Annotation of mandoc/mdoc.7, Revision 1.233
1.233 ! schwarze 1: .\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.232 2014/07/13 10:24:40 schwarze Exp $
1.1 kristaps 2: .\"
1.179 schwarze 3: .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
1.223 schwarze 4: .\" Copyright (c) 2010, 2011, 2013 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
1.1 kristaps 5: .\"
6: .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
1.22 kristaps 7: .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
8: .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1.1 kristaps 9: .\"
1.22 kristaps 10: .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
11: .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
12: .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
13: .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
14: .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
15: .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
16: .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
1.50 kristaps 17: .\"
1.233 ! schwarze 18: .Dd $Mdocdate: July 13 2014 $
1.20 kristaps 19: .Dt MDOC 7
1.1 kristaps 20: .Os
21: .Sh NAME
1.57 kristaps 22: .Nm mdoc
1.211 schwarze 23: .Nd semantic markup language for formatting manual pages
1.1 kristaps 24: .Sh DESCRIPTION
25: The
1.57 kristaps 26: .Nm mdoc
1.211 schwarze 27: language supports authoring of manual pages for the
28: .Xr man 1
29: utility by allowing semantic annotations of words, phrases,
30: page sections and complete manual pages.
31: Such annotations are used by formatting tools to achieve a uniform
32: presentation across all manuals written in
33: .Nm ,
34: and to support hyperlinking if supported by the output medium.
35: .Pp
36: This reference document describes the structure of manual pages
37: and the syntax and usage of the
1.200 kristaps 38: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 39: language.
40: The reference implementation of a parsing and formatting tool is
1.144 schwarze 41: .Xr mandoc 1 ;
42: the
1.57 kristaps 43: .Sx COMPATIBILITY
1.200 kristaps 44: section describes compatibility with other implementations.
1.57 kristaps 45: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 46: In an
1.57 kristaps 47: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 48: document, lines beginning with the control character
1.185 kristaps 49: .Sq \&.
1.211 schwarze 50: are called
51: .Dq macro lines .
52: The first word is the macro name.
53: It consists of two or three letters.
54: Most macro names begin with a capital letter.
55: For a list of available macros, see
56: .Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
57: The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro, optionally
58: including the names of other, callable macros; see
59: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
60: for details.
61: .Pp
62: Lines not beginning with the control character are called
63: .Dq text lines .
64: They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
65: depends on the respective processing context:
1.57 kristaps 66: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.13 kristaps 67: \&.Sh Macro lines change control state.
1.185 kristaps 68: Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
1.57 kristaps 69: .Ed
1.211 schwarze 70: .Pp
71: Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
1.57 kristaps 72: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 73: language are based on the
74: .Xr roff 7
75: language; see the
76: .Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
77: and
78: .Em MACRO SYNTAX
79: sections in the
80: .Xr roff 7
81: manual for details, in particular regarding
82: comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
83: However, using
84: .Xr roff 7
85: requests in
1.200 kristaps 86: .Nm
1.211 schwarze 87: documents is discouraged;
88: .Xr mandoc 1
89: supports some of them merely for backward compatibility.
1.43 kristaps 90: .Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
1.66 kristaps 91: A well-formed
1.57 kristaps 92: .Nm
1.66 kristaps 93: document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
94: sections.
95: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 96: The prologue, which consists of the
1.64 kristaps 97: .Sx \&Dd ,
98: .Sx \&Dt ,
1.33 kristaps 99: and
1.66 kristaps 100: .Sx \&Os
1.141 kristaps 101: macros in that order, is required for every document.
1.66 kristaps 102: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 103: The first section (sections are denoted by
1.66 kristaps 104: .Sx \&Sh )
105: must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
1.64 kristaps 106: .Sx \&Nm
1.50 kristaps 107: followed by
1.66 kristaps 108: .Sx \&Nd .
109: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 110: Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the
111: .Em SYNOPSIS
112: and
113: .Em DESCRIPTION
114: sections, although this varies between manual sections.
1.66 kristaps 115: .Pp
116: The following is a well-formed skeleton
117: .Nm
1.188 kristaps 118: file for a utility
119: .Qq progname :
1.57 kristaps 120: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.43 kristaps 121: \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
1.188 kristaps 122: \&.Dt PROGNAME section
1.43 kristaps 123: \&.Os
124: \&.Sh NAME
1.188 kristaps 125: \&.Nm progname
1.194 schwarze 126: \&.Nd one line about what it does
1.203 kristaps 127: \&.\e\(dq .Sh LIBRARY
1.227 schwarze 128: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 only.
1.203 kristaps 129: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
1.58 kristaps 130: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
1.188 kristaps 131: \&.Nm progname
1.58 kristaps 132: \&.Op Fl options
133: \&.Ar
134: \&.Sh DESCRIPTION
135: The
136: \&.Nm
137: utility processes files ...
1.228 schwarze 138: \&.\e\(dq .Sh CONTEXT
139: \&.\e\(dq For section 9 functions only.
1.203 kristaps 140: \&.\e\(dq .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
141: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
142: \&.\e\(dq .Sh RETURN VALUES
1.227 schwarze 143: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, and 9 function return values only.
1.203 kristaps 144: \&.\e\(dq .Sh ENVIRONMENT
1.227 schwarze 145: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, 7, and 8 only.
1.203 kristaps 146: \&.\e\(dq .Sh FILES
147: \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXIT STATUS
1.227 schwarze 148: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 6, and 8 only.
1.203 kristaps 149: \&.\e\(dq .Sh EXAMPLES
150: \&.\e\(dq .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
1.227 schwarze 151: \&.\e\(dq For sections 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 printf/stderr messages only.
1.203 kristaps 152: \&.\e\(dq .Sh ERRORS
1.227 schwarze 153: \&.\e\(dq For sections 2, 3, 4, and 9 errno settings only.
1.203 kristaps 154: \&.\e\(dq .Sh SEE ALSO
155: \&.\e\(dq .Xr foobar 1
156: \&.\e\(dq .Sh STANDARDS
157: \&.\e\(dq .Sh HISTORY
158: \&.\e\(dq .Sh AUTHORS
159: \&.\e\(dq .Sh CAVEATS
160: \&.\e\(dq .Sh BUGS
161: \&.\e\(dq .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
162: \&.\e\(dq Not used in OpenBSD.
1.57 kristaps 163: .Ed
164: .Pp
1.144 schwarze 165: The sections in an
1.66 kristaps 166: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 167: document are conventionally ordered as they appear above.
168: Sections should be composed as follows:
1.73 kristaps 169: .Bl -ohang -offset Ds
170: .It Em NAME
1.144 schwarze 171: The name(s) and a one line description of the documented material.
1.100 kristaps 172: The syntax for this as follows:
1.73 kristaps 173: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.144 schwarze 174: \&.Nm name0 ,
175: \&.Nm name1 ,
1.73 kristaps 176: \&.Nm name2
1.144 schwarze 177: \&.Nd a one line description
1.73 kristaps 178: .Ed
179: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 180: Multiple
181: .Sq \&Nm
182: names should be separated by commas.
183: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 184: The
1.66 kristaps 185: .Sx \&Nm
1.73 kristaps 186: macro(s) must precede the
187: .Sx \&Nd
188: macro.
1.80 kristaps 189: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 190: See
1.80 kristaps 191: .Sx \&Nm
192: and
193: .Sx \&Nd .
1.73 kristaps 194: .It Em LIBRARY
195: The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
1.108 kristaps 196: assumed to be a function in a section 2, 3, or 9 manual.
1.100 kristaps 197: The syntax for this is as follows:
1.73 kristaps 198: .Bd -literal -offset indent
199: \&.Lb libarm
200: .Ed
201: .Pp
202: See
1.80 kristaps 203: .Sx \&Lb .
1.73 kristaps 204: .It Em SYNOPSIS
205: Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
1.82 kristaps 206: configuration.
1.73 kristaps 207: .Pp
208: For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
209: generally structured as follows:
210: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.185 kristaps 211: \&.Nm bar
1.73 kristaps 212: \&.Op Fl v
213: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
214: \&.Op Ar
1.185 kristaps 215: \&.Nm foo
1.73 kristaps 216: \&.Op Fl v
217: \&.Op Fl o Ar file
218: \&.Op Ar
219: .Ed
220: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 221: Commands should be ordered alphabetically.
