Annotation of mandoc/mdoc.7, Revision 1.230
1.230 ! schwarze 1: .\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.229 2014/06/22 17:07:06 schwarze Exp $
1.1 kristaps 2: .\"
1.179 schwarze 3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.223 schwarze 4: .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1 kristaps 5: .\"
6: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.22 kristaps 7: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
8: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1 kristaps 9: .\"
1.22 kristaps 10: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
11: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
12: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
13: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
14: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
15: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
16: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.50 kristaps 17: .\"
1.230 ! schwarze 18: .Dd $Mdocdate: June 22 2014 $
1.20 kristaps 19: .Dt MDOC 7
1.1 kristaps 20: .Os
21: .Sh NAME
1.57 kristaps 22: .Nm mdoc
1.211 schwarze 23: .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
1.1 kristaps 24: .Sh DESCRIPTION
25: The
1.57 kristaps 26: .Nm mdoc
1.211 schwarze 27: language supports authoring of manual pages for the
28: .Xr man 1
29: utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
30: page sections and complete manual pages.
31: Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
32: presentation across all manuals written in
33: .Nm ,
34: and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
35: .Pp
36: This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
37: and the syntax and usage of the
1.200 kristaps 38: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 39: language.
40: The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
1.144 schwarze 41: .Xr mandoc 1 ;
42: the
1.57 kristaps 43: .Sx COMPATIBILITY
1.200 kristaps 44: section describes compatibility with other implementations.
1.57 kristaps 45: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 46: In an
1.57 kristaps 47: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 48: document, lines beginning with the control character
1.185 kristaps 49: .Sq \&.
1.211 schwarze 50: are called
51: .Dq macro lines .
52: The first word is the macro name.
53: It consists of two or three letters.
54: Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
55: For a list of available macros, see
56: .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
57: The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
58: including the names of other, callable macros; see
59: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
60: for details.
61: .Pp
62: Lines not beginning with the control character are called
63: .Dq text lines .
64: They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
65: depends on the respective processing context:
1.57 kristaps 66: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.13 kristaps 67: \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
1.185 kristaps 68: Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
1.57 kristaps 69: .Ed
1.211 schwarze 70: .Pp
71: Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
1.57 kristaps 72: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 73: language are based on the
74: .Xr roff 7
75: language; see the
76: .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
77: and
78: .Em MACRO SYNTAX
79: sections in the
80: .Xr roff 7
81: manual for details, in particular regarding
82: comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
83: However, using
84: .Xr roff 7
85: requests in
1.200 kristaps 86: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 87: documents is discouraged;
88: .Xr mandoc 1
89: supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
1.43 kristaps 90: .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.66 kristaps 91: A well-formed
1.57 kristaps 92: .Nm
1.66 kristaps 93: document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
94: sections.
95: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 96: The prologue, which consists of the
1.64 kristaps 97: .Sx \&Dd ,
98: .Sx \&Dt ,
1.33 kristaps 99: and
1.66 kristaps 100: .Sx \&Os
1.141 kristaps 101: macros in that order, is required for every document.
1.66 kristaps 102: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 103: The first section (sections are denoted by
1.66 kristaps 104: .Sx \&Sh )
105: must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
1.64 kristaps 106: .Sx \&Nm
1.50 kristaps 107: followed by
1.66 kristaps 108: .Sx \&Nd .
109: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 110: Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
111: .Em SYNOPSIS
112: and
113: .Em DESCRIPTION
114: sections, although this varies between manual sections.
1.66 kristaps 115: .Pp
116: The following is a well-formed skeleton
117: .Nm
1.188 kristaps 118: file for a utility
119: .Qq progname :
1.57 kristaps 120: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.43 kristaps 121: \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
1.188 kristaps 122: \&.Dt PROGNAME section
1.43 kristaps 123: \&.Os
124: \&.Sh NAME
1.188 kristaps 125: \&.Nm progname
1.194 schwarze 126: \&.Nd one line about what it does
1.203 kristaps 127: \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
1.227 schwarze 128: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only.
1.203 kristaps 129: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
1.58 kristaps 130: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
1.188 kristaps 131: \&.Nm progname
1.58 kristaps 132: \&.Op Fl options
133: \&.Ar
134: \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
135: The
136: \&.Nm
137: utility processes files ...
1.228 schwarze 138: \&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT
139: \&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only.
1.203 kristaps 140: \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
141: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
142: \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
1.227 schwarze 143: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only.
1.203 kristaps 144: \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
1.227 schwarze 145: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only.
1.203 kristaps 146: \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
147: \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
1.227 schwarze 148: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only.
1.203 kristaps 149: \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
150: \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
1.227 schwarze 151: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only.
1.203 kristaps 152: \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
1.227 schwarze 153: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only.
1.203 kristaps 154: \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
155: \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
156: \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
157: \&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY
158: \&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS
159: \&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS
160: \&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS
161: \&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
162: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
1.57 kristaps 163: .Ed
164: .Pp
1.144 schwarze 165: The sections in an
1.66 kristaps 166: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 167: document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
168: Sections should be composed as follows:
1.73 kristaps 169: .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
170: .It Em NAME
1.144 schwarze 171: The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
1.100 kristaps 172: The syntax for this as follows:
1.73 kristaps 173: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.144 schwarze 174: \&.Nm name0 ,
175: \&.Nm name1 ,
1.73 kristaps 176: \&.Nm name2
1.144 schwarze 177: \&.Nd a one line description
1.73 kristaps 178: .Ed
179: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 180: Multiple
181: .Sq \&Nm
182: names should be separated by commas.
183: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 184: The
1.66 kristaps 185: .Sx \&Nm
1.73 kristaps 186: macro(s) must precede the
187: .Sx \&Nd
188: macro.
1.80 kristaps 189: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 190: See
1.80 kristaps 191: .Sx \&Nm
192: and
193: .Sx \&Nd .
1.73 kristaps 194: .It Em LIBRARY
195: The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
1.108 kristaps 196: assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
1.100 kristaps 197: The syntax for this is as follows:
1.73 kristaps 198: .Bd -literal -offset indent
199: \&.Lb libarm
200: .Ed
201: .Pp
202: See
1.80 kristaps 203: .Sx \&Lb .
1.73 kristaps 204: .It Em SYNOPSIS
205: Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
1.82 kristaps 206: configuration.
1.73 kristaps 207: .Pp
208: For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
209: generally structured as follows:
210: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.185 kristaps 211: \&.Nm bar
1.73 kristaps 212: \&.Op Fl v
213: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
214: \&.Op Ar
1.185 kristaps 215: \&.Nm foo
1.73 kristaps 216: \&.Op Fl v
217: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
218: \&.Op Ar
219: .Ed
220: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 221: Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
222: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 223: For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
224: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.146 kristaps 225: \&.In header.h
1.73 kristaps 226: \&.Vt extern const char *global;
227: \&.Ft "char *"
228: \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
229: \&.Ft "char *"
230: \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
231: .Ed
232: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 233: Ordering of
234: .Sx \&In ,
235: .Sx \&Vt ,
236: .Sx \&Fn ,
237: and
238: .Sx \&Fo
239: macros should follow C header-file conventions.
240: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 241: And for the third, configurations (section 4):
242: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.203 kristaps 243: \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq
244: \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq
1.73 kristaps 245: .Ed
246: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 247: Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
1.73 kristaps 248: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1.80 kristaps 249: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 250: Some macros are displayed differently in the
251: .Em SYNOPSIS
252: section, particularly
253: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.80 kristaps 254: .Sx \&Cd ,
1.122 kristaps 255: .Sx \&Fd ,
256: .Sx \&Fn ,
257: .Sx \&Fo ,
258: .Sx \&In ,
259: .Sx \&Vt ,
260: and
261: .Sx \&Ft .
1.138 kristaps 262: All of these macros are output on their own line.
1.144 schwarze 263: If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
1.122 kristaps 264: .Sx \&Ft
265: before
266: .Sx \&Fo
267: or
1.123 kristaps 268: .Sx \&Fn ) ,
1.122 kristaps 269: they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
270: .Sx \&Fo ,
1.80 kristaps 271: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.122 kristaps 272: and
1.80 kristaps 273: .Sx \&Ft ,
1.122 kristaps 274: which are always separated by vertical space.
1.128 schwarze 275: .Pp
276: When text and macros following an
277: .Sx \&Nm
278: macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
279: all output lines but the first will be indented to align
280: with the text immediately following the
281: .Sx \&Nm
282: macro, up to the next
283: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.141 kristaps 284: .Sx \&Sh ,
1.128 schwarze 285: or
286: .Sx \&Ss
287: macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
1.73 kristaps 288: .It Em DESCRIPTION
1.185 kristaps 289: This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
290: .Em NAME :
291: .Bd -literal -offset indent
292: The
293: \&.Nm
294: utility does this, that, and the other.
295: .Ed
296: .Pp
297: It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
1.73 kristaps 298: command), such as:
299: .Bd -literal -offset indent
300: The arguments are as follows:
301: \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
302: \&.It Fl v
303: Print verbose information.
304: \&.El
305: .Ed
1.80 kristaps 306: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 307: Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
1.198 schwarze 308: .Pp
309: Since the
310: .Em DESCRIPTION
311: section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
312: often use the
313: .Sx \&Ss
314: macro to form subsections.
315: In very long manuals, the
316: .Em DESCRIPTION
317: may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
318: .Sx \&Sh
319: macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
320: several subsections, like in the present
321: .Nm
322: manual.
1.228 schwarze 323: .It Em CONTEXT
324: This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9.
325: The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt.
1.73 kristaps 326: .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1.100 kristaps 327: Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
328: This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
329: effects or notable algorithmic implications.
1.73 kristaps 330: .It Em RETURN VALUES
1.144 schwarze 331: This section documents the
332: return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
1.73 kristaps 333: .Pp
334: See
335: .Sx \&Rv .
336: .It Em ENVIRONMENT
1.141 kristaps 337: Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
338: and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
339: The
340: .Xr environ 7
341: manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
1.73 kristaps 342: .Pp
343: See
344: .Sx \&Ev .
345: .It Em FILES
1.100 kristaps 346: Documents files used.
1.141 kristaps 347: It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
1.100 kristaps 348: the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
1.73 kristaps 349: .Pp
350: See
351: .Sx \&Pa .
1.99 kristaps 352: .It Em EXIT STATUS
1.144 schwarze 353: This section documents the
354: command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
1.100 kristaps 355: Historically, this information was described in
1.99 kristaps 356: .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
357: a practise that is now discouraged.
358: .Pp
359: See
360: .Sx \&Ex .
1.73 kristaps 361: .It Em EXAMPLES
1.100 kristaps 362: Example usages.
363: This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
1.144 schwarze 364: Make sure that examples work properly!
1.73 kristaps 365: .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
1.227 schwarze 366: Documents error messages.
367: In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the
368: kernel to the console and to the kernel log.
369: In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by
370: userland programs to the standard error output.
371: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 372: Historically, this section was used in place of
373: .Em EXIT STATUS
374: for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
375: discouraged.
376: .Pp
377: See
1.80 kristaps 378: .Sx \&Bl
379: .Fl diag .
1.73 kristaps 380: .It Em ERRORS
1.227 schwarze 381: Documents
382: .Xr errno 2
383: settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9.
1.73 kristaps 384: .Pp
385: See
386: .Sx \&Er .
387: .It Em SEE ALSO
1.100 kristaps 388: References other manuals with related topics.
389: This section should exist for most manuals.
390: Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
391: alphabetically.
1.73 kristaps 392: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 393: References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
394: for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
395: provided in this section.
396: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 397: See
1.198 schwarze 398: .Sx \&Rs
399: and
1.73 kristaps 400: .Sx \&Xr .
401: .It Em STANDARDS
1.100 kristaps 402: References any standards implemented or used.
403: If not adhering to any standards, the
1.73 kristaps 404: .Em HISTORY
405: section should be used instead.
