regarding a function call's return value.
                   2411: This macro must consist of the
                   2412: .Fl std
                   2413: argument followed by an optional
                   2414: .Ar function .
                   2415: If
                   2416: .Ar function
                   2417: is not provided, the document's name as stipulated by the first
                   2418: .Sx \&Nm
                   2419: is provided.
                   2420: .Pp
                   2421: See also
                   2422: .Sx \&Ex .
1.63      kristaps 2423: .Ss \&Sc
1.138     kristaps 2424: Close single-quoted context opened by
                   2425: .Sx \&So .
1.63      kristaps 2426: .Ss \&Sh
1.138     kristaps 2427: Begin a new section.
                   2428: For a list of conventional manual sections, see
                   2429: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
                   2430: These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
                   2431: custom sections be used.
                   2432: .Pp
                   2433: Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
                   2434: .Sx \&Sx .
                   2435: .Pp
                   2436: See also
                   2437: .Sx \&Pp ,
                   2438: .Sx \&Ss ,
                   2439: and
                   2440: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63      kristaps 2441: .Ss \&Sm
1.134     schwarze 2442: Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
                   2443: Its syntax is as follows:
                   2444: .Pp
                   2445: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
                   2446: .Pp
                   2447: By default, spacing is
                   2448: .Cm on .
                   2449: When switched
                   2450: .Cm off ,
                   2451: no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
                   2452: output generated from adjacent macros, but free-form text lines
                   2453: still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
1.63      kristaps 2454: .Ss \&So
1.138     kristaps 2455: Multi-line version of
                   2456: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63      kristaps 2457: .Ss \&Sq
1.138     kristaps 2458: Encloses its arguments in
                   2459: .Dq typewriter
                   2460: single-quotes.
                   2461: .Pp
                   2462: See also
                   2463: .Sx \&Dq ,
                   2464: .Sx \&Qq ,
                   2465: and
                   2466: .Sx \&So .
1.63      kristaps 2467: .Ss \&Ss
1.138     kristaps 2468: Begin a new sub-section.
                   2469: Unlike with
                   2470: .Sx \&Sh ,
                   2471: there's no convention for sub-sections.
                   2472: Conventional sections, as described in
                   2473: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
                   2474: rarely have sub-sections.
                   2475: .Pp
                   2476: Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
                   2477: .Sx \&Sx .
                   2478: .Pp
                   2479: See also
                   2480: .Sx \&Pp ,
                   2481: .Sx \&Sh ,
                   2482: and
                   2483: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63      kristaps 2484: .Ss \&St
1.139     kristaps 2485: Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
                   2486: The following standards are recognised:
                   2487: .Pp
                   2488: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
                   2489: .It \-p1003.1-88
                   2490: .St -p1003.1-88
                   2491: .It \-p1003.1-90
                   2492: .St -p1003.1-90
                   2493: .It \-p1003.1-96
                   2494: .St -p1003.1-96
                   2495: .It \-p1003.1-2001
                   2496: .St -p1003.1-2001
                   2497: .It \-p1003.1-2004
                   2498: .St -p1003.1-2004
                   2499: .It \-p1003.1-2008
                   2500: .St -p1003.1-2008
                   2501: .It \-p1003.1
                   2502: .St -p1003.1
                   2503: .It \-p1003.1b
                   2504: .St -p1003.1b
                   2505: .It \-p1003.1b-93
                   2506: .St -p1003.1b-93
                   2507: .It \-p1003.1c-95
                   2508: .St -p1003.1c-95
                   2509: .It \-p1003.1g-2000
                   2510: .St -p1003.1g-2000
                   2511: .It \-p1003.1i-95
                   2512: .St -p1003.1i-95
                   2513: .It \-p1003.2-92
                   2514: .St -p1003.2-92
                   2515: .It \-p1003.2a-92
                   2516: .St -p1003.2a-92
                   2517: .It \-p1387.2-95
                   2518: .St -p1387.2-95
                   2519: .It \-p1003.2
                   2520: .St -p1003.2
                   2521: .It \-p1387.2
                   2522: .St -p1387.2
                   2523: .It \-isoC
                   2524: .St -isoC
                   2525: .It \-isoC-90
                   2526: .St -isoC-90
                   2527: .It \-isoC-amd1
                   2528: .St -isoC-amd1
                   2529: .It \-isoC-tcor1