222: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 223: For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
224: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.146 kristaps 225: \&.In header.h
1.73 kristaps 226: \&.Vt extern const char *global;
227: \&.Ft "char *"
228: \&.Fn foo "const char *src"
229: \&.Ft "char *"
230: \&.Fn bar "const char *src"
231: .Ed
232: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 233: Ordering of
234: .Sx \&In ,
235: .Sx \&Vt ,
236: .Sx \&Fn ,
237: and
238: .Sx \&Fo
239: macros should follow C header-file conventions.
240: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 241: And for the third, configurations (section 4):
242: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.203 kristaps 243: \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x2e\(dq
244: \&.Cd \(dqit* at isa? port 0x4e\(dq
1.73 kristaps 245: .Ed
246: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 247: Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
1.73 kristaps 248: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1.80 kristaps 249: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 250: Some macros are displayed differently in the
251: .Em SYNOPSIS
252: section, particularly
253: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.80 kristaps 254: .Sx \&Cd ,
1.122 kristaps 255: .Sx \&Fd ,
256: .Sx \&Fn ,
257: .Sx \&Fo ,
258: .Sx \&In ,
259: .Sx \&Vt ,
260: and
261: .Sx \&Ft .
1.138 kristaps 262: All of these macros are output on their own line.
1.144 schwarze 263: If two such dissimilar macros are pairwise invoked (except for
1.122 kristaps 264: .Sx \&Ft
265: before
266: .Sx \&Fo
267: or
1.123 kristaps 268: .Sx \&Fn ) ,
1.122 kristaps 269: they are separated by a vertical space, unless in the case of
270: .Sx \&Fo ,
1.80 kristaps 271: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.122 kristaps 272: and
1.80 kristaps 273: .Sx \&Ft ,
1.122 kristaps 274: which are always separated by vertical space.
1.128 schwarze 275: .Pp
276: When text and macros following an
277: .Sx \&Nm
278: macro starting an input line span multiple output lines,
279: all output lines but the first will be indented to align
280: with the text immediately following the
281: .Sx \&Nm
282: macro, up to the next
283: .Sx \&Nm ,
1.141 kristaps 284: .Sx \&Sh ,
1.128 schwarze 285: or
286: .Sx \&Ss
287: macro or the end of an enclosing block, whichever comes first.
1.73 kristaps 288: .It Em DESCRIPTION
1.185 kristaps 289: This begins with an expansion of the brief, one line description in
290: .Em NAME :
291: .Bd -literal -offset indent
292: The
293: \&.Nm
294: utility does this, that, and the other.
295: .Ed
296: .Pp
297: It usually follows with a breakdown of the options (if documenting a
1.73 kristaps 298: command), such as:
299: .Bd -literal -offset indent
300: The arguments are as follows:
301: \&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
302: \&.It Fl v
303: Print verbose information.
304: \&.El
305: .Ed
1.80 kristaps 306: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 307: Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
1.198 schwarze 308: .Pp
309: Since the
310: .Em DESCRIPTION
311: section usually contains most of the text of a manual, longer manuals
312: often use the
313: .Sx \&Ss
314: macro to form subsections.
315: In very long manuals, the
316: .Em DESCRIPTION
317: may be split into multiple sections, each started by an
318: .Sx \&Sh
319: macro followed by a non-standard section name, and each having
320: several subsections, like in the present
321: .Nm
322: manual.
1.228 schwarze 323: .It Em CONTEXT
324: This section lists the contexts in which functions can be called in section 9.
325: The contexts are autoconf, process, or interrupt.
1.73 kristaps 326: .It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
1.100 kristaps 327: Implementation-specific notes should be kept here.
328: This is useful when implementing standard functions that may have side
329: effects or notable algorithmic implications.
1.73 kristaps 330: .It Em RETURN VALUES
1.144 schwarze 331: This section documents the
332: return values of functions in sections 2, 3, and 9.
1.73 kristaps 333: .Pp
334: See
335: .Sx \&Rv .
336: .It Em ENVIRONMENT
1.141 kristaps 337: Lists the environment variables used by the utility,
338: and explains the syntax and semantics of their values.
339: The
340: .Xr environ 7
341: manual provides examples of typical content and formatting.
1.73 kristaps 342: .Pp
343: See
344: .Sx \&Ev .
345: .It Em FILES
1.100 kristaps 346: Documents files used.
1.141 kristaps 347: It's helpful to document both the file name and a short description of how
1.100 kristaps 348: the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
1.73 kristaps 349: .Pp
350: See
351: .Sx \&Pa .
1.99 kristaps 352: .It Em EXIT STATUS
1.144 schwarze 353: This section documents the
354: command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 utilities.
1.100 kristaps 355: Historically, this information was described in
1.99 kristaps 356: .Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
357: a practise that is now discouraged.
358: .Pp
359: See
360: .Sx \&Ex .
1.73 kristaps 361: .It Em EXAMPLES
1.100 kristaps 362: Example usages.
363: This often contains snippets of well-formed, well-tested invocations.
1.144 schwarze 364: Make sure that examples work properly!
1.73 kristaps 365: .It Em DIAGNOSTICS
1.227 schwarze 366: Documents error messages.
367: In section 4 and 9 manuals, these are usually messages printed by the
368: kernel to the console and to the kernel log.
369: In section 1, 6, 7, and 8, these are usually messages printed by
370: userland programs to the standard error output.
371: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 372: Historically, this section was used in place of
373: .Em EXIT STATUS
374: for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
375: discouraged.
376: .Pp
377: See
1.80 kristaps 378: .Sx \&Bl
379: .Fl diag .
1.73 kristaps 380: .It Em ERRORS
1.227 schwarze 381: Documents
382: .Xr errno 2
383: settings in sections 2, 3, 4, and 9.
1.73 kristaps 384: .Pp
385: See
386: .Sx \&Er .
387: .It Em SEE ALSO
1.100 kristaps 388: References other manuals with related topics.
389: This section should exist for most manuals.
390: Cross-references should conventionally be ordered first by section, then
391: alphabetically.
1.73 kristaps 392: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 393: References to other documentation concerning the topic of the manual page,
394: for example authoritative books or journal articles, may also be
395: provided in this section.
396: .Pp
1.73 kristaps 397: See
1.198 schwarze 398: .Sx \&Rs
399: and
1.73 kristaps 400: .Sx \&Xr .
401: .It Em STANDARDS
1.100 kristaps 402: References any standards implemented or used.
403: If not adhering to any standards, the
1.73 kristaps 404: .Em HISTORY
405: section should be used instead.
406: .Pp
407: See
408: .Sx \&St .
409: .It Em HISTORY
1.198 schwarze 410: A brief history of the subject, including where it was first implemented,
411: and when it was ported to or reimplemented for the operating system at hand.
1.73 kristaps 412: .It Em AUTHORS
1.143 schwarze 413: Credits to the person or persons who wrote the code and/or documentation.
1.141 kristaps 414: Authors should generally be noted by both name and email address.
1.73 kristaps 415: .Pp
416: See
417: .Sx \&An .
418: .It Em CAVEATS
1.141 kristaps 419: Common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
1.73 kristaps 420: in this section.
421: .It Em BUGS
1.147 kristaps 422: Known bugs, limitations, and work-arounds should be described
1.141 kristaps 423: in this section.
1.73 kristaps 424: .It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
425: Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
1.66 kristaps 426: .El
1.211 schwarze 427: .Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
428: This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
429: together, to help find the best macro for any given purpose.
430: Deprecated macros are not included in the overview, but can be found below
431: in the alphabetical
432: .Sx MACRO REFERENCE .