406: .Pp
407: See
408: .Sx \&St .
409: .It Em HISTORY
1.198 schwarze 410: A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
411: and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
1.73 kristaps 412: .It Em AUTHORS
1.143 schwarze 413: Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
1.141 kristaps 414: Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
1.73 kristaps 415: .Pp
416: See
417: .Sx \&An .
418: .It Em CAVEATS
1.141 kristaps 419: Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
1.73 kristaps 420: in this section.
421: .It Em BUGS
1.147 kristaps 422: Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
1.141 kristaps 423: in this section.
1.73 kristaps 424: .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
425: Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
1.66 kristaps 426: .El
1.211 schwarze 427: .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
428: This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
429: together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
430: Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
431: in the alphabetical
432: .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
433: .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
434: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
435: .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
436: .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch
437: .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
438: .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
439: .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
440: .El
441: .Ss Sections and cross references
442: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
443: .It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line)
444: .It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line)
445: .It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection
446: .It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section
447: .It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments)
448: .El
449: .Ss Displays and lists
450: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
451: .It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block:
452: .Fl Ar type
453: .Op Fl offset Ar width
454: .Op Fl compact
455: .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
456: .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
457: .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
458: .Fl Ar type
459: .Op Fl width Ar val
460: .Op Fl offset Ar val
461: .Op Fl compact
462: .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
1.212 schwarze 463: .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists
1.211 schwarze 464: .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
1.57 kristaps 465: .El
1.211 schwarze 466: .Ss Spacing control
467: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
468: .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
469: .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
470: .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
471: .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off
472: .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
473: .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)
474: .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height
1.57 kristaps 475: .El
1.211 schwarze 476: .Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities:
477: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
478: .It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility
479: .It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments)
480: .It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments)
481: .It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments)
482: .It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure)
483: .It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments)
484: .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
485: .It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments)
1.57 kristaps 486: .El
1.211 schwarze 487: .Ss Semantic markup for function libraries:
488: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
489: .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
490: .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)
1.222 schwarze 491: .It Sx \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments)
1.211 schwarze 492: .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
493: .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
494: .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:
495: .Op Ar functype
496: .Ar funcname
497: .Oo
498: .Op Ar argtype
499: .Ar argname
500: .Oc
501: .It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments)
502: .It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments)
503: .It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments)
504: .It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments)
505: .It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments)
506: .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
1.57 kristaps 507: .El
1.211 schwarze 508: .Ss Various semantic markup:
509: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
510: .It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments)
511: .It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name
512: .It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address
513: .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
514: .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
515: .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
1.190 schwarze 516: .El
1.211 schwarze 517: .Ss Physical markup
518: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
519: .It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments)
520: .It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments)
521: .It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments)
522: .It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments)
523: .It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block:
524: .Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
1.82 kristaps 525: .El
1.211 schwarze 526: .Ss Physical enclosures
527: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
528: .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
529: .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
530: .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
531: .It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text
532: .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
533: .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
534: .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
535: .It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text
536: .It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure
1.195 schwarze 537: .El
1.211 schwarze 538: .Ss Text production
539: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
540: .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
541: .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
542: .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
543: .It Sx \&At Ta At
544: .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx
545: .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx
546: .It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx
547: .It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx
548: .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox
549: .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx
1.195 schwarze 550: .El
1.211 schwarze 551: .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
552: This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
553: alphabetically.
554: For the scoping of individual macros, see
555: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
556: .Ss \&%A
557: Author name of an
558: .Sx \&Rs
559: block.
560: Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
561: .Sx \%%A
562: line.
563: Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
564: first, then full surname.
565: .Ss \&%B
566: Book title of an
567: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 568: block.
569: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
1.63 kristaps 570: referring to book titles.
571: .Ss \&%C
572: Publication city or location of an
573: .Sx \&Rs
574: block.
575: .Ss \&%D
576: Publication date of an
577: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 578: block.
1.181 schwarze 579: Recommended formats of arguments are
580: .Ar month day , year
581: or just
582: .Ar year .
1.63 kristaps 583: .Ss \&%I
584: Publisher or issuer name of an
585: .Sx \&Rs
586: block.
587: .Ss \&%J
588: Journal name of an
589: .Sx \&Rs
590: block.
591: .Ss \&%N
592: Issue number (usually for journals) of an
593: .Sx \&Rs
594: block.
595: .Ss \&%O
596: Optional information of an
597: .Sx \&Rs
598: block.
599: .Ss \&%P
600: Book or journal page number of an
601: .Sx \&Rs
602: block.
603: .Ss \&%Q
604: Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
605: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 606: block.
607: Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
1.64 kristaps 608: .Sx \&%Q
1.63 kristaps 609: line.
610: .Ss \&%R
611: Technical report name of an
612: .Sx \&Rs
613: block.
614: .Ss \&%T
615: Article title of an
616: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 617: block.
618: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
619: referring to article titles.
1.69 kristaps 620: .Ss \&%U
1.70 kristaps 621: URI of reference document.
1.63 kristaps 622: .Ss \&%V
623: Volume number of an
624: .Sx \&Rs
625: block.
626: .Ss \&Ac
1.141 kristaps 627: Close an
1.63 kristaps 628: .Sx \&Ao
1.138 kristaps 629: block.
630: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 631: .Ss \&Ad
1.141 kristaps 632: Memory address.
633: Do not use this for postal addresses.
1.63 kristaps 634: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 635: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 636: .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
637: .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
1.63 kristaps 638: .Ss \&An
1.100 kristaps 639: Author name.
1.196 schwarze 640: Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
641: documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
1.141 kristaps 642: Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
1.140 kristaps 643: .Pp
644: .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
1.64 kristaps 645: .It Fl split
1.141 kristaps 646: Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
647: .Sx \&An .
1.64 kristaps 648: .It Fl nosplit
649: The opposite of
650: .Fl split .
651: .El
652: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 653: The default is
654: .Fl nosplit .
655: The effect of selecting either of the
656: .Fl split
657: modes ends at the beginning of the
658: .Em AUTHORS
659: section.
1.140 kristaps 660: In the
661: .Em AUTHORS
1.141 kristaps 662: section, the default is
663: .Fl nosplit
664: for the first author listing and
1.64 kristaps 665: .Fl split
1.141 kristaps 666: for all other author listings.
1.64 kristaps 667: .Pp
668: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 669: .Dl \&.An -nosplit
1.219 schwarze 670: .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
1.63 kristaps 671: .Ss \&Ao
1.141 kristaps 672: Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
1.100 kristaps 673: Does not have any head arguments.
1.63 kristaps 674: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 675: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 676: .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
1.63 kristaps 677: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 678: See also
679: .Sx \&Aq .
1.63 kristaps 680: .Ss \&Ap
1.138 kristaps 681: Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
1.124 kristaps 682: This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
1.140 kristaps 683: form of a function.
684: .Pp
685: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 686: .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
1.63 kristaps 687: .Ss \&Aq
1.141 kristaps 688: Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
1.64 kristaps 689: .Pp
690: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 691: .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
1.64 kristaps 692: .Pp
693: .Em Remarks :
694: this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
695: .Sx \&Lk
696: or
697: .Sx \&Mt ,
698: or to note pre-processor
699: .Dq Li #include
700: statements, which should use
701: .Sx \&In .
702: .Pp
703: See also
704: .Sx \&Ao .
1.63 kristaps 705: .Ss \&Ar
1.100 kristaps 706: Command arguments.
707: If an argument is not provided, the string
1.141 kristaps 708: .Dq file ...\&
1.66 kristaps 709: is used as a default.
1.64 kristaps 710: .Pp
711: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 712: .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
713: .Dl ".Ar"
714: .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
715: .Pp
716: The arguments to the
717: .Sx \&Ar
718: macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
719: for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
720: .Sx \&Fl
721: or
722: .Sx \&Cm .
1.63 kristaps 723: .Ss \&At
1.220 schwarze 724: Formats an
725: .At
726: version.
1.141 kristaps 727: Accepts one optional argument:
1.140 kristaps 728: .Pp
729: .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
1.64 kristaps 730: .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
731: A version of
732: .At .
1.192 schwarze 733: .It Cm III
734: .At III .
1.64 kristaps 735: .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
1.141 kristaps 736: A version of
737: .At V .
1.64 kristaps 738: .El
739: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 740: Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
1.64 kristaps 741: .Pp
742: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 743: .Dl \&.At
1.192 schwarze 744: .Dl \&.At III
1.173 kristaps 745: .Dl \&.At V.1
1.65 kristaps 746: .Pp
747: See also
1.66 kristaps 748: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 749: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 750: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 751: .Sx \&Fx ,
752: .Sx \&Nx ,
753: and
1.230 ! schwarze 754: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 755: .Ss \&Bc
1.141 kristaps 756: Close a
1.64 kristaps 757: .Sx \&Bo
1.138 kristaps 758: block.
759: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 760: .Ss \&Bd
1.141 kristaps 761: Begin a display block.
1.131 kristaps 762: Its syntax is as follows:
763: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
764: .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
1.141 kristaps 765: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131 kristaps 766: .Op Fl offset Ar width
767: .Op Fl compact
768: .Ed
769: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 770: Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
771: justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
1.185 kristaps 772: They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
1.141 kristaps 773: By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
1.64 kristaps 774: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 775: The
776: .Ar type
777: must be one of the following:
778: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
779: .It Fl centered
1.198 schwarze 780: Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.
1.141 kristaps 781: Using this display type is not recommended; many
782: .Nm
783: implementations render it poorly.
784: .It Fl filled
1.198 schwarze 785: Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
786: right-justify the resulting block.
1.141 kristaps 787: .It Fl literal
1.198 schwarze 788: Produce one output line from each input line,
789: and do not justify the block at all.
1.169 kristaps 790: Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
1.198 schwarze 791: Always use a constant-width font.
792: Use this for displaying source code.
1.64 kristaps 793: .It Fl ragged
1.198 schwarze 794: Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
795: the resulting block.
1.64 kristaps 796: .It Fl unfilled
1.198 schwarze 797: The same as
798: .Fl literal ,
799: but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
800: if supported by the output device.
1.64 kristaps 801: .El
802: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 803: The
804: .Ar type
805: must be provided first.
806: Additional arguments may follow:
807: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
808: .It Fl offset Ar width
809: Indent the display by the
810: .Ar width ,
811: which may be one of the following:
1.64 kristaps 812: .Bl -item
813: .It
1.141 kristaps 814: One of the pre-defined strings
815: .Cm indent ,
1.198 schwarze 816: the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
1.141 kristaps 817: .Cm indent-two ,
1.64 kristaps 818: twice
1.141 kristaps 819: .Cm indent ;
820: .Cm left ,
1.131 kristaps 821: which has no effect;
1.141 kristaps 822: .Cm right ,
823: which justifies to the right margin; or
824: .Cm center ,
1.64 kristaps 825: which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
826: .It
1.141 kristaps 827: A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
828: associated with that macro.
1.100 kristaps 829: The most popular is the imaginary macro
1.67 kristaps 830: .Ar \&Ds ,
1.64 kristaps 831: which resolves to
1.141 kristaps 832: .Sy 6n .
1.64 kristaps 833: .It
1.215 schwarze 834: A scaling width as described in
835: .Xr roff 7 .
1.64 kristaps 836: .It
1.141 kristaps 837: An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
1.64 kristaps 838: .El
839: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 840: When the argument is missing,
841: .Fl offset
842: is ignored.
1.64 kristaps 843: .It Fl compact
1.141 kristaps 844: Do not assert vertical space before the display.
1.64 kristaps 845: .El
846: .Pp
847: Examples:
848: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.141 kristaps 849: \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
1.65 kristaps 850: Hello world.