                   2530: .St -isoC-tcor1
                   2531: .It \-isoC-tcor2
                   2532: .St -isoC-tcor2
                   2533: .It \-isoC-99
                   2534: .St -isoC-99
                   2535: .It \-iso9945-1-90
                   2536: .St -iso9945-1-90
                   2537: .It \-iso9945-1-96
                   2538: .St -iso9945-1-96
                   2539: .It \-iso9945-2-93
                   2540: .St -iso9945-2-93
                   2541: .It \-ansiC
                   2542: .St -ansiC
                   2543: .It \-ansiC-89
                   2544: .St -ansiC-89
                   2545: .It \-ansiC-99
                   2546: .St -ansiC-99
                   2547: .It \-ieee754
                   2548: .St -ieee754
                   2549: .It \-iso8802-3
                   2550: .St -iso8802-3
                   2551: .It \-ieee1275-94
                   2552: .St -ieee1275-94
                   2553: .It \-xpg3
                   2554: .St -xpg3
                   2555: .It \-xpg4
                   2556: .St -xpg4
                   2557: .It \-xpg4.2
                   2558: .St -xpg4.2
                   2559: .St -xpg4.3
                   2560: .It \-xbd5
                   2561: .St -xbd5
                   2562: .It \-xcu5
                   2563: .St -xcu5
                   2564: .It \-xsh5
                   2565: .St -xsh5
                   2566: .It \-xns5
                   2567: .St -xns5
                   2568: .It \-xns5.2
                   2569: .St -xns5.2
                   2570: .It \-xns5.2d2.0
                   2571: .St -xns5.2d2.0
                   2572: .It \-xcurses4.2
                   2573: .St -xcurses4.2
                   2574: .It \-susv2
                   2575: .St -susv2
                   2576: .It \-susv3
                   2577: .St -susv3
                   2578: .It \-svid4
                   2579: .St -svid4
                   2580: .El
1.63      kristaps 2581: .Ss \&Sx
1.138     kristaps 2582: Reference a section or sub-section.
                   2583: The referenced section or sub-section name must be identical to the
                   2584: enclosed argument, including whitespace.
                   2585: .Pp
                   2586: Examples:
                   2587: .D1 \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.63      kristaps 2588: .Ss \&Sy
1.138     kristaps 2589: Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
                   2590: .Pq Dq boldface .
                   2591: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
                   2592: stylistically decorating technical terms.
                   2593: .Pp
                   2594: See also
                   2595: .Sx \&Bf ,
                   2596: .Sx \&Li ,
                   2597: and
                   2598: .Sx \&Em .
1.63      kristaps 2599: .Ss \&Tn
1.138     kristaps 2600: Format a tradename.
                   2601: .Pp
                   2602: Examples:
1.139     kristaps 2603: .D1 \&.Tn IBM
1.63      kristaps 2604: .Ss \&Ud
1.110     kristaps 2605: Prints out
1.144     schwarze 2606: .Dq currently under development .
1.63      kristaps 2607: .Ss \&Ux
1.100     kristaps 2608: Format the UNIX name.
                   2609: Accepts no argument.
1.65      kristaps 2610: .Pp
                   2611: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2612: .D1 \&.Ux
1.65      kristaps 2613: .Pp
                   2614: See also
                   2615: .Sx \&At ,
1.66      kristaps 2616: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65      kristaps 2617: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66      kristaps 2618: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65      kristaps 2619: .Sx \&Fx ,
                   2620: .Sx \&Nx ,
                   2621: and
                   2622: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63      kristaps 2623: .Ss \&Va
1.132     kristaps 2624: A variable name.
                   2625: .Pp
                   2626: Examples:
                   2627: .D1 \&.Va foo
                   2628: .D1 \&.Va const char *bar ;
1.63      kristaps 2629: .Ss \&Vt
1.100     kristaps 2630: A variable type.
1.122     kristaps 2631: This is also used for indicating global variables in the
                   2632: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.100     kristaps 2633: section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
                   2634: Note that it accepts
1.83      kristaps 2635: .Sx Block partial-implicit
1.123     kristaps 2636: syntax when invoked as the first macro in the
1.122     kristaps 2637: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2638: section, else it accepts ordinary
1.83      kristaps 2639: .Sx In-line
                   2640: syntax.
                   2641: .Pp
                   2642: Note that this should not be confused with
                   2643: .Sx \&Ft ,
                   2644: which is used for function return types.
                   2645: .Pp
                   2646: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2647: .D1 \&.Vt unsigned char
1.121     kristaps 2648: .D1 \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
1.83      kristaps 2649: .Pp
                   2650: See also
1.122     kristaps 2651: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.83      kristaps 2652: and
                   2653: .Sx \&Va .