433: .Ss Document preamble and NAME section macros
434: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
435: .It Sx \&Dd Ta document date: Cm $\&Mdocdate$ | Ar month day , year
436: .It Sx \&Dt Ta document title: Ar TITLE section Op Ar volume | arch
437: .It Sx \&Os Ta operating system version: Op Ar system Op Ar version
438: .It Sx \&Nm Ta document name (one argument)
439: .It Sx \&Nd Ta document description (one line)
440: .El
441: .Ss Sections and cross references
442: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
443: .It Sx \&Sh Ta section header (one line)
444: .It Sx \&Ss Ta subsection header (one line)
445: .It Sx \&Sx Ta internal cross reference to a section or subsection
446: .It Sx \&Xr Ta cross reference to another manual page: Ar name section
447: .It Sx \&Pp , \&Lp Ta start a text paragraph (no arguments)
448: .El
449: .Ss Displays and lists
450: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
451: .It Sx \&Bd , \&Ed Ta display block:
452: .Fl Ar type
453: .Op Fl offset Ar width
454: .Op Fl compact
455: .It Sx \&D1 Ta indented display (one line)
456: .It Sx \&Dl Ta indented literal display (one line)
457: .It Sx \&Bl , \&El Ta list block:
458: .Fl Ar type
459: .Op Fl width Ar val
460: .Op Fl offset Ar val
461: .Op Fl compact
462: .It Sx \&It Ta list item (syntax depends on Fl Ar type )
1.212 schwarze 463: .It Sx \&Ta Ta table cell separator in Sx \&Bl Fl column No lists
1.211 schwarze 464: .It Sx \&Rs , \&%* , \&Re Ta bibliographic block (references)
1.57 kristaps 465: .El
1.211 schwarze 466: .Ss Spacing control
467: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
468: .It Sx \&Pf Ta prefix, no following horizontal space (one argument)
469: .It Sx \&Ns Ta roman font, no preceding horizontal space (no arguments)
470: .It Sx \&Ap Ta apostrophe without surrounding whitespace (no arguments)
471: .It Sx \&Sm Ta switch horizontal spacing mode: Cm on | off
472: .It Sx \&Bk , \&Ek Ta keep block: Fl words
473: .It Sx \&br Ta force output line break in text mode (no arguments)
474: .It Sx \&sp Ta force vertical space: Op Ar height
1.57 kristaps 475: .El
1.211 schwarze 476: .Ss Semantic markup for command line utilities:
477: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
478: .It Sx \&Nm Ta start a SYNOPSIS block with the name of a utility
479: .It Sx \&Fl Ta command line options (flags) (>=0 arguments)
480: .It Sx \&Cm Ta command modifier (>0 arguments)
481: .It Sx \&Ar Ta command arguments (>=0 arguments)
482: .It Sx \&Op , \&Oo , \&Oc Ta optional syntax elements (enclosure)
483: .It Sx \&Ic Ta internal or interactive command (>0 arguments)
484: .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
485: .It Sx \&Pa Ta file system path (>=0 arguments)
1.57 kristaps 486: .El
1.211 schwarze 487: .Ss Semantic markup for function libraries:
488: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
489: .It Sx \&Lb Ta function library (one argument)
490: .It Sx \&In Ta include file (one argument)
1.222 schwarze 491: .It Sx \&Fd Ta other preprocessor directive (>0 arguments)
1.211 schwarze 492: .It Sx \&Ft Ta function type (>0 arguments)
493: .It Sx \&Fo , \&Fc Ta function block: Ar funcname
494: .It Sx \&Fn Ta function name:
495: .Op Ar functype
496: .Ar funcname
497: .Oo
498: .Op Ar argtype
499: .Ar argname
500: .Oc
501: .It Sx \&Fa Ta function argument (>0 arguments)
502: .It Sx \&Vt Ta variable type (>0 arguments)
503: .It Sx \&Va Ta variable name (>0 arguments)
504: .It Sx \&Dv Ta defined variable or preprocessor constant (>0 arguments)
505: .It Sx \&Er Ta error constant (>0 arguments)
506: .It Sx \&Ev Ta environmental variable (>0 arguments)
1.57 kristaps 507: .El
1.211 schwarze 508: .Ss Various semantic markup:
509: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
510: .It Sx \&An Ta author name (>0 arguments)
511: .It Sx \&Lk Ta hyperlink: Ar uri Op Ar name
512: .It Sx \&Mt Ta Do mailto Dc hyperlink: Ar address
513: .It Sx \&Cd Ta kernel configuration declaration (>0 arguments)
514: .It Sx \&Ad Ta memory address (>0 arguments)
515: .It Sx \&Ms Ta mathematical symbol (>0 arguments)
1.190 schwarze 516: .El
1.211 schwarze 517: .Ss Physical markup
518: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
519: .It Sx \&Em Ta italic font or underline (emphasis) (>0 arguments)
520: .It Sx \&Sy Ta boldface font (symbolic) (>0 arguments)
521: .It Sx \&Li Ta typewriter font (literal) (>0 arguments)
522: .It Sx \&No Ta return to roman font (normal) (no arguments)
523: .It Sx \&Bf , \&Ef Ta font block:
524: .Op Fl Ar type | Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
1.82 kristaps 525: .El
1.211 schwarze 526: .Ss Physical enclosures
527: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
528: .It Sx \&Dq , \&Do , \&Dc Ta enclose in typographic double quotes: Dq text
529: .It Sx \&Qq , \&Qo , \&Qc Ta enclose in typewriter double quotes: Qq text
530: .It Sx \&Sq , \&So , \&Sc Ta enclose in single quotes: Sq text
531: .It Sx \&Ql Ta single-quoted literal text: Ql text
532: .It Sx \&Pq , \&Po , \&Pc Ta enclose in parentheses: Pq text
533: .It Sx \&Bq , \&Bo , \&Bc Ta enclose in square brackets: Bq text
534: .It Sx \&Brq , \&Bro , \&Brc Ta enclose in curly braces: Brq text
535: .It Sx \&Aq , \&Ao , \&Ac Ta enclose in angle brackets: Aq text
536: .It Sx \&Eo , \&Ec Ta generic enclosure
1.195 schwarze 537: .El
1.211 schwarze 538: .Ss Text production
539: .Bl -column "Brq, Bro, Brc" description
540: .It Sx \&Ex Fl std Ta standard command exit values: Op Ar utility ...
541: .It Sx \&Rv Fl std Ta standard function return values: Op Ar function ...
542: .It Sx \&St Ta reference to a standards document (one argument)
543: .It Sx \&At Ta At
544: .It Sx \&Bx Ta Bx
545: .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Bsx
546: .It Sx \&Nx Ta Nx
547: .It Sx \&Fx Ta Fx
548: .It Sx \&Ox Ta Ox
549: .It Sx \&Dx Ta Dx
1.195 schwarze 550: .El
1.211 schwarze 551: .Sh MACRO REFERENCE
552: This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
553: alphabetically.
554: For the scoping of individual macros, see
555: .Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
556: .Ss \&%A
557: Author name of an
558: .Sx \&Rs
559: block.
560: Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
561: .Sx \%%A
562: line.
563: Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated forename(s)
564: first, then full surname.
565: .Ss \&%B
566: Book title of an
567: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 568: block.
569: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
1.63 kristaps 570: referring to book titles.
571: .Ss \&%C
572: Publication city or location of an
573: .Sx \&Rs
574: block.
575: .Ss \&%D
576: Publication date of an
577: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 578: block.
1.181 schwarze 579: Recommended formats of arguments are
580: .Ar month day , year
581: or just
582: .Ar year .
1.63 kristaps 583: .Ss \&%I
584: Publisher or issuer name of an
585: .Sx \&Rs
586: block.
587: .Ss \&%J
588: Journal name of an
589: .Sx \&Rs
590: block.
591: .Ss \&%N
592: Issue number (usually for journals) of an
593: .Sx \&Rs
594: block.
595: .Ss \&%O
596: Optional information of an
597: .Sx \&Rs
598: block.
599: .Ss \&%P
600: Book or journal page number of an
601: .Sx \&Rs
602: block.
603: .Ss \&%Q
604: Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
605: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 606: block.
607: Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
1.64 kristaps 608: .Sx \&%Q
1.63 kristaps 609: line.
610: .Ss \&%R
611: Technical report name of an
612: .Sx \&Rs
613: block.
614: .Ss \&%T
615: Article title of an
616: .Sx \&Rs
1.138 kristaps 617: block.
618: This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context when
619: referring to article titles.
1.69 kristaps 620: .Ss \&%U
1.70 kristaps 621: URI of reference document.