1.64 kristaps 851: \&.Ed
852: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 853: .Pp
854: See also
855: .Sx \&D1
856: and
857: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63 kristaps 858: .Ss \&Bf
1.129 kristaps 859: Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
860: Its syntax is as follows:
861: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
862: .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
863: .Oo
864: .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
865: .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
866: .Oc
867: .Ed
868: .Pp
869: The
870: .Fl emphasis
871: and
872: .Cm \&Em
873: argument are equivalent, as are
874: .Fl symbolic
875: and
1.144 schwarze 876: .Cm \&Sy ,
1.129 kristaps 877: and
878: .Fl literal
879: and
880: .Cm \&Li .
881: Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
882: The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
883: scope or
884: .Sx \&Ef
885: is encountered.
886: .Pp
887: See also
888: .Sx \&Li ,
889: .Sx \&Ef ,
1.141 kristaps 890: .Sx \&Em ,
1.129 kristaps 891: and
892: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 893: .Ss \&Bk
1.186 schwarze 894: For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
895: until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
896: whichever comes first.
1.185 kristaps 897: Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
1.141 kristaps 898: The syntax is as follows:
1.131 kristaps 899: .Pp
900: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
901: .Pp
1.133 kristaps 902: The
903: .Fl words
1.141 kristaps 904: argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
1.127 schwarze 905: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 906: The following example will not break within each
1.133 kristaps 907: .Sx \&Op
908: macro line:
1.127 schwarze 909: .Bd -literal -offset indent
910: \&.Bk \-words
1.133 kristaps 911: \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
912: \&.Op Fl o Ar output
1.127 schwarze 913: \&.Ek
914: .Ed
1.129 kristaps 915: .Pp
1.133 kristaps 916: Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
917: Doing so will clobber the right margin.
1.63 kristaps 918: .Ss \&Bl
1.141 kristaps 919: Begin a list.
1.171 schwarze 920: Lists consist of items specified using the
1.141 kristaps 921: .Sx \&It
922: macro, containing a head or a body or both.
923: The list syntax is as follows:
1.131 kristaps 924: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
925: .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
1.141 kristaps 926: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131 kristaps 927: .Op Fl width Ar val
928: .Op Fl offset Ar val
929: .Op Fl compact
930: .Op HEAD ...
931: .Ed
932: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 933: The list
934: .Ar type
935: is mandatory and must be specified first.
936: The
937: .Fl width
938: and
939: .Fl offset
1.215 schwarze 940: arguments accept scaling widths as described in
941: .Xr roff 7
1.141 kristaps 942: or use the length of the given string.
943: The
944: .Fl offset
945: is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
946: and bodies.
947: For those list types supporting it, the
948: .Fl width
949: argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
950: to be added to the
951: .Fl offset .
952: Unless the
953: .Fl compact
954: argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
955: .Pp
1.103 kristaps 956: A list must specify one of the following list types:
957: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
958: .It Fl bullet
1.141 kristaps 959: No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
960: of each item.
961: Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
962: and are indented according to the
1.104 kristaps 963: .Fl width
1.141 kristaps 964: argument.
1.103 kristaps 965: .It Fl column
966: A columnated list.
1.104 kristaps 967: The
968: .Fl width
1.141 kristaps 969: argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
1.215 schwarze 970: of one column, using either the scaling width syntax described in
971: .Xr roff 7
972: or the string length of the argument.
1.141 kristaps 973: If the first line of the body of a
1.114 kristaps 974: .Fl column
975: list is not an
976: .Sx \&It
1.141 kristaps 977: macro line,
978: .Sx \&It
979: contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
1.114 kristaps 980: .Sx \&It
1.141 kristaps 981: macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
1.114 kristaps 982: described in the
983: .Sx \&It
984: documentation.
1.103 kristaps 985: .It Fl dash
1.141 kristaps 986: Like
987: .Fl bullet ,
988: except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
1.103 kristaps 989: .It Fl diag
990: Like
991: .Fl inset ,
1.141 kristaps 992: except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
1.198 schwarze 993: Most often used in the
994: .Em DIAGNOSTICS
995: section with error constants in the item heads.
1.103 kristaps 996: .It Fl enum
1.141 kristaps 997: A numbered list.
1.198 schwarze 998: No item heads can be specified.
1.141 kristaps 999: Formatted like
1000: .Fl bullet ,
1001: except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
1002: starting at 1.
1.103 kristaps 1003: .It Fl hang
1004: Like
1005: .Fl tag ,
1.141 kristaps 1006: except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
1007: the item heads like in
1008: .Fl inset
1009: lists.
1.103 kristaps 1010: .It Fl hyphen
1011: Synonym for
1012: .Fl dash .
1013: .It Fl inset
1.141 kristaps 1014: Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
1015: spacing.
1016: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104 kristaps 1017: .Fl width
1018: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1019: .It Fl item
1.141 kristaps 1020: No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
1021: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104 kristaps 1022: .Fl width
1023: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1024: .It Fl ohang
1.141 kristaps 1025: Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
1.104 kristaps 1026: The
1027: .Fl width
1028: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1029: .It Fl tag
1.141 kristaps 1030: Item bodies are indented according to the
1.103 kristaps 1031: .Fl width
1032: argument.
1.141 kristaps 1033: When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
1034: this head on the same output line.
1035: Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
1.103 kristaps 1036: .El
1.114 kristaps 1037: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 1038: Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
1039: Nesting of
1040: .Fl column
1041: and
1042: .Fl enum
1043: lists may not be portable.
1044: .Pp
1.114 kristaps 1045: See also
1.141 kristaps 1046: .Sx \&El
1047: and
1.114 kristaps 1048: .Sx \&It .
1.63 kristaps 1049: .Ss \&Bo
1.141 kristaps 1050: Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
1.100 kristaps 1051: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65 kristaps 1052: .Pp
1053: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1054: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65 kristaps 1055: \&.Bo 1 ,
1.91 kristaps 1056: \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
1.65 kristaps 1057: .Ed
1058: .Pp
1059: See also
1060: .Sx \&Bq .
1.63 kristaps 1061: .Ss \&Bq
1.82 kristaps 1062: Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
1.65 kristaps 1063: .Pp
1064: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1065: .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
1.65 kristaps 1066: .Pp
1067: .Em Remarks :
1068: this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
1069: commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
1070: .Sx \&Op ,
1071: .Sx \&Oo ,
1072: and
1073: .Sx \&Oc .
1074: .Pp
1075: See also
1076: .Sx \&Bo .
1.63 kristaps 1077: .Ss \&Brc
1.141 kristaps 1078: Close a
1.65 kristaps 1079: .Sx \&Bro
1.138 kristaps 1080: block.
1081: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 1082: .Ss \&Bro
1.141 kristaps 1083: Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
1.100 kristaps 1084: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65 kristaps 1085: .Pp
1086: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1087: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65 kristaps 1088: \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
1.91 kristaps 1089: \&.Va n \&Brc
1.65 kristaps 1090: .Ed
1091: .Pp
1092: See also
1093: .Sx \&Brq .
1.63 kristaps 1094: .Ss \&Brq
1.65 kristaps 1095: Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
1096: .Pp
1097: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1098: .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
1.65 kristaps 1099: .Pp
1100: See also
1101: .Sx \&Bro .
1.63 kristaps 1102: .Ss \&Bsx
1.220 schwarze 1103: Format the
1104: .Bsx
1105: version provided as an argument, or a default value if
1.65 kristaps 1106: no argument is provided.
1107: .Pp
1108: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1109: .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
1110: .Dl \&.Bsx
1.65 kristaps 1111: .Pp
1112: See also
1113: .Sx \&At ,
1114: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 1115: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1116: .Sx \&Fx ,
1117: .Sx \&Nx ,
1118: and
1.230 ! schwarze 1119: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1120: .Ss \&Bt
1.230 ! schwarze 1121: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
1.66 kristaps 1122: Prints
1.198 schwarze 1123: .Dq is currently in beta test.
1.63 kristaps 1124: .Ss \&Bx
1.220 schwarze 1125: Format the
1126: .Bx
1127: version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
1.65 kristaps 1128: argument is provided.
1129: .Pp
1130: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 1131: .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
1.173 kristaps 1132: .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
1133: .Dl \&.Bx
1.65 kristaps 1134: .Pp
1135: See also
1136: .Sx \&At ,
1137: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.66 kristaps 1138: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1139: .Sx \&Fx ,
1140: .Sx \&Nx ,
1141: and
1.230 ! schwarze 1142: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1143: .Ss \&Cd
1.141 kristaps 1144: Kernel configuration declaration.
1.100 kristaps 1145: This denotes strings accepted by
1.66 kristaps 1146: .Xr config 8 .
1.196 schwarze 1147: It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
1.66 kristaps 1148: .Pp
1149: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1150: .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
1.66 kristaps 1151: .Pp
1152: .Em Remarks :
1153: this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
1.138 kristaps 1154: whitespace and align consecutive
1.66 kristaps 1155: .Sx \&Cd
1.100 kristaps 1156: declarations.
1157: This practise is discouraged.
1.63 kristaps 1158: .Ss \&Cm
1.100 kristaps 1159: Command modifiers.
1.196 schwarze 1160: Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless
1161: .Sx \&Fl
1162: is more appropriate.
1163: Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
1.66 kristaps 1164: .Pp
1165: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1166: .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
1167: .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
1168: .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
1169: .Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"
1170: .Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"
1.63 kristaps 1171: .Ss \&D1
1.100 kristaps 1172: One-line indented display.
1173: This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
1174: statements.
1175: It is followed by a newline.
1.66 kristaps 1176: .Pp
1177: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1178: .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
1.66 kristaps 1179: .Pp
1180: See also
1181: .Sx \&Bd
1182: and
1183: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63 kristaps 1184: .Ss \&Db
1.141 kristaps 1185: Switch debugging mode.
1.120 kristaps 1186: Its syntax is as follows:
1.117 kristaps 1187: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1188: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
1.141 kristaps 1189: .Pp
1190: This macro is ignored by
1191: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63 kristaps 1192: .Ss \&Dc
1.141 kristaps 1193: Close a
1.66 kristaps 1194: .Sx \&Do
1.138 kristaps 1195: block.
1196: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 1197: .Ss \&Dd
1.100 kristaps 1198: Document date.
1199: This is the mandatory first macro of any
1.66 kristaps 1200: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 1201: manual.
1.120 kristaps 1202: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66 kristaps 1203: .Pp
1.181 schwarze 1204: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year
1.66 kristaps 1205: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 1206: The
1.181 schwarze 1207: .Ar month
1208: is the full English month name, the
1209: .Ar day
1210: is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the
1211: .Ar year
1212: is the full four-digit year.
1213: .Pp
1214: Other arguments are not portable; the
1215: .Xr mandoc 1
1216: utility handles them as follows:
1217: .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
1218: .It
1219: To have the date automatically filled in by the
1220: .Ox
1221: version of
1.72 kristaps 1222: .Xr cvs 1 ,
1.181 schwarze 1223: the special string
1224: .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
1225: can be given as an argument.
1226: .It
1227: A few alternative date formats are accepted as well
1228: and converted to the standard form.
1229: .It
1230: If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
1231: .It
1232: If no date string is given, the current date is used.
1233: .El
1.66 kristaps 1234: .Pp
1235: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1236: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
1237: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
1238: .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
1.66 kristaps 1239: .Pp
1240: See also
1241: .Sx \&Dt
1242: and
1243: .Sx \&Os .
1.63 kristaps 1244: .Ss \&Dl
1.100 kristaps 1245: One-line intended display.
1246: This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
1247: invocations.
1248: It is followed by a newline.
1.66 kristaps 1249: .Pp
1250: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1251: .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
1.66 kristaps 1252: .Pp
1253: See also
1254: .Sx \&Bd
1255: and
1256: .Sx \&D1 .
1.63 kristaps 1257: .Ss \&Do
1.141 kristaps 1258: Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
1.138 kristaps 1259: Does not have any head arguments.
1.66 kristaps 1260: .Pp
1261: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1262: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1263: \&.Do
1264: April is the cruellest month
1265: \&.Dc
1266: \e(em T.S. Eliot
1267: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 1268: .Pp
1269: See also
1270: .Sx \&Dq .