1.84      kristaps 2654: .Ss \&Xc
1.87      kristaps 2655: Close a scope opened by
                   2656: .Sx \&Xo .
1.84      kristaps 2657: .Ss \&Xo
1.100     kristaps 2658: Open an extension scope.
                   2659: This macro originally existed to extend the 9-argument limit of troff;
                   2660: since this limit has been lifted, the macro has been deprecated.
1.84      kristaps 2661: .Ss \&Xr
                   2662: Link to another manual
                   2663: .Pq Qq cross-reference .
1.120     kristaps 2664: Its syntax is as follows:
1.84      kristaps 2665: .Pp
1.120     kristaps 2666: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Cm name section
1.84      kristaps 2667: .Pp
                   2668: The
                   2669: .Cm name
                   2670: and
                   2671: .Cm section
1.100     kristaps 2672: are the name and section of the linked manual.
                   2673: If
1.84      kristaps 2674: .Cm section
                   2675: is followed by non-punctuation, an
                   2676: .Sx \&Ns
1.100     kristaps 2677: is inserted into the token stream.
                   2678: This behaviour is for compatibility with
1.84      kristaps 2679: .Xr groff 1 .
                   2680: .Pp
                   2681: Examples:
1.91      kristaps 2682: .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1
1.121     kristaps 2683: .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
1.91      kristaps 2684: .D1 \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
1.84      kristaps 2685: .Ss \&br
1.140     kristaps 2686: Emits a line-break.
                   2687: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
                   2688: historical manuals.
                   2689: .Pp
                   2690: Consider using
                   2691: .Sx \&Pp
                   2692: in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
1.84      kristaps 2693: .Ss \&sp
1.140     kristaps 2694: Emits vertical space.
                   2695: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
                   2696: historical manuals.
                   2697: Its syntax is as follows:
                   2698: .Pp
                   2699: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Cm height
                   2700: .Pp
                   2701: The
                   2702: .Cm height
                   2703: argument must be formatted as described in
                   2704: .Sx Scaling Widths .
                   2705: If unspecified,
                   2706: .Sx \&sp
                   2707: asserts a single vertical space.
1.4       kristaps 2708: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.93      kristaps 2709: This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
                   2710: troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
                   2711: .Pq Qq groff .
1.50      kristaps 2712: The term
1.57      kristaps 2713: .Qq historic groff
1.93      kristaps 2714: refers to groff versions before the
1.57      kristaps 2715: .Pa doc.tmac
1.50      kristaps 2716: file re-write
1.57      kristaps 2717: .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .
                   2718: .Pp
1.93      kristaps 2719: Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
                   2720: \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
                   2721: .Pp
1.57      kristaps 2722: .Bl -dash -compact
1.142     kristaps 2723: .It
                   2724: An empty
                   2725: .Sq \&Dd
                   2726: macro in groff prints
                   2727: .Dq Epoch .
                   2728: In mandoc, it resolves to the current date.
1.125     kristaps 2729: .It
1.137     kristaps 2730: The \es (font size), \em (font colour), and \eM (font filling colour)
                   2731: font decoration escapes are all discarded in mandoc.
                   2732: .It
1.126     kristaps 2733: Old groff fails to assert a newline before
                   2734: .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact .
1.119     kristaps 2735: .It
1.120     kristaps 2736: groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
                   2737: .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
                   2738: children of
                   2739: .Sx \&Fo
                   2740: regarding spacing between arguments.
                   2741: In mandoc, this is not the case: each argument is consistently followed
                   2742: by a single space and the trailing
                   2743: .Sq \&)
                   2744: suppresses prior spacing.
                   2745: .It
                   2746: groff behaves inconsistently when encountering
                   2747: .Sx \&Ft
                   2748: and
                   2749: .Sx \&Fn
                   2750: in the
                   2751: .Em SYNOPSIS :
1.124     kristaps 2752: at times newline(s) are suppressed depending on whether a prior
1.120     kristaps 2753: .Sx \&Fn
                   2754: has been invoked.
                   2755: In mandoc, this is not the case.
                   2756: See
                   2757: .Sx \&Ft
                   2758: and
                   2759: .Sx \&Fn
                   2760: for the normalised behaviour.
                   2761: .It
1.119     kristaps 2762: Historic groff does not break before an
                   2763: .Sx \&Fn
                   2764: when not invoked as the line macro in the
                   2765: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2766: section.
1.118     kristaps 2767: .It
                   2768: Historic groff formats the
                   2769: .Sx \&In
                   2770: badly: trailing arguments are trashed and
                   2771: .Em SYNOPSIS
                   2772: is not specially treated.