1.63 kristaps 622: .Ss \&%V
623: Volume number of an
624: .Sx \&Rs
625: block.
626: .Ss \&Ac
1.141 kristaps 627: Close an
1.63 kristaps 628: .Sx \&Ao
1.138 kristaps 629: block.
630: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 631: .Ss \&Ad
1.141 kristaps 632: Memory address.
633: Do not use this for postal addresses.
1.63 kristaps 634: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 635: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 636: .Dl \&.Ad [0,$]
637: .Dl \&.Ad 0x00000000
1.63 kristaps 638: .Ss \&An
1.100 kristaps 639: Author name.
1.196 schwarze 640: Can be used both for the authors of the program, function, or driver
641: documented in the manual, or for the authors of the manual itself.
1.141 kristaps 642: Requires either the name of an author or one of the following arguments:
1.140 kristaps 643: .Pp
644: .Bl -tag -width "-nosplitX" -offset indent -compact
1.64 kristaps 645: .It Fl split
1.141 kristaps 646: Start a new output line before each subsequent invocation of
647: .Sx \&An .
1.64 kristaps 648: .It Fl nosplit
649: The opposite of
650: .Fl split .
651: .El
652: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 653: The default is
654: .Fl nosplit .
655: The effect of selecting either of the
656: .Fl split
657: modes ends at the beginning of the
658: .Em AUTHORS
659: section.
1.140 kristaps 660: In the
661: .Em AUTHORS
1.141 kristaps 662: section, the default is
663: .Fl nosplit
664: for the first author listing and
1.64 kristaps 665: .Fl split
1.141 kristaps 666: for all other author listings.
1.64 kristaps 667: .Pp
668: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 669: .Dl \&.An -nosplit
1.219 schwarze 670: .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
1.63 kristaps 671: .Ss \&Ao
1.141 kristaps 672: Begin a block enclosed by angle brackets.
1.100 kristaps 673: Does not have any head arguments.
1.63 kristaps 674: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 675: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 676: .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Ao \&Ar val \&Ac
1.63 kristaps 677: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 678: See also
679: .Sx \&Aq .
1.63 kristaps 680: .Ss \&Ap
1.138 kristaps 681: Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding whitespace.
1.124 kristaps 682: This is generally used as a grammatical device when referring to the verb
1.140 kristaps 683: form of a function.
684: .Pp
685: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 686: .Dl \&.Fn execve \&Ap d
1.63 kristaps 687: .Ss \&Aq
1.141 kristaps 688: Encloses its arguments in angle brackets.
1.64 kristaps 689: .Pp
690: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 691: .Dl \&.Fl -key= \&Ns \&Aq \&Ar val
1.64 kristaps 692: .Pp
693: .Em Remarks :
694: this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
695: .Sx \&Lk
696: or
697: .Sx \&Mt ,
698: or to note pre-processor
699: .Dq Li #include
700: statements, which should use
701: .Sx \&In .
702: .Pp
703: See also
704: .Sx \&Ao .
1.63 kristaps 705: .Ss \&Ar
1.100 kristaps 706: Command arguments.
707: If an argument is not provided, the string
1.141 kristaps 708: .Dq file ...\&
1.66 kristaps 709: is used as a default.
1.64 kristaps 710: .Pp
711: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 712: .Dl ".Fl o Ar file"
713: .Dl ".Ar"
714: .Dl ".Ar arg1 , arg2 ."
715: .Pp
716: The arguments to the
717: .Sx \&Ar
718: macro are names and placeholders for command arguments;
719: for fixed strings to be passed verbatim as arguments, use
720: .Sx \&Fl
721: or
722: .Sx \&Cm .
1.63 kristaps 723: .Ss \&At
1.220 schwarze 724: Formats an
725: .At
726: version.
1.141 kristaps 727: Accepts one optional argument:
1.140 kristaps 728: .Pp
729: .Bl -tag -width "v[1-7] | 32vX" -offset indent -compact
1.64 kristaps 730: .It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
731: A version of
732: .At .
1.192 schwarze 733: .It Cm III
734: .At III .
1.64 kristaps 735: .It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
1.141 kristaps 736: A version of
737: .At V .
1.64 kristaps 738: .El
739: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 740: Note that these arguments do not begin with a hyphen.
1.64 kristaps 741: .Pp
742: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 743: .Dl \&.At
1.192 schwarze 744: .Dl \&.At III
1.173 kristaps 745: .Dl \&.At V.1
1.65 kristaps 746: .Pp
747: See also
1.66 kristaps 748: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 749: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 750: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 751: .Sx \&Fx ,
752: .Sx \&Nx ,
753: and
1.230 schwarze 754: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 755: .Ss \&Bc
1.141 kristaps 756: Close a
1.64 kristaps 757: .Sx \&Bo
1.138 kristaps 758: block.
759: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 760: .Ss \&Bd
1.141 kristaps 761: Begin a display block.
1.131 kristaps 762: Its syntax is as follows:
763: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
764: .Pf \. Sx \&Bd
1.141 kristaps 765: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131 kristaps 766: .Op Fl offset Ar width
767: .Op Fl compact
768: .Ed
769: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 770: Display blocks are used to select a different indentation and
771: justification than the one used by the surrounding text.
1.185 kristaps 772: They may contain both macro lines and text lines.
1.141 kristaps 773: By default, a display block is preceded by a vertical space.
1.64 kristaps 774: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 775: The
776: .Ar type
777: must be one of the following:
778: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
779: .It Fl centered
1.198 schwarze 780: Produce one output line from each input line, and centre-justify each line.
1.141 kristaps 781: Using this display type is not recommended; many
782: .Nm
783: implementations render it poorly.
784: .It Fl filled
1.198 schwarze 785: Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left- and
786: right-justify the resulting block.
1.141 kristaps 787: .It Fl literal
1.198 schwarze 788: Produce one output line from each input line,
789: and do not justify the block at all.
1.169 kristaps 790: Preserve white space as it appears in the input.
1.198 schwarze 791: Always use a constant-width font.
792: Use this for displaying source code.
1.64 kristaps 793: .It Fl ragged
1.198 schwarze 794: Change the positions of line breaks to fill each line, and left-justify
795: the resulting block.
1.64 kristaps 796: .It Fl unfilled
1.198 schwarze 797: The same as
798: .Fl literal ,
799: but using the same font as for normal text, which is a variable width font
800: if supported by the output device.
1.64 kristaps 801: .El
802: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 803: The
804: .Ar type
805: must be provided first.
806: Additional arguments may follow:
807: .Bl -tag -width 13n -offset indent
808: .It Fl offset Ar width
809: Indent the display by the
810: .Ar width ,
811: which may be one of the following:
1.64 kristaps 812: .Bl -item
813: .It
1.141 kristaps 814: One of the pre-defined strings
815: .Cm indent ,
1.198 schwarze 816: the width of a standard indentation (six constant width characters);
1.141 kristaps 817: .Cm indent-two ,
1.64 kristaps 818: twice
1.141 kristaps 819: .Cm indent ;
820: .Cm left ,
1.131 kristaps 821: which has no effect;
1.141 kristaps 822: .Cm right ,
823: which justifies to the right margin; or
824: .Cm center ,
1.64 kristaps 825: which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
826: .It
1.141 kristaps 827: A macro invocation, which selects a predefined width
828: associated with that macro.
1.100 kristaps 829: The most popular is the imaginary macro
1.67 kristaps 830: .Ar \&Ds ,
1.64 kristaps 831: which resolves to
1.141 kristaps 832: .Sy 6n .
1.64 kristaps 833: .It
1.215 schwarze 834: A scaling width as described in
835: .Xr roff 7 .
1.64 kristaps 836: .It
1.141 kristaps 837: An arbitrary string, which indents by the length of this string.
1.64 kristaps 838: .El
839: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 840: When the argument is missing,
841: .Fl offset
842: is ignored.
1.64 kristaps 843: .It Fl compact
1.141 kristaps 844: Do not assert vertical space before the display.
1.64 kristaps 845: .El
846: .Pp
847: Examples:
848: .Bd -literal -offset indent
1.141 kristaps 849: \&.Bd \-literal \-offset indent \-compact
1.65 kristaps 850: Hello world.