1.63 kristaps 1271: .Ss \&Dq
1.138 kristaps 1272: Encloses its arguments in
1273: .Dq typographic
1274: double-quotes.
1.66 kristaps 1275: .Pp
1276: Examples:
1.91 kristaps 1277: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.66 kristaps 1278: \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
1279: \e(em T.S. Eliot
1280: .Ed
1281: .Pp
1282: See also
1.139 kristaps 1283: .Sx \&Qq ,
1284: .Sx \&Sq ,
1.138 kristaps 1285: and
1.66 kristaps 1286: .Sx \&Do .
1.139 kristaps 1287: .Ss \&Dt
1.100 kristaps 1288: Document title.
1289: This is the mandatory second macro of any
1.66 kristaps 1290: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 1291: file.
1.120 kristaps 1292: Its syntax is as follows:
1293: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1294: .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
1295: .Oo
1.141 kristaps 1296: .Ar title
1.120 kristaps 1297: .Oo
1.141 kristaps 1298: .Ar section
1.213 schwarze 1299: .Op Ar volume
1300: .Op Ar arch
1.120 kristaps 1301: .Oc
1302: .Oc
1303: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 1304: .Pp
1305: Its arguments are as follows:
1306: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
1.141 kristaps 1307: .It Ar title
1.111 kristaps 1308: The document's title (name), defaulting to
1.138 kristaps 1309: .Dq UNKNOWN
1.111 kristaps 1310: if unspecified.
1311: It should be capitalised.
1.141 kristaps 1312: .It Ar section
1.100 kristaps 1313: The manual section.
1314: This may be one of
1.225 schwarze 1315: .Cm 1
1.66 kristaps 1316: .Pq utilities ,
1.225 schwarze 1317: .Cm 2
1.66 kristaps 1318: .Pq system calls ,
1.225 schwarze 1319: .Cm 3
1.66 kristaps 1320: .Pq libraries ,
1.225 schwarze 1321: .Cm 3p
1.66 kristaps 1322: .Pq Perl libraries ,
1.225 schwarze 1323: .Cm 4
1.66 kristaps 1324: .Pq devices ,
1.225 schwarze 1325: .Cm 5
1.66 kristaps 1326: .Pq file formats ,
1.225 schwarze 1327: .Cm 6
1.66 kristaps 1328: .Pq games ,
1.225 schwarze 1329: .Cm 7
1.66 kristaps 1330: .Pq miscellaneous ,
1.225 schwarze 1331: .Cm 8
1.66 kristaps 1332: .Pq system utilities ,
1.225 schwarze 1333: .Cm 9
1.66 kristaps 1334: .Pq kernel functions ,
1.225 schwarze 1335: .Cm X11
1.66 kristaps 1336: .Pq X Window System ,
1.225 schwarze 1337: .Cm X11R6
1.66 kristaps 1338: .Pq X Window System ,
1.225 schwarze 1339: .Cm unass
1.66 kristaps 1340: .Pq unassociated ,
1.225 schwarze 1341: .Cm local
1.66 kristaps 1342: .Pq local system ,
1.225 schwarze 1343: .Cm draft
1.66 kristaps 1344: .Pq draft manual ,
1345: or
1.225 schwarze 1346: .Cm paper
1.66 kristaps 1347: .Pq paper .
1.111 kristaps 1348: It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
1.225 schwarze 1349: .Cm 1
1.111 kristaps 1350: if unspecified.
1.141 kristaps 1351: .It Ar volume
1.66 kristaps 1352: This overrides the volume inferred from
1353: .Ar section .
1354: This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
1.225 schwarze 1355: .Cm USD
1.66 kristaps 1356: .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1357: .Cm PS1
1.66 kristaps 1358: .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1359: .Cm AMD
1.66 kristaps 1360: .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1361: .Cm SMM
1.66 kristaps 1362: .Pq system managers' manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1363: .Cm URM
1.66 kristaps 1364: .Pq users' reference manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1365: .Cm PRM
1.66 kristaps 1366: .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1367: .Cm KM
1.66 kristaps 1368: .Pq kernel manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1369: .Cm IND
1.66 kristaps 1370: .Pq master index ,
1.225 schwarze 1371: .Cm MMI
1.66 kristaps 1372: .Pq master index ,
1.225 schwarze 1373: .Cm LOCAL
1.66 kristaps 1374: .Pq local manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1375: .Cm LOC
1.66 kristaps 1376: .Pq local manuals ,
1377: or
1.225 schwarze 1378: .Cm CON
1.66 kristaps 1379: .Pq contributed manuals .
1.141 kristaps 1380: .It Ar arch
1.213 schwarze 1381: This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
1382: where relevant, for example
1383: .Cm alpha ,
1384: .Cm amd64 ,
1385: .Cm i386 ,
1.66 kristaps 1386: or
1.213 schwarze 1387: .Cm sparc64 .
1388: The list of supported architectures varies by operating system.
1389: For the full list of all architectures recognized by
1390: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
1391: see the file
1392: .Pa arch.in
1393: in the source distribution.
1.66 kristaps 1394: .El
1395: .Pp
1396: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1397: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
1398: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
1399: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
1.66 kristaps 1400: .Pp
1401: See also
1402: .Sx \&Dd
1403: and
1404: .Sx \&Os .
1.63 kristaps 1405: .Ss \&Dv
1.189 kristaps 1406: Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
1407: enumeration values, and so on.
1.66 kristaps 1408: .Pp
1409: Examples:
1.189 kristaps 1410: .Dl \&.Dv NULL
1.173 kristaps 1411: .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
1412: .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
1.66 kristaps 1413: .Pp
1414: See also
1.189 kristaps 1415: .Sx \&Er
1416: and
1417: .Sx \&Ev
1.222 schwarze 1418: for special-purpose constants,
1.189 kristaps 1419: .Sx \&Va
1.222 schwarze 1420: for variable symbols, and
1421: .Sx \&Fd
1422: for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the
1423: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1.63 kristaps 1424: .Ss \&Dx
1.220 schwarze 1425: Format the
1426: .Dx
1427: version provided as an argument, or a default
1.66 kristaps 1428: value if no argument is provided.
1429: .Pp
1430: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1431: .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
1432: .Dl \&.Dx
1.66 kristaps 1433: .Pp
1434: See also
1435: .Sx \&At ,
1436: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1437: .Sx \&Bx ,
1438: .Sx \&Fx ,
1439: .Sx \&Nx ,
1440: and
1.230 ! schwarze 1441: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1442: .Ss \&Ec
1.131 kristaps 1443: Close a scope started by
1444: .Sx \&Eo .
1445: Its syntax is as follows:
1446: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 1447: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1448: .Pp
1449: The
1.141 kristaps 1450: .Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1451: argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
1452: will emulate
1453: .Sx \&Dc .
1.63 kristaps 1454: .Ss \&Ed
1.131 kristaps 1455: End a display context started by
1456: .Sx \&Bd .
1.63 kristaps 1457: .Ss \&Ef
1.141 kristaps 1458: End a font mode context started by
1.129 kristaps 1459: .Sx \&Bf .
1.63 kristaps 1460: .Ss \&Ek
1.141 kristaps 1461: End a keep context started by
1.127 schwarze 1462: .Sx \&Bk .
1.63 kristaps 1463: .Ss \&El
1.141 kristaps 1464: End a list context started by
1.117 kristaps 1465: .Sx \&Bl .
1466: .Pp
1467: See also
1468: .Sx \&Bl
1469: and
1470: .Sx \&It .
1.63 kristaps 1471: .Ss \&Em
1.198 schwarze 1472: Denotes text that should be
1473: .Em emphasised .
1.100 kristaps 1474: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
1475: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.198 schwarze 1476: Depending on the output device, this is usually represented
1477: using an italic font or underlined characters.
1.66 kristaps 1478: .Pp
1479: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1480: .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
1481: .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
1.138 kristaps 1482: .Pp
1483: See also
1484: .Sx \&Bf ,
1.198 schwarze 1485: .Sx \&Li ,
1486: .Sx \&No ,
1.138 kristaps 1487: and
1.198 schwarze 1488: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 1489: .Ss \&En
1.230 ! schwarze 1490: This macro is obsolete and ignored by
1.141 kristaps 1491: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63 kristaps 1492: .Ss \&Eo
1.131 kristaps 1493: An arbitrary enclosure.
1494: Its syntax is as follows:
1495: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 1496: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1497: .Pp
1498: The
1.141 kristaps 1499: .Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1500: argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
1501: will emulate
1502: .Sx \&Do .
1.63 kristaps 1503: .Ss \&Er
1.189 kristaps 1504: Error constants for definitions of the
1505: .Va errno
1506: libc global variable.
1.196 schwarze 1507: This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
1.66 kristaps 1508: .Pp
1509: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1510: .Dl \&.Er EPERM
1511: .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
1.66 kristaps 1512: .Pp
1513: See also
1.189 kristaps 1514: .Sx \&Dv
1515: for general constants.
1.63 kristaps 1516: .Ss \&Es
1.230 ! schwarze 1517: This macro is obsolete and ignored by
! 1518: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63 kristaps 1519: .Ss \&Ev
1.66 kristaps 1520: Environmental variables such as those specified in
1521: .Xr environ 7 .
1522: .Pp
1523: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1524: .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
1525: .Dl \&.Ev PATH
1.189 kristaps 1526: .Pp
1527: See also
1528: .Sx \&Dv
1529: for general constants.
1.63 kristaps 1530: .Ss \&Ex
1.191 kristaps 1531: Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
1532: and >0 on failure.
1.196 schwarze 1533: This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
1.141 kristaps 1534: Its syntax is as follows:
1535: .Pp
1.193 schwarze 1536: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
1.141 kristaps 1537: .Pp
1.191 kristaps 1538: If
1.66 kristaps 1539: .Ar utility
1.141 kristaps 1540: is not specified, the document's name set by
1.66 kristaps 1541: .Sx \&Nm
1.141 kristaps 1542: is used.
1.191 kristaps 1543: Multiple
1544: .Ar utility
1545: arguments are treated as separate utilities.
1.139 kristaps 1546: .Pp
1547: See also
1548: .Sx \&Rv .
1.63 kristaps 1549: .Ss \&Fa
1.117 kristaps 1550: Function argument.
1.120 kristaps 1551: Its syntax is as follows:
1552: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1553: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
1554: .Op Cm argtype
1555: .Cm argname
1556: .Ed
1557: .Pp
1.117 kristaps 1558: This may be invoked for names with or without the corresponding type.
1559: It is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
1560: Most often, the
1561: .Sx \&Fa
1562: macro is used in the
1563: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.120 kristaps 1564: within
1565: .Sx \&Fo
1.117 kristaps 1566: section when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
1567: If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
1568: comma.
1569: Furthermore, if the following macro is another
1570: .Sx \&Fa ,
1571: the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
1572: .Pp
1573: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1574: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
1575: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
1576: .Dl \&.Fa foo
1.120 kristaps 1577: .Pp
1578: See also
1579: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1580: .Ss \&Fc
1.141 kristaps 1581: End a function context started by
1.131 kristaps 1582: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1583: .Ss \&Fd
1.222 schwarze 1584: Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the
1585: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1586: Historically, it was also used to document include files.
1587: The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of
1.117 kristaps 1588: .Sx \&In .
1.222 schwarze 1589: .Pp
1590: Its syntax is as follows:
1591: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1592: .Pf \. Sx \&Fd
1593: .Li # Ns Ar directive
1594: .Op Ar argument ...
1595: .Ed
1596: .Pp
1597: Examples:
1598: .Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler
1599: .Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS
1600: .Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG
1601: .Dl \&.Ft void
1602: .Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq
1603: .Dl \&.Fd #endif
1.117 kristaps 1604: .Pp
1605: See also
1.222 schwarze 1606: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1607: .Sx \&In ,
1.122 kristaps 1608: and
1.222 schwarze 1609: .Sx \&Dv .