1.115     kristaps 2773: .It
                   2774: groff does not accept the
                   2775: .Sq \&Ta
                   2776: pseudo-macro as a line macro.
                   2777: mandoc does.
1.57      kristaps 2778: .It
1.81      kristaps 2779: The comment syntax
1.137     kristaps 2780: .Sq \e\."
1.81      kristaps 2781: is no longer accepted.
                   2782: .It
1.93      kristaps 2783: In groff, the
1.80      kristaps 2784: .Sx \&Pa
                   2785: macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
1.100     kristaps 2786: certain list types.
                   2787: mandoc does.
1.80      kristaps 2788: .It
1.93      kristaps 2789: Historic groff does not print a dash for empty
1.79      kristaps 2790: .Sx \&Fl
1.100     kristaps 2791: arguments.
                   2792: mandoc and newer groff implementations do.
1.79      kristaps 2793: .It
1.93      kristaps 2794: groff behaves irregularly when specifying
1.77      kristaps 2795: .Sq \ef
1.93      kristaps 2796: .Sx Text Decoration
1.100     kristaps 2797: within line-macro scopes.
                   2798: mandoc follows a consistent system.
1.77      kristaps 2799: .It
1.93      kristaps 2800: In mandoc, negative scaling units are truncated to zero; groff would
1.100     kristaps 2801: move to prior lines.
                   2802: Furthermore, the
1.61      kristaps 2803: .Sq f
                   2804: scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
                   2805: .It
1.144     schwarze 2806: In quoted literals, groff allowed pairwise double-quotes to produce a
1.100     kristaps 2807: standalone double-quote in formatted output.
                   2808: This idiosyncratic behaviour is not applicable in mandoc.
1.57      kristaps 2809: .It
1.126     kristaps 2810: Display offsets
1.78      kristaps 2811: .Sx \&Bd
1.126     kristaps 2812: .Fl offset Ar center
1.64      kristaps 2813: and
1.126     kristaps 2814: .Fl offset Ar right
                   2815: are disregarded in mandoc.
1.131     kristaps 2816: Furthermore, troff specifies a
1.64      kristaps 2817: .Fl file Ar file
1.131     kristaps 2818: argument that is not supported in mandoc.
1.100     kristaps 2819: Lastly, since text is not right-justified in mandoc (or even groff),
1.64      kristaps 2820: .Fl ragged
                   2821: and
                   2822: .Fl filled
                   2823: are aliases, as are
                   2824: .Fl literal
                   2825: and
                   2826: .Fl unfilled .
1.57      kristaps 2827: .It
1.100     kristaps 2828: Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
                   2829: Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are now callable.
1.57      kristaps 2830: .It
1.50      kristaps 2831: The vertical bar
1.57      kristaps 2832: .Sq \(ba
1.28      kristaps 2833: made historic groff
1.57      kristaps 2834: .Qq go orbital
1.93      kristaps 2835: but has been a proper delimiter since then.
1.57      kristaps 2836: .It
1.93      kristaps 2837: .Sx \&It Fl nested
1.28      kristaps 2838: is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
                   2839: nested and
1.64      kristaps 2840: .Fl enum
1.4       kristaps 2841: lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
1.57      kristaps 2842: .It
1.4       kristaps 2843: Some manuals use
1.64      kristaps 2844: .Sx \&Li
1.4       kristaps 2845: incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
1.100     kristaps 2846: delimiter to render.
                   2847: This is not supported in mandoc.
1.93      kristaps 2848: .It
                   2849: In groff, the
                   2850: .Sx \&Cd ,
                   2851: .Sx \&Er ,
1.106     kristaps 2852: .Sx \&Ex ,
1.93      kristaps 2853: and
1.106     kristaps 2854: .Sx \&Rv
1.100     kristaps 2855: macros were stipulated only to occur in certain manual sections.
                   2856: mandoc does not have these restrictions.
1.105     kristaps 2857: .It
                   2858: Newer groff and mandoc print
                   2859: .Qq AT&T UNIX
                   2860: prior to unknown arguments of
                   2861: .Sx \&At ;
                   2862: older groff did nothing.
1.57      kristaps 2863: .El
1.2       kristaps 2864: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.57      kristaps 2865: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
                   2866: .Xr mandoc_char 7
1.2       kristaps 2867: .Sh AUTHORS
                   2868: The
1.57      kristaps 2869: .Nm
1.50      kristaps 2870: reference was written by
1.94      kristaps 2871: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .

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