1.64 kristaps 851: \&.Ed
852: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 853: .Pp
854: See also
855: .Sx \&D1
856: and
857: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63 kristaps 858: .Ss \&Bf
1.129 kristaps 859: Change the font mode for a scoped block of text.
860: Its syntax is as follows:
861: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
862: .Pf \. Sx \&Bf
863: .Oo
864: .Fl emphasis | literal | symbolic |
865: .Cm \&Em | \&Li | \&Sy
866: .Oc
867: .Ed
868: .Pp
869: The
870: .Fl emphasis
871: and
872: .Cm \&Em
873: argument are equivalent, as are
874: .Fl symbolic
875: and
1.144 schwarze 876: .Cm \&Sy ,
1.129 kristaps 877: and
878: .Fl literal
879: and
880: .Cm \&Li .
881: Without an argument, this macro does nothing.
882: The font mode continues until broken by a new font mode in a nested
883: scope or
884: .Sx \&Ef
885: is encountered.
886: .Pp
887: See also
888: .Sx \&Li ,
889: .Sx \&Ef ,
1.141 kristaps 890: .Sx \&Em ,
1.129 kristaps 891: and
892: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 893: .Ss \&Bk
1.186 schwarze 894: For each macro, keep its output together on the same output line,
895: until the end of the macro or the end of the input line is reached,
896: whichever comes first.
1.185 kristaps 897: Line breaks in text lines are unaffected.
1.141 kristaps 898: The syntax is as follows:
1.131 kristaps 899: .Pp
900: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Bk Fl words
901: .Pp
1.133 kristaps 902: The
903: .Fl words
1.141 kristaps 904: argument is required; additional arguments are ignored.
1.127 schwarze 905: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 906: The following example will not break within each
1.133 kristaps 907: .Sx \&Op
908: macro line:
1.127 schwarze 909: .Bd -literal -offset indent
910: \&.Bk \-words
1.133 kristaps 911: \&.Op Fl f Ar flags
912: \&.Op Fl o Ar output
1.127 schwarze 913: \&.Ek
914: .Ed
1.129 kristaps 915: .Pp
1.133 kristaps 916: Be careful in using over-long lines within a keep block!
917: Doing so will clobber the right margin.
1.63 kristaps 918: .Ss \&Bl
1.141 kristaps 919: Begin a list.
1.171 schwarze 920: Lists consist of items specified using the
1.141 kristaps 921: .Sx \&It
922: macro, containing a head or a body or both.
923: The list syntax is as follows:
1.131 kristaps 924: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
925: .Pf \. Sx \&Bl
1.141 kristaps 926: .Fl Ns Ar type
1.131 kristaps 927: .Op Fl width Ar val
928: .Op Fl offset Ar val
929: .Op Fl compact
930: .Op HEAD ...
931: .Ed
932: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 933: The list
934: .Ar type
935: is mandatory and must be specified first.
936: The
937: .Fl width
938: and
939: .Fl offset
1.215 schwarze 940: arguments accept scaling widths as described in
941: .Xr roff 7
1.141 kristaps 942: or use the length of the given string.
943: The
944: .Fl offset
945: is a global indentation for the whole list, affecting both item heads
946: and bodies.
947: For those list types supporting it, the
948: .Fl width
949: argument requests an additional indentation of item bodies,
950: to be added to the
951: .Fl offset .
952: Unless the
953: .Fl compact
954: argument is specified, list entries are separated by vertical space.
955: .Pp
1.103 kristaps 956: A list must specify one of the following list types:
957: .Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
958: .It Fl bullet
1.141 kristaps 959: No item heads can be specified, but a bullet will be printed at the head
960: of each item.
961: Item bodies start on the same output line as the bullet
962: and are indented according to the
1.104 kristaps 963: .Fl width
1.141 kristaps 964: argument.
1.103 kristaps 965: .It Fl column
966: A columnated list.
1.104 kristaps 967: The
968: .Fl width
1.141 kristaps 969: argument has no effect; instead, each argument specifies the width
1.215 schwarze 970: of one column, using either the scaling width syntax described in
971: .Xr roff 7
972: or the string length of the argument.
1.141 kristaps 973: If the first line of the body of a
1.114 kristaps 974: .Fl column
975: list is not an
976: .Sx \&It
1.141 kristaps 977: macro line,
978: .Sx \&It
979: contexts spanning one input line each are implied until an
1.114 kristaps 980: .Sx \&It
1.141 kristaps 981: macro line is encountered, at which point items start being interpreted as
1.114 kristaps 982: described in the
983: .Sx \&It
984: documentation.
1.103 kristaps 985: .It Fl dash
1.141 kristaps 986: Like
987: .Fl bullet ,
988: except that dashes are used in place of bullets.
1.103 kristaps 989: .It Fl diag
990: Like
991: .Fl inset ,
1.141 kristaps 992: except that item heads are not parsed for macro invocations.
1.198 schwarze 993: Most often used in the
994: .Em DIAGNOSTICS
995: section with error constants in the item heads.
1.103 kristaps 996: .It Fl enum
1.141 kristaps 997: A numbered list.
1.198 schwarze 998: No item heads can be specified.
1.141 kristaps 999: Formatted like
1000: .Fl bullet ,
1001: except that cardinal numbers are used in place of bullets,
1002: starting at 1.
1.103 kristaps 1003: .It Fl hang
1004: Like
1005: .Fl tag ,
1.141 kristaps 1006: except that the first lines of item bodies are not indented, but follow
1007: the item heads like in
1008: .Fl inset
1009: lists.
1.103 kristaps 1010: .It Fl hyphen
1011: Synonym for
1012: .Fl dash .
1013: .It Fl inset
1.141 kristaps 1014: Item bodies follow items heads on the same line, using normal inter-word
1015: spacing.
1016: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104 kristaps 1017: .Fl width
1018: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1019: .It Fl item
1.141 kristaps 1020: No item heads can be specified, and none are printed.
1021: Bodies are not indented, and the
1.104 kristaps 1022: .Fl width
1023: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1024: .It Fl ohang
1.141 kristaps 1025: Item bodies start on the line following item heads and are not indented.
1.104 kristaps 1026: The
1027: .Fl width
1028: argument is ignored.
1.103 kristaps 1029: .It Fl tag
1.141 kristaps 1030: Item bodies are indented according to the
1.103 kristaps 1031: .Fl width
1032: argument.
1.141 kristaps 1033: When an item head fits inside the indentation, the item body follows
1034: this head on the same output line.
1035: Otherwise, the body starts on the output line following the head.
1.103 kristaps 1036: .El
1.114 kristaps 1037: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 1038: Lists may be nested within lists and displays.
1039: Nesting of
1040: .Fl column
1041: and
1042: .Fl enum
1043: lists may not be portable.
1044: .Pp
1.114 kristaps 1045: See also
1.141 kristaps 1046: .Sx \&El
1047: and
1.114 kristaps 1048: .Sx \&It .
1.63 kristaps 1049: .Ss \&Bo
1.141 kristaps 1050: Begin a block enclosed by square brackets.
1.100 kristaps 1051: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65 kristaps 1052: .Pp
1053: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1054: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65 kristaps 1055: \&.Bo 1 ,
1.91 kristaps 1056: \&.Dv BUFSIZ \&Bc
1.65 kristaps 1057: .Ed
1058: .Pp
1059: See also
1060: .Sx \&Bq .
1.63 kristaps 1061: .Ss \&Bq
1.82 kristaps 1062: Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
1.65 kristaps 1063: .Pp
1064: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1065: .Dl \&.Bq 1 , \&Dv BUFSIZ
1.65 kristaps 1066: .Pp
1067: .Em Remarks :
1068: this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
1069: commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
1070: .Sx \&Op ,
1071: .Sx \&Oo ,
1072: and
1073: .Sx \&Oc .
1074: .Pp
1075: See also
1076: .Sx \&Bo .
1.63 kristaps 1077: .Ss \&Brc
1.141 kristaps 1078: Close a
1.65 kristaps 1079: .Sx \&Bro
1.138 kristaps 1080: block.
1081: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 1082: .Ss \&Bro
1.141 kristaps 1083: Begin a block enclosed by curly braces.