1.63 kristaps 1610: .Ss \&Fl
1.196 schwarze 1611: Command-line flag or option.
1.100 kristaps 1612: Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
1613: Prints a fixed-width hyphen
1.79 kristaps 1614: .Sq \-
1.100 kristaps 1615: directly followed by each argument.
1616: If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
1617: If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
1618: output.
1.79 kristaps 1619: .Pp
1620: Examples:
1.199 schwarze 1621: .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
1622: .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
1623: .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
1624: .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
1625: .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
1.79 kristaps 1626: .Pp
1627: See also
1628: .Sx \&Cm .
1.63 kristaps 1629: .Ss \&Fn
1.119 kristaps 1630: A function name.
1.120 kristaps 1631: Its syntax is as follows:
1.119 kristaps 1632: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1633: .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
1.185 kristaps 1634: .Op Ar functype
1635: .Ar funcname
1636: .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
1.119 kristaps 1637: .Ed
1.120 kristaps 1638: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 1639: Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
1.119 kristaps 1640: are delimited by commas.
1641: If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
1.196 schwarze 1642: In the
1643: .Em SYNOPSIS
1644: section, this macro starts a new output line,
1645: and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
1.119 kristaps 1646: .Pp
1647: Examples:
1.203 kristaps 1648: .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq
1649: .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq
1.173 kristaps 1650: .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
1.196 schwarze 1651: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1652: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1653: \&.Ft functype
1654: \&.Fn funcname
1655: .Ed
1.119 kristaps 1656: .Pp
1.163 schwarze 1657: When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
1.162 schwarze 1658: .Sx \&Xr
1.163 schwarze 1659: instead.
1.119 kristaps 1660: See also
1.196 schwarze 1661: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1662: .Sx \&Fo ,
1.119 kristaps 1663: and
1664: .Sx \&Ft .
1.63 kristaps 1665: .Ss \&Fo
1.120 kristaps 1666: Begin a function block.
1667: This is a multi-line version of
1668: .Sx \&Fn .
1669: Its syntax is as follows:
1670: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1671: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
1.120 kristaps 1672: .Pp
1673: Invocations usually occur in the following context:
1674: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1.185 kristaps 1675: .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
1.120 kristaps 1676: .br
1.185 kristaps 1677: .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
1.120 kristaps 1678: .br
1.185 kristaps 1679: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
1.120 kristaps 1680: .br
1.183 kristaps 1681: \&.\.\.
1.120 kristaps 1682: .br
1683: .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
1684: .Ed
1685: .Pp
1686: A
1687: .Sx \&Fo
1688: scope is closed by
1.196 schwarze 1689: .Sx \&Fc .
1.120 kristaps 1690: .Pp
1691: See also
1.122 kristaps 1692: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1.120 kristaps 1693: .Sx \&Fa ,
1694: .Sx \&Fc ,
1695: and
1.139 kristaps 1696: .Sx \&Ft .
1.190 schwarze 1697: .Ss \&Fr
1.230 ! schwarze 1698: This macro is obsolete and ignored by
1.198 schwarze 1699: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1700: .Pp
1701: It was used to show function return values.
1702: The syntax was:
1703: .Pp
1704: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Fr Ar value
1.63 kristaps 1705: .Ss \&Ft
1.120 kristaps 1706: A function type.
1707: Its syntax is as follows:
1708: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1709: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
1.120 kristaps 1710: .Pp
1.196 schwarze 1711: In the
1712: .Em SYNOPSIS
1713: section, a new output line is started after this macro.
1714: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1715: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1716: .Dl \&.Ft int
1.120 kristaps 1717: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1718: \&.Ft functype
1719: \&.Fn funcname
1720: .Ed
1721: .Pp
1722: See also
1.122 kristaps 1723: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1724: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.120 kristaps 1725: and
1.122 kristaps 1726: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1727: .Ss \&Fx
1.144 schwarze 1728: Format the
1729: .Fx
1730: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65 kristaps 1731: if no argument is provided.
1732: .Pp
1733: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1734: .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
1735: .Dl \&.Fx
1.65 kristaps 1736: .Pp
1737: See also
1738: .Sx \&At ,
1.66 kristaps 1739: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 1740: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 1741: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1742: .Sx \&Nx ,
1743: and
1.230 ! schwarze 1744: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1745: .Ss \&Hf
1.198 schwarze 1746: This macro is not implemented in
1747: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1748: .Pp
1749: It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
1750: The syntax was:
1751: .Pp
1752: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename
1.63 kristaps 1753: .Ss \&Ic
1.132 kristaps 1754: Designate an internal or interactive command.
1755: This is similar to
1756: .Sx \&Cm
1757: but used for instructions rather than values.
1758: .Pp
1759: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1760: .Dl \&.Ic :wq
1.173 kristaps 1761: .Dl \&.Ic hash
1762: .Dl \&.Ic alias
1.132 kristaps 1763: .Pp
1764: Note that using
1.144 schwarze 1765: .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
1.132 kristaps 1766: or
1767: .Sx \&D1
1768: is preferred for displaying code; the
1769: .Sx \&Ic
1770: macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
1.63 kristaps 1771: .Ss \&In
1.118 kristaps 1772: An
1.138 kristaps 1773: .Dq include
1.118 kristaps 1774: file.
1.196 schwarze 1775: When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
1.118 kristaps 1776: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.196 schwarze 1777: section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
1778: and preceded by
1.138 kristaps 1779: .Dq #include ,
1.196 schwarze 1780: and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
1781: function declaration.
1782: This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
1.118 kristaps 1783: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 1784: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1785: .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
1.122 kristaps 1786: .Pp
1787: See also
1788: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
1.63 kristaps 1789: .Ss \&It
1.120 kristaps 1790: A list item.
1791: The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
1.114 kristaps 1792: .Pp
1793: Lists
1794: of type
1795: .Fl hang ,
1796: .Fl ohang ,
1797: .Fl inset ,
1798: and
1799: .Fl diag
1.120 kristaps 1800: have the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1801: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1802: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args
1.114 kristaps 1803: .Pp
1804: Lists of type
1805: .Fl bullet ,
1806: .Fl dash ,
1807: .Fl enum ,
1808: .Fl hyphen
1809: and
1810: .Fl item
1.120 kristaps 1811: have the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1812: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1813: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
1.114 kristaps 1814: .Pp
1815: with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
1816: .Sx \&It
1817: until either a closing
1818: .Sx \&El
1819: or another
1820: .Sx \&It .
1821: .Pp
1822: The
1823: .Fl tag
1.120 kristaps 1824: list has the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1825: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1826: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
1.114 kristaps 1827: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1828: Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
1.114 kristaps 1829: .Fl bullet
1830: and family.
1831: The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
1832: arguments correspond to the list's contents.
1833: .Pp
1834: The
1835: .Fl column
1836: list is the most complicated.
1.120 kristaps 1837: Its syntax is as follows:
1.114 kristaps 1838: .Pp
1.190 schwarze 1839: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
1840: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...
1.114 kristaps 1841: .Pp
1.190 schwarze 1842: The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
1843: representing a complete table line.
1844: Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special
1845: .Sx \&Ta
1846: block macro.
1847: The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
1.114 kristaps 1848: .Sx \&It
1.190 schwarze 1849: line itself; on following lines, only the
1850: .Sx \&Ta
1851: macro can be used to delimit cells, and
1852: .Sx \&Ta
1.208 kristaps 1853: is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros,
1.190 schwarze 1854: not as the first macro on a line.
1855: .Pp
1856: Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
1.114 kristaps 1857: .Sx \&It
1.190 schwarze 1858: line.
1859: For example,
1.114 kristaps 1860: .Pp
1.173 kristaps 1861: .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
1.114 kristaps 1862: .Pp
1863: will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
1864: .Pp
1865: See also
1866: .Sx \&Bl .
1.63 kristaps 1867: .Ss \&Lb
1.109 kristaps 1868: Specify a library.
1.120 kristaps 1869: The syntax is as follows:
1.109 kristaps 1870: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1871: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library
1.109 kristaps 1872: .Pp
1873: The
1.185 kristaps 1874: .Ar library
1.109 kristaps 1875: parameter may be a system library, such as
1.193 schwarze 1876: .Cm libz
1.109 kristaps 1877: or
1.193 schwarze 1878: .Cm libpam ,
1.109 kristaps 1879: in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
1880: invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
1881: printed in quotes.
1882: This is most commonly used in the
1883: .Em SYNOPSIS
1884: section as described in
1885: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
1886: .Pp
1887: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1888: .Dl \&.Lb libz
1.221 schwarze 1889: .Dl \&.Lb libmandoc
1.63 kristaps 1890: .Ss \&Li
1.198 schwarze 1891: Denotes text that should be in a
1892: .Li literal
1893: font mode.
1.131 kristaps 1894: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
1895: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.138 kristaps 1896: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 1897: On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from
1898: normal text.
1899: .Pp
1.138 kristaps 1900: See also
1901: .Sx \&Bf ,
1.198 schwarze 1902: .Sx \&Em ,
1903: .Sx \&No ,
1.138 kristaps 1904: and
1.198 schwarze 1905: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 1906: .Ss \&Lk
1.100 kristaps 1907: Format a hyperlink.
1.120 kristaps 1908: Its syntax is as follows:
1.70 kristaps 1909: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1910: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name
1.70 kristaps 1911: .Pp
1912: Examples:
1.203 kristaps 1913: .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq
1.173 kristaps 1914: .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
1.70 kristaps 1915: .Pp
1916: See also
1917: .Sx \&Mt .
1.63 kristaps 1918: .Ss \&Lp
1.132 kristaps 1919: Synonym for
1920: .Sx \&Pp .
1.63 kristaps 1921: .Ss \&Ms
1.138 kristaps 1922: Display a mathematical symbol.
1.140 kristaps 1923: Its syntax is as follows:
1924: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1925: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol
1.138 kristaps 1926: .Pp
1927: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1928: .Dl \&.Ms sigma
1929: .Dl \&.Ms aleph
1.63 kristaps 1930: .Ss \&Mt
1.116 kristaps 1931: Format a
1.138 kristaps 1932: .Dq mailto:
1.116 kristaps 1933: hyperlink.
1.120 kristaps 1934: Its syntax is as follows:
1.116 kristaps 1935: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1936: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address
1.116 kristaps 1937: .Pp
1938: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1939: .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
1.219 schwarze 1940: .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
1.63 kristaps 1941: .Ss \&Nd
1.144 schwarze 1942: A one line description of the manual's content.
1.132 kristaps 1943: This may only be invoked in the
1944: .Em SYNOPSIS
1945: section subsequent the
1946: .Sx \&Nm
1947: macro.
1948: .Pp
1949: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 1950: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
1951: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
1.132 kristaps 1952: .Pp
1953: The
1954: .Sx \&Nd
1955: macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
1956: .Sx \&Sh
1957: invocation.
1958: Do not assume this behaviour: some
1959: .Xr whatis 1
1960: database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
1961: arguments and will display macros verbatim.
1962: .Pp
1963: See also
1964: .Sx \&Nm .
1.63 kristaps 1965: .Ss \&Nm
1.128 schwarze 1966: The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
1967: and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
1968: the manual page.
1969: When first invoked, the
1970: .Sx \&Nm
1971: macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
1972: Usually, the first invocation happens in the
1973: .Em NAME
1974: section of the page.
1975: The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
1976: called again without arguments later in the page.
1977: The
1978: .Sx \&Nm
1979: macro uses
1980: .Sx Block full-implicit
1981: semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
1982: .Em SYNOPSIS
1983: section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
1984: .Sx In-line
1985: semantics.
1986: .Pp
1987: Examples:
1988: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1989: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
1990: \&.Nm cat
1991: \&.Op Fl benstuv
1992: \&.Op Ar
1993: .Ed
1994: .Pp
1995: In the
1996: .Em SYNOPSIS
1997: of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
1998: .Sx \&Fn
1999: macro rather than
2000: .Sx \&Nm
2001: to mark up the name of the manual page.
1.63 kristaps 2002: .Ss \&No
1.198 schwarze 2003: Normal text.
2004: Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
2005: When used after physical formatting macros like
2006: .Sx \&Em
2007: or
2008: .Sx \&Sy ,
2009: switches back to the standard font face and weight.
2010: Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
2011: using semantic annotation macros.
1.132 kristaps 2012: .Pp
2013: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2014: .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
2015: .Pp
2016: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
2017: \&.Sm off
2018: \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
2019: \&.Sm on
2020: .Ed
2021: .Pp
2022: See also
2023: .Sx \&Em ,
2024: .Sx \&Li ,
2025: and
2026: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 2027: .Ss \&Ns
1.198 schwarze 2028: Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
2029: and the following text or macro.
2030: Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
2031: just like after an
2032: .Sx \&No
2033: macro.
1.178 kristaps 2034: .Pp
2035: This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
1.138 kristaps 2036: .Pp
2037: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2038: .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
2039: .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
2040: .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
1.138 kristaps 2041: .Pp
2042: See also
2043: .Sx \&No
2044: and
2045: .Sx \&Sm .
1.63 kristaps 2046: .Ss \&Nx
1.144 schwarze 2047: Format the
2048: .Nx
2049: version provided as an argument, or a default value if
1.65 kristaps 2050: no argument is provided.
2051: .Pp
2052: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2053: .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
2054: .Dl \&.Nx
1.65 kristaps 2055: .Pp
2056: See also
2057: .Sx \&At ,
1.66 kristaps 2058: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 2059: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 2060: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 2061: .Sx \&Fx ,
2062: and
1.230 ! schwarze 2063: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 2064: .Ss \&Oc
1.141 kristaps 2065: Close multi-line
1.132 kristaps 2066: .Sx \&Oo
2067: context.
1.63 kristaps 2068: .Ss \&Oo
1.132 kristaps 2069: Multi-line version of
2070: .Sx \&Op .
2071: .Pp
2072: Examples:
1.138 kristaps 2073: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.132 kristaps 2074: \&.Oo
2075: \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
2076: \&.Oc
2077: .Ed
1.63 kristaps 2078: .Ss \&Op
1.196 schwarze 2079: Optional part of a command line.
1.132 kristaps 2080: Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
1.196 schwarze 2081: This is most often used in the
2082: .Em SYNOPSIS
2083: section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
1.132 kristaps 2084: .Pp
2085: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2086: .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
2087: .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
1.132 kristaps 2088: .Pp
2089: See also
2090: .Sx \&Oo .
1.63 kristaps 2091: .Ss \&Os
1.100 kristaps 2092: Document operating system version.
2093: This is the mandatory third macro of
1.66 kristaps 2094: any
2095: .Nm
1.120 kristaps 2096: file.
2097: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66 kristaps 2098: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 2099: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
1.66 kristaps 2100: .Pp
2101: The optional
1.185 kristaps 2102: .Ar system
1.100 kristaps 2103: parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
2104: Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
2105: This is the suggested form.
1.66 kristaps 2106: .Pp
2107: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2108: .Dl \&.Os
2109: .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
2110: .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
1.66 kristaps 2111: .Pp
2112: See also
2113: .Sx \&Dd
2114: and
2115: .Sx \&Dt .
1.63 kristaps 2116: .Ss \&Ot
1.230 ! schwarze 2117: This macro is obsolete and ignored by
1.198 schwarze 2118: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.66 kristaps 2119: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2120: Historical
1.217 schwarze 2121: .Nm
1.198 schwarze 2122: packages described it as
2123: .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
1.63 kristaps 2124: .Ss \&Ox
1.144 schwarze 2125: Format the
2126: .Ox
2127: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65 kristaps 2128: if no argument is provided.
2129: .Pp
2130: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2131: .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
2132: .Dl \&.Ox
1.65 kristaps 2133: .Pp
2134: See also
2135: .Sx \&At ,
2136: .Sx \&Bsx ,
2137: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 2138: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 2139: .Sx \&Fx ,
2140: and
1.230 ! schwarze 2141: .Sx \&Nx .
1.63 kristaps 2142: .Ss \&Pa
1.196 schwarze 2143: An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
2144: If an argument is not provided, the character
2145: .Sq \(ti
1.165 kristaps 2146: is used as a default.
1.132 kristaps 2147: .Pp
2148: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2149: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
2150: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
1.132 kristaps 2151: .Pp
2152: See also
2153: .Sx \&Lk .
1.63 kristaps 2154: .Ss \&Pc
1.132 kristaps 2155: Close parenthesised context opened by
2156: .Sx \&Po .
1.63 kristaps 2157: .Ss \&Pf
1.198 schwarze 2158: Removes the space between its argument
1.138 kristaps 2159: .Pq Dq prefix
1.198 schwarze 2160: and the following macro.
1.132 kristaps 2161: Its syntax is as follows:
2162: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2163: .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
2164: .Pp
2165: This is equivalent to:
1.132 kristaps 2166: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2167: .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
1.132 kristaps 2168: .Pp
2169: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2170: .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
2171: .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
2172: .Pp
2173: See also
2174: .Sx \&Ns
2175: and
2176: .Sx \&Sm .
1.63 kristaps 2177: .Ss \&Po
1.132 kristaps 2178: Multi-line version of
2179: .Sx \&Pq .
1.63 kristaps 2180: .Ss \&Pp
1.132 kristaps 2181: Break a paragraph.
2182: This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
2183: and/or text.
1.198 schwarze 2184: .Pp
2185: Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
2186: .Sx \&Sh
2187: or
2188: .Sx \&Ss
2189: macros or before displays
2190: .Pq Sx \&Bd
2191: or lists
2192: .Pq Sx \&Bl
2193: unless the
2194: .Fl compact
2195: flag is given.
1.63 kristaps 2196: .Ss \&Pq
1.132 kristaps 2197: Parenthesised enclosure.
2198: .Pp
2199: See also
2200: .Sx \&Po .
1.63 kristaps 2201: .Ss \&Qc
1.138 kristaps 2202: Close quoted context opened by
2203: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63 kristaps 2204: .Ss \&Ql
1.138 kristaps 2205: Format a single-quoted literal.
2206: See also
2207: .Sx \&Qq
2208: and
2209: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63 kristaps 2210: .Ss \&Qo
1.138 kristaps 2211: Multi-line version of
2212: .Sx \&Qq .
1.63 kristaps 2213: .Ss \&Qq
1.138 kristaps 2214: Encloses its arguments in
1.198 schwarze 2215: .Qq typewriter
1.138 kristaps 2216: double-quotes.
2217: Consider using
2218: .Sx \&Dq .
2219: .Pp
2220: See also
2221: .Sx \&Dq ,
2222: .Sx \&Sq ,
2223: and
2224: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63 kristaps 2225: .Ss \&Re
1.141 kristaps 2226: Close an
1.63 kristaps 2227: .Sx \&Rs
1.100 kristaps 2228: block.
2229: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 2230: .Ss \&Rs
1.141 kristaps 2231: Begin a bibliographic
1.63 kristaps 2232: .Pq Dq reference
1.100 kristaps 2233: block.
2234: Does not have any head arguments.
2235: The block macro may only contain
1.63 kristaps 2236: .Sx \&%A ,
2237: .Sx \&%B ,
2238: .Sx \&%C ,
2239: .Sx \&%D ,
2240: .Sx \&%I ,
2241: .Sx \&%J ,
2242: .Sx \&%N ,
2243: .Sx \&%O ,
2244: .Sx \&%P ,
2245: .Sx \&%Q ,
2246: .Sx \&%R ,
2247: .Sx \&%T ,
1.120 kristaps 2248: .Sx \&%U ,
1.63 kristaps 2249: and
2250: .Sx \&%V
2251: child macros (at least one must be specified).
2252: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 2253: Examples:
1.91 kristaps 2254: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.63 kristaps 2255: \&.Rs
2256: \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
2257: \&.%A J. D. Ullman
2258: \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
2259: \&.%I Addison-Wesley
2260: \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
2261: \&.%D 1979
2262: \&.Re
2263: .Ed
2264: .Pp
2265: If an
2266: .Sx \&Rs
2267: block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
2268: before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
2269: line.
2270: .Ss \&Rv
1.193 schwarze 2271: Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
1.191 kristaps 2272: on success and \-1 on error, with the
2273: .Va errno
2274: libc global variable set on error.
2275: Its syntax is as follows:
2276: .Pp
1.193 schwarze 2277: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
1.191 kristaps 2278: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2279: If
2280: .Ar function
1.191 kristaps 2281: is not specified, the document's name set by
1.139 kristaps 2282: .Sx \&Nm
1.191 kristaps 2283: is used.
2284: Multiple
2285: .Ar function
2286: arguments are treated as separate functions.
1.139 kristaps 2287: .Pp
2288: See also
2289: .Sx \&Ex .
1.63 kristaps 2290: .Ss \&Sc
1.138 kristaps 2291: Close single-quoted context opened by
2292: .Sx \&So .
1.63 kristaps 2293: .Ss \&Sh
1.138 kristaps 2294: Begin a new section.
2295: For a list of conventional manual sections, see
2296: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
2297: These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
2298: custom sections be used.
2299: .Pp
2300: Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
2301: .Sx \&Sx .
1.197 kristaps 2302: Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
2303: may not be linked with
2304: .Sx \&Sx .
1.138 kristaps 2305: .Pp
2306: See also
2307: .Sx \&Pp ,
2308: .Sx \&Ss ,
2309: and
2310: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63 kristaps 2311: .Ss \&Sm
1.134 schwarze 2312: Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
2313: Its syntax is as follows:
2314: .Pp
2315: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
2316: .Pp
2317: By default, spacing is
1.193 schwarze 2318: .Cm on .
1.134 schwarze 2319: When switched
1.193 schwarze 2320: .Cm off ,
1.134 schwarze 2321: no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
1.185 kristaps 2322: output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
1.134 schwarze 2323: still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
1.63 kristaps 2324: .Ss \&So
1.138 kristaps 2325: Multi-line version of
2326: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63 kristaps 2327: .Ss \&Sq
1.138 kristaps 2328: Encloses its arguments in
1.198 schwarze 2329: .Sq typewriter
1.138 kristaps 2330: single-quotes.
2331: .Pp
2332: See also
2333: .Sx \&Dq ,
2334: .Sx \&Qq ,
2335: and
2336: .Sx \&So .
1.63 kristaps 2337: .Ss \&Ss
1.198 schwarze 2338: Begin a new subsection.
1.138 kristaps 2339: Unlike with
2340: .Sx \&Sh ,
1.198 schwarze 2341: there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
2342: Except
2343: .Em DESCRIPTION ,
2344: the conventional sections described in
2345: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2346: rarely have subsections.
1.138 kristaps 2347: .Pp
2348: Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
1.197 kristaps 2349: .Sx \&Sx .
2350: Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
2351: may not be linked with
1.138 kristaps 2352: .Sx \&Sx .
2353: .Pp
2354: See also
2355: .Sx \&Pp ,
2356: .Sx \&Sh ,
2357: and
2358: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63 kristaps 2359: .Ss \&St
1.139 kristaps 2360: Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
1.226 schwarze 2361: The following standards are recognised.
2362: Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between,
2363: they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form
2364: is recommended.
2365: .Bl -tag -width 1n
2366: .It C language standards
1.139 kristaps 2367: .Pp
1.226 schwarze 2368: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2369: .It \-ansiC
2370: .St -ansiC
2371: .It \-ansiC-89
2372: .St -ansiC-89
1.139 kristaps 2373: .It \-isoC
2374: .St -isoC
2375: .It \-isoC-90
2376: .St -isoC-90
1.226 schwarze 2377: .br
2378: The original C standard.