1.100 kristaps 1084: Does not have any head arguments.
1.65 kristaps 1085: .Pp
1086: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1087: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.65 kristaps 1088: \&.Bro 1 , ... ,
1.91 kristaps 1089: \&.Va n \&Brc
1.65 kristaps 1090: .Ed
1091: .Pp
1092: See also
1093: .Sx \&Brq .
1.63 kristaps 1094: .Ss \&Brq
1.65 kristaps 1095: Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
1096: .Pp
1097: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1098: .Dl \&.Brq 1 , ... , \&Va n
1.65 kristaps 1099: .Pp
1100: See also
1101: .Sx \&Bro .
1.63 kristaps 1102: .Ss \&Bsx
1.220 schwarze 1103: Format the
1104: .Bsx
1105: version provided as an argument, or a default value if
1.65 kristaps 1106: no argument is provided.
1107: .Pp
1108: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1109: .Dl \&.Bsx 1.0
1110: .Dl \&.Bsx
1.65 kristaps 1111: .Pp
1112: See also
1113: .Sx \&At ,
1114: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 1115: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1116: .Sx \&Fx ,
1117: .Sx \&Nx ,
1118: and
1.230 schwarze 1119: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1120: .Ss \&Bt
1.230 schwarze 1121: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
1.66 kristaps 1122: Prints
1.198 schwarze 1123: .Dq is currently in beta test.
1.63 kristaps 1124: .Ss \&Bx
1.220 schwarze 1125: Format the
1126: .Bx
1127: version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
1.65 kristaps 1128: argument is provided.
1129: .Pp
1130: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 1131: .Dl \&.Bx 4.3 Tahoe
1.173 kristaps 1132: .Dl \&.Bx 4.4
1133: .Dl \&.Bx
1.65 kristaps 1134: .Pp
1135: See also
1136: .Sx \&At ,
1137: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.66 kristaps 1138: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1139: .Sx \&Fx ,
1140: .Sx \&Nx ,
1141: and
1.230 schwarze 1142: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1143: .Ss \&Cd
1.141 kristaps 1144: Kernel configuration declaration.
1.100 kristaps 1145: This denotes strings accepted by
1.66 kristaps 1146: .Xr config 8 .
1.196 schwarze 1147: It is most often used in section 4 manual pages.
1.66 kristaps 1148: .Pp
1149: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1150: .Dl \&.Cd device le0 at scode?
1.66 kristaps 1151: .Pp
1152: .Em Remarks :
1153: this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
1.138 kristaps 1154: whitespace and align consecutive
1.66 kristaps 1155: .Sx \&Cd
1.100 kristaps 1156: declarations.
1157: This practise is discouraged.
1.63 kristaps 1158: .Ss \&Cm
1.100 kristaps 1159: Command modifiers.
1.196 schwarze 1160: Typically used for fixed strings passed as arguments, unless
1161: .Sx \&Fl
1162: is more appropriate.
1163: Also useful when specifying configuration options or keys.
1.66 kristaps 1164: .Pp
1165: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1166: .Dl ".Nm mt Fl f Ar device Cm rewind"
1167: .Dl ".Nm ps Fl o Cm pid , Ns Cm command"
1168: .Dl ".Nm dd Cm if= Ns Ar file1 Cm of= Ns Ar file2"
1169: .Dl ".Cm IdentityFile Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa"
1170: .Dl ".Cm LogLevel Dv DEBUG"
1.63 kristaps 1171: .Ss \&D1
1.100 kristaps 1172: One-line indented display.
1173: This is formatted by the default rules and is useful for simple indented
1174: statements.
1175: It is followed by a newline.
1.66 kristaps 1176: .Pp
1177: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1178: .Dl \&.D1 \&Fl abcdefgh
1.66 kristaps 1179: .Pp
1180: See also
1181: .Sx \&Bd
1182: and
1183: .Sx \&Dl .
1.63 kristaps 1184: .Ss \&Db
1.141 kristaps 1185: Switch debugging mode.
1.120 kristaps 1186: Its syntax is as follows:
1.117 kristaps 1187: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1188: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Db Cm on | off
1.141 kristaps 1189: .Pp
1190: This macro is ignored by
1191: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1.63 kristaps 1192: .Ss \&Dc
1.141 kristaps 1193: Close a
1.66 kristaps 1194: .Sx \&Do
1.138 kristaps 1195: block.
1196: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 1197: .Ss \&Dd
1.233 ! schwarze 1198: Document date for display in the page footer.
1.100 kristaps 1199: This is the mandatory first macro of any
1.66 kristaps 1200: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 1201: manual.
1.120 kristaps 1202: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66 kristaps 1203: .Pp
1.181 schwarze 1204: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Dd Ar month day , year
1.66 kristaps 1205: .Pp
1.82 kristaps 1206: The
1.181 schwarze 1207: .Ar month
1208: is the full English month name, the
1209: .Ar day
1210: is an optionally zero-padded numeral, and the
1211: .Ar year
1212: is the full four-digit year.
1213: .Pp
1214: Other arguments are not portable; the
1215: .Xr mandoc 1
1216: utility handles them as follows:
1217: .Bl -dash -offset 3n -compact
1218: .It
1219: To have the date automatically filled in by the
1220: .Ox
1221: version of
1.72 kristaps 1222: .Xr cvs 1 ,
1.181 schwarze 1223: the special string
1224: .Dq $\&Mdocdate$
1225: can be given as an argument.
1226: .It
1.233 ! schwarze 1227: The traditional, purely numeric
! 1228: .Xr man 7
! 1229: format
! 1230: .Ar year Ns \(en Ns Ar month Ns \(en Ns Ar day
! 1231: is accepted, too.
1.181 schwarze 1232: .It
1233: If a date string cannot be parsed, it is used verbatim.
1234: .It
1235: If no date string is given, the current date is used.
1236: .El
1.66 kristaps 1237: .Pp
1238: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1239: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
1240: .Dl \&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
1241: .Dl \&.Dd July 21, 2007
1.66 kristaps 1242: .Pp
1243: See also
1244: .Sx \&Dt
1245: and
1246: .Sx \&Os .
1.63 kristaps 1247: .Ss \&Dl
1.100 kristaps 1248: One-line intended display.
1249: This is formatted as literal text and is useful for commands and
1250: invocations.
1251: It is followed by a newline.
1.66 kristaps 1252: .Pp
1253: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1254: .Dl \&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 \e(ba less
1.66 kristaps 1255: .Pp
1256: See also
1257: .Sx \&Bd
1258: and
1259: .Sx \&D1 .
1.63 kristaps 1260: .Ss \&Do
1.141 kristaps 1261: Begin a block enclosed by double quotes.
1.138 kristaps 1262: Does not have any head arguments.
1.66 kristaps 1263: .Pp
1264: Examples:
1.140 kristaps 1265: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1266: \&.Do
1267: April is the cruellest month
1268: \&.Dc
1269: \e(em T.S. Eliot
1270: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 1271: .Pp
1272: See also
1273: .Sx \&Dq .
1.63 kristaps 1274: .Ss \&Dq
1.138 kristaps 1275: Encloses its arguments in
1276: .Dq typographic
1277: double-quotes.
1.66 kristaps 1278: .Pp
1279: Examples:
1.91 kristaps 1280: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.66 kristaps 1281: \&.Dq April is the cruellest month
1282: \e(em T.S. Eliot
1283: .Ed
1284: .Pp
1285: See also
1.139 kristaps 1286: .Sx \&Qq ,
1287: .Sx \&Sq ,
1.138 kristaps 1288: and
1.66 kristaps 1289: .Sx \&Do .
1.139 kristaps 1290: .Ss \&Dt
1.233 ! schwarze 1291: Document title for display in the page header.
1.100 kristaps 1292: This is the mandatory second macro of any
1.66 kristaps 1293: .Nm
1.100 kristaps 1294: file.
1.120 kristaps 1295: Its syntax is as follows:
1296: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1297: .Pf \. Sx \&Dt
1.233 ! schwarze 1298: .Ar TITLE
1.141 kristaps 1299: .Ar section
1.233 ! schwarze 1300: .Op Ar volume | arch
1.120 kristaps 1301: .Ed
1.66 kristaps 1302: .Pp
1303: Its arguments are as follows:
1.233 ! schwarze 1304: .Bl -tag -width section -offset 2n
! 1305: .It Ar TITLE
1.111 kristaps 1306: The document's title (name), defaulting to
1.233 ! schwarze 1307: .Dq UNTITLED
1.111 kristaps 1308: if unspecified.