2379: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2380: .It \-isoC-amd1
2381: .St -isoC-amd1
1.226 schwarze 2382: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2383: .It \-isoC-tcor1
2384: .St -isoC-tcor1
1.226 schwarze 2385: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2386: .It \-isoC-tcor2
2387: .St -isoC-tcor2
1.226 schwarze 2388: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2389: .It \-isoC-99
2390: .St -isoC-99
1.226 schwarze 2391: .It \-ansiC-99
2392: .St -ansiC-99
2393: .br
2394: The second major version of the C language standard.
2395: .Pp
1.214 kristaps 2396: .It \-isoC-2011
2397: .St -isoC-2011
1.226 schwarze 2398: .br
2399: The third major version of the C language standard.
2400: .El
2401: .It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification
2402: .Pp
2403: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2404: .It \-p1003.1-88
2405: .St -p1003.1-88
2406: .It \-p1003.1
2407: .St -p1003.1
2408: .br
2409: The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C.
2410: .Pp
2411: .It \-p1003.1-90
2412: .St -p1003.1-90
1.211 schwarze 2413: .It \-iso9945-1-90
2414: .St -iso9945-1-90
1.226 schwarze 2415: .br
2416: The first update of POSIX.1.
2417: .Pp
2418: .It \-p1003.1b-93
2419: .St -p1003.1b-93
2420: .It \-p1003.1b
2421: .St -p1003.1b
2422: .br
2423: Real-time extensions.
2424: .Pp
2425: .It \-p1003.1c-95
2426: .St -p1003.1c-95
2427: .br
2428: POSIX thread interfaces.
2429: .Pp
2430: .It \-p1003.1i-95
2431: .St -p1003.1i-95
2432: .br
2433: Technical Corrigendum.
2434: .Pp
2435: .It \-p1003.1-96
2436: .St -p1003.1-96
1.211 schwarze 2437: .It \-iso9945-1-96
2438: .St -iso9945-1-96
1.226 schwarze 2439: .br
2440: Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i.
2441: .El
2442: .It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards
2443: .Pp
2444: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2445: .It \-xpg3
2446: .St -xpg3
2447: .br
2448: An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989.
2449: .Pp
2450: .It \-p1003.2
2451: .St -p1003.2
2452: .It \-p1003.2-92
2453: .St -p1003.2-92
1.211 schwarze 2454: .It \-iso9945-2-93
2455: .St -iso9945-2-93
1.226 schwarze 2456: .br
2457: An XCU4 precursor.
2458: .Pp
2459: .It \-p1003.2a-92
2460: .St -p1003.2a-92
2461: .br
2462: Updates to POSIX.2.
2463: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2464: .It \-xpg4
2465: .St -xpg4
1.226 schwarze 2466: .br
2467: Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992.
2468: .El
2469: .It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards
2470: .Pp
2471: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
1.211 schwarze 2472: .It \-xpg4.2
2473: .St -xpg4.2
1.226 schwarze 2474: .br
2475: This standard was published in 1994 and is also called SUSv1.
2476: It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification.
2477: The following three refer to parts of it.
2478: .Pp
2479: .It \-xsh4.2
2480: .St -xsh4.2
2481: .Pp
2482: .It \-xcurses4.2
2483: .St -xcurses4.2
2484: .Pp
2485: .It \-p1003.1g-2000
2486: .St -p1003.1g-2000
2487: .br
2488: Networking APIs, including sockets.
2489: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2490: .It \-xpg4.3
2491: .St -xpg4.3
1.226 schwarze 2492: .Pp
2493: .It \-svid4
2494: .St -svid4 ,
2495: .br
2496: Published in 1995.
2497: .El
2498: .It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards
2499: .Pp
2500: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2501: .It \-susv2
2502: .St -susv2
2503: This Standard was published in 1997
2504: and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5.
2505: It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification.
2506: The following refer to parts of it.
2507: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2508: .It \-xbd5
2509: .St -xbd5
1.226 schwarze 2510: .Pp
2511: .It \-xsh5
2512: .St -xsh5
2513: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2514: .It \-xcu5
2515: .St -xcu5
1.226 schwarze 2516: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2517: .It \-xns5
2518: .St -xns5
1.226 schwarze 2519: .It \-xns5.2d2.0
2520: .St -xns5.2d2.0
1.211 schwarze 2521: .It \-xns5.2
2522: .St -xns5.2
1.226 schwarze 2523: .Pp
2524: .It \-p1387.2
2525: .St -p1387.2
2526: .It \-p1387.2-95
2527: .St -p1387.2-95
2528: .br
2529: POSIX software administration.
2530: .El
2531: .It Single UNIX Specification version 3 and related standards
2532: .Pp
2533: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
2534: .It \-p1003.1d-99
2535: .St -p1003.1d-99
2536: .br
2537: Additional real-time extensions.
2538: .Pp
2539: .It \-p1003.1j-2000
2540: .St -p1003.1j-2000
2541: .br
2542: Advanced real-time extensions.
2543: .Pp
2544: .It \-p1003.1q-2000
2545: .St -p1003.1q-2000
2546: .br
2547: Amendment 7: Tracing [C Language].
2548: .Pp
2549: .It \-p1003.1-2001
2550: .St -p1003.1-2001
1.211 schwarze 2551: .It \-susv3
2552: .St -susv3
1.226 schwarze 2553: .br
2554: This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j.
2555: It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6.
2556: It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification.
2557: .Pp
2558: .It \-p1003.1-2004
2559: .St -p1003.1-2004
2560: .br
2561: The second and last Technical Corrigendum.
2562: .El
2563: .It Single UNIX Specification version 4
2564: .Pp
2565: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2566: .It \-p1003.1-2008
2567: .St -p1003.1-2008
2568: .br
2569: This standard is also called SUSv4 and
2570: X/Open Portability Guide version 7.
2571: .Pp
2572: .It \-p1003.1-2013
2573: .St -p1003.1-2013
2574: .br
2575: This is the first Technical Corrigendum.
2576: .El
2577: .It Other standards
2578: .Pp
2579: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2580: .It \-ieee754
2581: .St -ieee754
2582: .br
2583: Floating-point arithmetic.
2584: .Pp
2585: .It \-iso8601
2586: .St -iso8601
2587: .br
2588: Representation of dates and times, published in 1988.
2589: .Pp
2590: .It \-iso8802-3
2591: .St -iso8802-3
2592: .br
2593: Ethernet local area networks.
2594: .Pp
2595: .It \-ieee1275-94
2596: .St -ieee1275-94
2597: .El
1.211 schwarze 2598: .El
2599: .Ss \&Sx
2600: Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
2601: The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
2602: enclosed argument, including whitespace.
2603: .Pp
2604: Examples:
2605: .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2606: .Pp
2607: See also
2608: .Sx \&Sh
2609: and
2610: .Sx \&Ss .
2611: .Ss \&Sy
2612: Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
2613: .Pq Dq boldface .
2614: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
2615: stylistically decorating technical terms.
2616: .Pp
2617: See also
2618: .Sx \&Bf ,
2619: .Sx \&Em ,
2620: .Sx \&Li ,
2621: and
2622: .Sx \&No .
2623: .Ss \&Ta
2624: Table cell separator in
2625: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2626: lists; can only be used below
2627: .Sx \&It .
2628: .Ss \&Tn
1.230 ! schwarze 2629: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
! 2630: Even though the macro name
! 2631: .Pq Dq tradename
! 2632: suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly
! 2633: using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font.
1.211 schwarze 2634: .Ss \&Ud
1.230 ! schwarze 2635: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
1.211 schwarze 2636: Prints out
2637: .Dq currently under development.
2638: .Ss \&Ux
1.230 ! schwarze 2639: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
! 2640: Prints out
! 2641: .Dq Ux .
1.211 schwarze 2642: .Ss \&Va
2643: A variable name.
2644: .Pp
2645: Examples:
2646: .Dl \&.Va foo
2647: .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
2648: .Ss \&Vt
2649: A variable type.
2650: This is also used for indicating global variables in the
2651: .Em SYNOPSIS
2652: section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
2653: Note that it accepts
2654: .Sx Block partial-implicit
2655: syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
2656: .Em SYNOPSIS
2657: section, else it accepts ordinary
2658: .Sx In-line
2659: syntax.
2660: In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
2661: and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
2662: function definition or include directive.
2663: .Pp
2664: Note that this should not be confused with
2665: .Sx \&Ft ,
2666: which is used for function return types.
2667: .Pp
2668: Examples:
2669: .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
2670: .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
2671: .Pp
2672: See also
2673: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2674: and
2675: .Sx \&Va .
2676: .Ss \&Xc
2677: Close a scope opened by
2678: .Sx \&Xo .
2679: .Ss \&Xo
2680: Extend the header of an
2681: .Sx \&It
2682: macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
2683: beyond the end of the input line.
2684: This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
2685: of historic
2686: .Xr roff 7 .
2687: .Ss \&Xr
2688: Link to another manual
2689: .Pq Qq cross-reference .
2690: Its syntax is as follows:
2691: .Pp
1.216 schwarze 2692: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name Op section
1.211 schwarze 2693: .Pp
1.216 schwarze 2694: Cross reference the
1.211 schwarze 2695: .Ar name
2696: and
2697: .Ar section
1.216 schwarze 2698: number of another man page;
2699: omitting the section number is rarely useful.
1.211 schwarze 2700: .Pp
2701: Examples:
2702: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
2703: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
2704: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
2705: .Ss \&br
2706: Emits a line-break.
2707: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
2708: historical manuals.
2709: .Pp
2710: Consider using
2711: .Sx \&Pp
2712: in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
2713: .Ss \&sp
2714: Emits vertical space.
2715: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
2716: historical manuals.
2717: Its syntax is as follows:
2718: .Pp
2719: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height
2720: .Pp
2721: The
2722: .Ar height
1.215 schwarze 2723: argument is a scaling width as described in
2724: .Xr roff 7 .
1.211 schwarze 2725: If unspecified,
2726: .Sx \&sp
2727: asserts a single vertical space.
2728: .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
2729: The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
2730: In this section,
2731: .Sq \-arg
2732: refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
2733: .Sq parm
2734: parameters;
2735: .Sq \&Yo
2736: opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
2737: .Sq \&Yc
2738: closes it out.
2739: .Pp
2740: The
2741: .Em Callable
2742: column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
2743: as an argument to another macro.
2744: For example,
2745: .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
2746: produces
2747: .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
2748: To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
2749: escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
2750: .Sq \e& .
2751: For example,
2752: .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
2753: produces
2754: .Sq Op \&Fl O .
2755: If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
2756: to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
2757: For example,
2758: .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
2759: produces
2760: .Sq Fl \&Sh .
2761: .Pp
2762: The
2763: .Em Parsed
2764: column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
2765: their names as arguments.
2766: If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
2767: as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
2768: .Pp
2769: The
2770: .Em Scope
2771: column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
2772: .Ss Block full-explicit
2773: Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
2774: All macros contains bodies; only
2775: .Sx \&Bf
2776: and
2777: .Pq optionally
2778: .Sx \&Bl
2779: contain a head.
2780: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2781: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
2782: \(lBbody...\(rB
2783: \&.Yc
2784: .Ed
2785: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
2786: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2787: .It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed
2788: .It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef
2789: .It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek
2790: .It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El
2791: .It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd
2792: .It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf
2793: .It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk
2794: .It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl
2795: .El
2796: .Ss Block full-implicit
2797: Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
2798: All macros have bodies; some
2799: .Po
2800: .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
2801: .Fl hyphen ,
2802: .Fl dash ,
2803: .Fl enum ,
2804: .Fl item
2805: .Pc
2806: don't have heads; only one
2807: .Po
2808: .Sx \&It
2809: in
2810: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2811: .Pc
2812: has multiple heads.
2813: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2814: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
2815: \(lBbody...\(rB
2816: .Ed
2817: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
2818: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2819: .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
2820: .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
2821: .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
2822: .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
2823: .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
2824: .El
2825: .Pp
2826: Note that the
2827: .Sx \&Nm
2828: macro is a
2829: .Sx Block full-implicit
2830: macro only when invoked as the first macro
2831: in a
2832: .Em SYNOPSIS
2833: section line, else it is
2834: .Sx In-line .
2835: .Ss Block partial-explicit
2836: Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
2837: Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
2838: .Po
2839: .Sx \&Fo ,
2840: .Sx \&Eo
2841: .Pc
2842: and/or tail
2843: .Pq Sx \&Ec .
2844: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2845: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
2846: \(lBbody...\(rB
2847: \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
2848:
2849: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
2850: \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
2851: .Ed
2852: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
2853: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2854: .It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao
2855: .It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac
2856: .It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo
2857: .It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc
2858: .It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro
2859: .It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc
2860: .It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do
2861: .It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc
2862: .It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo
2863: .It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec
2864: .It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo
2865: .It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc
2866: .It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo
2867: .It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc
2868: .It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po
2869: .It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc
2870: .It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo
2871: .It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc
2872: .It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs
2873: .It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re
2874: .It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So
2875: .It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc
2876: .It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo
2877: .It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc
2878: .El
2879: .Ss Block partial-implicit
2880: Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
2881: end of the line.
2882: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2883: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
2884: .Ed
2885: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
2886: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
2887: .It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2888: .It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2889: .It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2890: .It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes
2891: .It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes
2892: .It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2893: .It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes
2894: .It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2895: .It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes
2896: .It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2897: .It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2898: .It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes
2899: .El
2900: .Pp
2901: Note that the
2902: .Sx \&Vt
2903: macro is a
2904: .Sx Block partial-implicit
2905: only when invoked as the first macro
2906: in a
2907: .Em SYNOPSIS
2908: section line, else it is
2909: .Sx In-line .
2910: .Ss Special block macro
2911: The
2912: .Sx \&Ta
2913: macro can only be used below
2914: .Sx \&It
2915: in
2916: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2917: lists.
2918: It delimits blocks representing table cells;
2919: these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
2920: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
2921: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2922: .It Sx \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
2923: .El
2924: .Ss In-line
2925: Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
2926: and/or subsequent macros.
2927: In-line macros have only text children.
2928: If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
2929: .Pq n ,
2930: then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
2931: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2932: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
2933:
2934: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
2935:
2936: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
2937: .Ed
2938: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
2939: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
2940: .It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2941: .It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2942: .It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2943: .It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2944: .It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2945: .It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2946: .It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2947: .It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2948: .It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2949: .It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2950: .It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2951: .It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2952: .It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2953: .It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2954: .It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2955: .It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2956: .It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
2957: .It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2958: .It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
2959: .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2960: .It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
2961: .It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2962: .It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2963: .It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2964: .It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
2965: .It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2966: .It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2967: .It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2968: .It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2969: .It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2970: .It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
2971: .It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2972: .It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
2973: .It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2974: .It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2975: .It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2976: .It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2977: .It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2978: .It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2979: .It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2980: .It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2981: .It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2982: .It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2983: .It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2984: .It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
2985: .It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
2986: .It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2987: .It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2988: .It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
2989: .It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2990: .It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2991: .It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2992: .It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
2993: .It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
2994: .It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2995: .It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2996: .It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2997: .It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2998: .It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2999: .It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
3000: .It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3001: .It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
3002: .It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
3003: .It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
3004: .It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3005: .It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3006: .It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3007: .It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3008: .It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3009: .It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3010: .It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3011: .It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3012: .It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3013: .It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
1.139 kristaps 3014: .El
1.211 schwarze 3015: .Ss Delimiters
3016: When a macro argument consists of one single input character
3017: considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
3018: This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
3019: more than one character.
3020: Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
3021: like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
3022: a zero-width space
3023: .Pq Sq \e& .
3024: In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
3025: as normal punctuation.
1.138 kristaps 3026: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3027: For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
3028: these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
3029: and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
3030: these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
3031: For example,
1.172 kristaps 3032: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3033: .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
1.138 kristaps 3034: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3035: renders as:
1.138 kristaps 3036: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3037: .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
1.198 schwarze 3038: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3039: Opening delimiters are:
1.65 kristaps 3040: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3041: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3042: .It \&(
3043: left parenthesis
3044: .It \&[
3045: left bracket
3046: .El
1.65 kristaps 3047: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3048: Closing delimiters are:
1.132 kristaps 3049: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3050: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3051: .It \&.
3052: period
3053: .It \&,
3054: comma
3055: .It \&:
3056: colon
3057: .It \&;
3058: semicolon
3059: .It \&)
3060: right parenthesis
3061: .It \&]
3062: right bracket
3063: .It \&?
3064: question mark
3065: .It \&!
3066: exclamation mark
3067: .El
1.83 kristaps 3068: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3069: Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
3070: .Pq Sq \e.\&
3071: gets this special handling; use
3072: .Sq \e&.
3073: to prevent that.
1.83 kristaps 3074: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3075: Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
3076: delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
3077: are not delimiters.
3078: For example,
1.83 kristaps 3079: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3080: .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
1.84 kristaps 3081: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3082: renders as:
1.84 kristaps 3083: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3084: .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
1.84 kristaps 3085: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3086: This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
3087: and also to the middle delimiter:
1.140 kristaps 3088: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3089: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3090: .It \&|
3091: vertical bar
3092: .El
1.140 kristaps 3093: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3094: As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
3095: in the same way as a plain
3096: .Sq \&|
3097: character.
3098: Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
3099: .Ss Font handling
3100: In
3101: .Nm
3102: documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
3103: proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
3104: is available, consider falling back to
3105: .Sx Physical markup
3106: macros.
3107: Whenever any
3108: .Nm
3109: macro switches the
3110: .Xr roff 7
3111: font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
3112: its scope.
3113: Manually switching the font using the
3114: .Xr roff 7
3115: .Ql \ef
3116: font escape sequences is never required.
1.4 kristaps 3117: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.229 schwarze 3118: This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues
3119: between mandoc and other troff implementations, at this time limited
3120: to GNU troff
1.93 kristaps 3121: .Pq Qq groff .
1.50 kristaps 3122: The term
1.57 kristaps 3123: .Qq historic groff
1.166 schwarze 3124: refers to groff versions before 1.17,
3125: which featured a significant update of the
1.57 kristaps 3126: .Pa doc.tmac
1.166 schwarze 3127: file.
1.57 kristaps 3128: .Pp
1.93 kristaps 3129: Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
3130: \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
3131: .Pp
1.150 kristaps 3132: The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
3133: .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
3134: .Pp
1.57 kristaps 3135: .Bl -dash -compact
1.168 kristaps 3136: .It
3137: Display macros
1.171 schwarze 3138: .Po
3139: .Sx \&Bd ,
3140: .Sx \&Dl ,
3141: and
3142: .Sx \&D1
3143: .Pc
1.168 kristaps 3144: may not be nested.
3145: \*[hist]
1.147 kristaps 3146: .It
1.150 kristaps 3147: .Sx \&At
3148: with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
3149: \*[hist]
3150: Newer groff and mandoc print
3151: .Qq AT&T UNIX
3152: and the arguments.
1.149 kristaps 3153: .It
1.190 schwarze 3154: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
1.208 kristaps 3155: does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
1.150 kristaps 3156: precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
3157: outputs a space before them.
3158: .It
3159: .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
3160: does not start a new line.
3161: \*[hist]
1.142 kristaps 3162: .It
1.150 kristaps 3163: .Sx \&Dd
1.181 schwarze 3164: with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
3165: When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
3166: Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date,
3167: but without any arguments the string
3168: .Dq Epoch
3169: is printed.
1.125 kristaps 3170: .It
1.150 kristaps 3171: .Sx \&Fl
3172: does not print a dash for an empty argument.
3173: \*[hist]
1.137 kristaps 3174: .It
1.150 kristaps 3175: .Sx \&Fn
3176: does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
3177: .Em SYNOPSIS
3178: section.
3179: \*[hist]
1.119 kristaps 3180: .It
1.150 kristaps 3181: .Sx \&Fo
3182: with
1.120 kristaps 3183: .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
1.150 kristaps 3184: children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
3185: In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
1.120 kristaps 3186: .It
3187: .Sx \&Ft
3188: in the
1.150 kristaps 3189: .Em SYNOPSIS
3190: causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
1.120 kristaps 3191: .Sx \&Fn
3192: has been invoked.
3193: See
3194: .Sx \&Ft
3195: and
3196: .Sx \&Fn
1.150 kristaps 3197: for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
1.120 kristaps 3198: .It
1.150 kristaps 3199: .Sx \&In
3200: ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
3201: .Em SYNOPSIS .
3202: \*[hist]
1.118 kristaps 3203: .It
1.150 kristaps 3204: .Sx \&It
3205: sometimes requires a
3206: .Fl nested
3207: flag.
3208: \*[hist]
3209: In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
3210: .Fl enum
3211: lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
1.115 kristaps 3212: .It
1.150 kristaps 3213: .Sx \&Li
1.195 schwarze 3214: followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals
1.150 kristaps 3215: instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
3216: historic groff.
1.57 kristaps 3217: .It
1.150 kristaps 3218: .Sx \&Lk
3219: only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
1.81 kristaps 3220: .It
1.80 kristaps 3221: .Sx \&Pa
1.150 kristaps 3222: does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
1.100 kristaps 3223: certain list types.
1.80 kristaps 3224: .It
1.150 kristaps 3225: .Sx \&Ta
3226: can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
3227: .It
3228: .Sx \&%C
1.229 schwarze 3229: is not implemented (up to and including groff-1.22.2).
1.166 schwarze 3230: .It
3231: Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
3232: line, depending on the exact situation.
3233: Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
3234: The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
1.150 kristaps 3235: .It
3236: Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
3237: Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
3238: in new groff and mandoc.
3239: .It
3240: .Sq \(ba
3241: (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
3242: \*[hist]
1.79 kristaps 3243: .It
1.77 kristaps 3244: .Sq \ef
1.150 kristaps 3245: .Pq font face
3246: and
1.229 schwarze 3247: .Sq \eF
1.150 kristaps 3248: .Pq font family face
1.93 kristaps 3249: .Sx Text Decoration
1.150 kristaps 3250: escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
1.77 kristaps 3251: .It
1.150 kristaps 3252: Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
3253: Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
3254: .El
3255: .Pp
3256: The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
3257: .Pp
3258: .Bl -dash -compact
1.61 kristaps 3259: .It
1.150 kristaps 3260: .Sx \&Bd
3261: .Fl file Ar file .
1.57 kristaps 3262: .It
1.78 kristaps 3263: .Sx \&Bd
1.225 schwarze 3264: .Fl offset Cm center
1.64 kristaps 3265: and
1.225 schwarze 3266: .Fl offset Cm right .
1.208 kristaps 3267: Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either,
1.150 kristaps 3268: but produces large indentations.
1.57 kristaps 3269: .El
1.2 kristaps 3270: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.159 schwarze 3271: .Xr man 1 ,
1.57 kristaps 3272: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
1.180 kristaps 3273: .Xr eqn 7 ,
1.174 kristaps 3274: .Xr man 7 ,
1.198 schwarze 3275: .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
1.174 kristaps 3276: .Xr roff 7 ,
3277: .Xr tbl 7
1.151 kristaps 3278: .Sh HISTORY
3279: The
3280: .Nm
3281: language first appeared as a troff macro package in
3282: .Bx 4.4 .
3283: It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
1.155 kristaps 3284: in groff-1.17.
1.151 kristaps 3285: The standalone implementation that is part of the
3286: .Xr mandoc 1
3287: utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
3288: .Ox 4.6 .
1.2 kristaps 3289: .Sh AUTHORS
3290: The
1.57 kristaps 3291: .Nm
1.50 kristaps 3292: reference was written by
1.219 schwarze 3293: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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