1.233 ! schwarze 1309: To achieve a uniform appearance of page header lines,
! 1310: it should by convention be all caps.
1.141 kristaps 1311: .It Ar section
1.100 kristaps 1312: The manual section.
1313: This may be one of
1.225 schwarze 1314: .Cm 1
1.66 kristaps 1315: .Pq utilities ,
1.225 schwarze 1316: .Cm 2
1.66 kristaps 1317: .Pq system calls ,
1.225 schwarze 1318: .Cm 3
1.66 kristaps 1319: .Pq libraries ,
1.225 schwarze 1320: .Cm 3p
1.66 kristaps 1321: .Pq Perl libraries ,
1.225 schwarze 1322: .Cm 4
1.66 kristaps 1323: .Pq devices ,
1.225 schwarze 1324: .Cm 5
1.66 kristaps 1325: .Pq file formats ,
1.225 schwarze 1326: .Cm 6
1.66 kristaps 1327: .Pq games ,
1.225 schwarze 1328: .Cm 7
1.66 kristaps 1329: .Pq miscellaneous ,
1.225 schwarze 1330: .Cm 8
1.66 kristaps 1331: .Pq system utilities ,
1.225 schwarze 1332: .Cm 9
1.66 kristaps 1333: .Pq kernel functions ,
1.225 schwarze 1334: .Cm X11
1.66 kristaps 1335: .Pq X Window System ,
1.225 schwarze 1336: .Cm X11R6
1.66 kristaps 1337: .Pq X Window System ,
1.225 schwarze 1338: .Cm unass
1.66 kristaps 1339: .Pq unassociated ,
1.225 schwarze 1340: .Cm local
1.66 kristaps 1341: .Pq local system ,
1.225 schwarze 1342: .Cm draft
1.66 kristaps 1343: .Pq draft manual ,
1344: or
1.225 schwarze 1345: .Cm paper
1.66 kristaps 1346: .Pq paper .
1.111 kristaps 1347: It should correspond to the manual's filename suffix and defaults to
1.233 ! schwarze 1348: the empty string if unspecified.
1.141 kristaps 1349: .It Ar volume
1.66 kristaps 1350: This overrides the volume inferred from
1351: .Ar section .
1352: This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
1.225 schwarze 1353: .Cm USD
1.66 kristaps 1354: .Pq users' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1355: .Cm PS1
1.66 kristaps 1356: .Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1357: .Cm AMD
1.66 kristaps 1358: .Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
1.225 schwarze 1359: .Cm SMM
1.66 kristaps 1360: .Pq system managers' manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1361: .Cm URM
1.66 kristaps 1362: .Pq users' reference manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1363: .Cm PRM
1.66 kristaps 1364: .Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1365: .Cm KM
1.66 kristaps 1366: .Pq kernel manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1367: .Cm IND
1.66 kristaps 1368: .Pq master index ,
1.225 schwarze 1369: .Cm MMI
1.66 kristaps 1370: .Pq master index ,
1.225 schwarze 1371: .Cm LOCAL
1.66 kristaps 1372: .Pq local manuals ,
1.225 schwarze 1373: .Cm LOC
1.66 kristaps 1374: .Pq local manuals ,
1375: or
1.225 schwarze 1376: .Cm CON
1.66 kristaps 1377: .Pq contributed manuals .
1.141 kristaps 1378: .It Ar arch
1.213 schwarze 1379: This specifies the machine architecture a manual page applies to,
1380: where relevant, for example
1381: .Cm alpha ,
1382: .Cm amd64 ,
1383: .Cm i386 ,
1.66 kristaps 1384: or
1.213 schwarze 1385: .Cm sparc64 .
1386: The list of supported architectures varies by operating system.
1387: For the full list of all architectures recognized by
1388: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
1389: see the file
1390: .Pa arch.in
1391: in the source distribution.
1.66 kristaps 1392: .El
1393: .Pp
1394: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1395: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 1
1396: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 4 KM
1397: .Dl \&.Dt FOO 9 i386
1.66 kristaps 1398: .Pp
1399: See also
1400: .Sx \&Dd
1401: and
1402: .Sx \&Os .
1.63 kristaps 1403: .Ss \&Dv
1.189 kristaps 1404: Defined variables such as preprocessor constants, constant symbols,
1405: enumeration values, and so on.
1.66 kristaps 1406: .Pp
1407: Examples:
1.189 kristaps 1408: .Dl \&.Dv NULL
1.173 kristaps 1409: .Dl \&.Dv BUFSIZ
1410: .Dl \&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
1.66 kristaps 1411: .Pp
1412: See also
1.189 kristaps 1413: .Sx \&Er
1414: and
1415: .Sx \&Ev
1.222 schwarze 1416: for special-purpose constants,
1.189 kristaps 1417: .Sx \&Va
1.222 schwarze 1418: for variable symbols, and
1419: .Sx \&Fd
1420: for listing preprocessor variable definitions in the
1421: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1.63 kristaps 1422: .Ss \&Dx
1.220 schwarze 1423: Format the
1424: .Dx
1425: version provided as an argument, or a default
1.66 kristaps 1426: value if no argument is provided.
1427: .Pp
1428: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1429: .Dl \&.Dx 2.4.1
1430: .Dl \&.Dx
1.66 kristaps 1431: .Pp
1432: See also
1433: .Sx \&At ,
1434: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1435: .Sx \&Bx ,
1436: .Sx \&Fx ,
1437: .Sx \&Nx ,
1438: and
1.230 schwarze 1439: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1440: .Ss \&Ec
1.131 kristaps 1441: Close a scope started by
1442: .Sx \&Eo .
1443: Its syntax is as follows:
1444: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 1445: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ec Op Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1446: .Pp
1447: The
1.141 kristaps 1448: .Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1449: argument is used as the enclosure tail, for example, specifying \e(rq
1450: will emulate
1451: .Sx \&Dc .
1.63 kristaps 1452: .Ss \&Ed
1.131 kristaps 1453: End a display context started by
1454: .Sx \&Bd .
1.63 kristaps 1455: .Ss \&Ef
1.141 kristaps 1456: End a font mode context started by
1.129 kristaps 1457: .Sx \&Bf .
1.63 kristaps 1458: .Ss \&Ek
1.141 kristaps 1459: End a keep context started by
1.127 schwarze 1460: .Sx \&Bk .
1.63 kristaps 1461: .Ss \&El
1.141 kristaps 1462: End a list context started by
1.117 kristaps 1463: .Sx \&Bl .
1464: .Pp
1465: See also
1466: .Sx \&Bl
1467: and
1468: .Sx \&It .
1.63 kristaps 1469: .Ss \&Em
1.198 schwarze 1470: Denotes text that should be
1471: .Em emphasised .
1.100 kristaps 1472: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
1473: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.198 schwarze 1474: Depending on the output device, this is usually represented
1475: using an italic font or underlined characters.
1.66 kristaps 1476: .Pp
1477: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1478: .Dl \&.Em Warnings!
1479: .Dl \&.Em Remarks :
1.138 kristaps 1480: .Pp
1481: See also
1482: .Sx \&Bf ,
1.198 schwarze 1483: .Sx \&Li ,
1484: .Sx \&No ,
1.138 kristaps 1485: and
1.198 schwarze 1486: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 1487: .Ss \&En
1.231 schwarze 1488: This macro is obsolete.
1489: Use
1490: .Sx \&Eo
1491: or any of the other enclosure macros.
1492: .Pp
1493: It encloses its argument in the delimiters specified by the last
1494: .Sx \&Es
1495: macro.
1.63 kristaps 1496: .Ss \&Eo
1.131 kristaps 1497: An arbitrary enclosure.
1498: Its syntax is as follows:
1499: .Pp
1.141 kristaps 1500: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Eo Op Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1501: .Pp
1502: The
1.141 kristaps 1503: .Ar TERM
1.131 kristaps 1504: argument is used as the enclosure head, for example, specifying \e(lq
1505: will emulate
1506: .Sx \&Do .
1.63 kristaps 1507: .Ss \&Er
1.189 kristaps 1508: Error constants for definitions of the
1509: .Va errno
1510: libc global variable.
1.196 schwarze 1511: This is most often used in section 2 and 3 manual pages.
1.66 kristaps 1512: .Pp
1513: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1514: .Dl \&.Er EPERM
1515: .Dl \&.Er ENOENT
1.66 kristaps 1516: .Pp
1517: See also
1.189 kristaps 1518: .Sx \&Dv
1519: for general constants.
1.63 kristaps 1520: .Ss \&Es
1.231 schwarze 1521: This macro is obsolete.
1522: Use
1523: .Sx \&Eo
1524: or any of the other enclosure macros.
1525: .Pp
1526: It takes two arguments, defining the delimiters to be used by subsequent
1527: .Sx \&En
1528: macros.
1.63 kristaps 1529: .Ss \&Ev
1.66 kristaps 1530: Environmental variables such as those specified in
1531: .Xr environ 7 .
1532: .Pp
1533: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1534: .Dl \&.Ev DISPLAY
1535: .Dl \&.Ev PATH
1.189 kristaps 1536: .Pp
1537: See also
1538: .Sx \&Dv
1539: for general constants.
1.63 kristaps 1540: .Ss \&Ex
1.191 kristaps 1541: Insert a standard sentence regarding command exit values of 0 on success
1542: and >0 on failure.
1.196 schwarze 1543: This is most often used in section 1, 6, and 8 manual pages.
1.141 kristaps 1544: Its syntax is as follows:
1545: .Pp
1.193 schwarze 1546: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ex Fl std Op Ar utility ...
1.141 kristaps 1547: .Pp
1.191 kristaps 1548: If
1.66 kristaps 1549: .Ar utility
1.141 kristaps 1550: is not specified, the document's name set by
1.66 kristaps 1551: .Sx \&Nm
1.141 kristaps 1552: is used.
1.191 kristaps 1553: Multiple
1554: .Ar utility
1555: arguments are treated as separate utilities.
1.139 kristaps 1556: .Pp
1557: See also
1558: .Sx \&Rv .
1.63 kristaps 1559: .Ss \&Fa
1.117 kristaps 1560: Function argument.
1.120 kristaps 1561: Its syntax is as follows:
1562: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1563: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa
1.232 schwarze 1564: .Qo
1565: .Op Ar argtype
1566: .Op Ar argname
1567: .Qc Ar \&...
1.120 kristaps 1568: .Ed
1569: .Pp
1.232 schwarze 1570: Each argument may be a name and a type (recommended for the
1571: .Em SYNOPSIS
1572: section), a name alone (for function invocations),
1573: or a type alone (for function prototypes).
1574: If both a type and a name are given or if the type consists of multiple
1575: words, all words belonging to the same function argument have to be
1576: given in a single argument to the
1577: .Sx \&Fa
1578: macro.
1579: .Pp
1580: This macro is also used to specify the field name of a structure.
1581: .Pp
1.117 kristaps 1582: Most often, the
1583: .Sx \&Fa
1584: macro is used in the
1585: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.120 kristaps 1586: within
1587: .Sx \&Fo
1.232 schwarze 1588: blocks when documenting multi-line function prototypes.
1.117 kristaps 1589: If invoked with multiple arguments, the arguments are separated by a
1590: comma.
1591: Furthermore, if the following macro is another
1592: .Sx \&Fa ,
1593: the last argument will also have a trailing comma.
1594: .Pp
1595: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1596: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqconst char *p\(dq
1597: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqint a\(dq \(dqint b\(dq \(dqint c\(dq
1.232 schwarze 1598: .Dl \&.Fa \(dqchar *\(dq size_t
1.120 kristaps 1599: .Pp
1600: See also
1601: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1602: .Ss \&Fc
1.141 kristaps 1603: End a function context started by
1.131 kristaps 1604: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1605: .Ss \&Fd
1.222 schwarze 1606: Preprocessor directive, in particular for listing it in the
1607: .Em SYNOPSIS .
1608: Historically, it was also used to document include files.
1609: The latter usage has been deprecated in favour of
1.117 kristaps 1610: .Sx \&In .
1.222 schwarze 1611: .Pp
1612: Its syntax is as follows:
1613: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1614: .Pf \. Sx \&Fd
1615: .Li # Ns Ar directive
1616: .Op Ar argument ...
1617: .Ed
1618: .Pp
1619: Examples:
1620: .Dl \&.Fd #define sa_handler __sigaction_u.__sa_handler
1621: .Dl \&.Fd #define SIO_MAXNFDS
1622: .Dl \&.Fd #ifdef FS_DEBUG
1623: .Dl \&.Ft void
1624: .Dl \&.Fn dbg_open \(dqconst char *\(dq
1625: .Dl \&.Fd #endif
1.117 kristaps 1626: .Pp
1627: See also
1.222 schwarze 1628: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1629: .Sx \&In ,
1.122 kristaps 1630: and
1.222 schwarze 1631: .Sx \&Dv .
1.63 kristaps 1632: .Ss \&Fl
1.196 schwarze 1633: Command-line flag or option.
1.100 kristaps 1634: Used when listing arguments to command-line utilities.
1635: Prints a fixed-width hyphen
1.79 kristaps 1636: .Sq \-
1.100 kristaps 1637: directly followed by each argument.
1638: If no arguments are provided, a hyphen is printed followed by a space.
1639: If the argument is a macro, a hyphen is prefixed to the subsequent macro
1640: output.
1.79 kristaps 1641: .Pp
1642: Examples:
1.199 schwarze 1643: .Dl ".Fl R Op Fl H | L | P"
1644: .Dl ".Op Fl 1AaCcdFfgHhikLlmnopqRrSsTtux"
1645: .Dl ".Fl type Cm d Fl name Pa CVS"
1646: .Dl ".Fl Ar signal_number"
1647: .Dl ".Fl o Fl"
1.79 kristaps 1648: .Pp
1649: See also
1650: .Sx \&Cm .
1.63 kristaps 1651: .Ss \&Fn
1.119 kristaps 1652: A function name.
1.120 kristaps 1653: Its syntax is as follows:
1.119 kristaps 1654: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1655: .Pf \. Ns Sx \&Fn
1.185 kristaps 1656: .Op Ar functype
1657: .Ar funcname
1658: .Op Oo Ar argtype Oc Ar argname
1.119 kristaps 1659: .Ed
1.120 kristaps 1660: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 1661: Function arguments are surrounded in parenthesis and
1.119 kristaps 1662: are delimited by commas.
1663: If no arguments are specified, blank parenthesis are output.
1.196 schwarze 1664: In the
1665: .Em SYNOPSIS
1666: section, this macro starts a new output line,
1667: and a blank line is automatically inserted between function definitions.
1.119 kristaps 1668: .Pp
1669: Examples:
1.203 kristaps 1670: .Dl \&.Fn \(dqint funcname\(dq \(dqint arg0\(dq \(dqint arg1\(dq
1671: .Dl \&.Fn funcname \(dqint arg0\(dq
1.173 kristaps 1672: .Dl \&.Fn funcname arg0
1.196 schwarze 1673: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1674: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1675: \&.Ft functype
1676: \&.Fn funcname
1677: .Ed
1.119 kristaps 1678: .Pp
1.163 schwarze 1679: When referring to a function documented in another manual page, use
1.162 schwarze 1680: .Sx \&Xr
1.163 schwarze 1681: instead.
1.119 kristaps 1682: See also
1.196 schwarze 1683: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1684: .Sx \&Fo ,
1.119 kristaps 1685: and
1686: .Sx \&Ft .
1.63 kristaps 1687: .Ss \&Fo
1.120 kristaps 1688: Begin a function block.
1689: This is a multi-line version of
1690: .Sx \&Fn .
1691: Its syntax is as follows:
1692: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1693: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
1.120 kristaps 1694: .Pp
1695: Invocations usually occur in the following context:
1696: .Bd -ragged -offset indent
1.185 kristaps 1697: .Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
1.120 kristaps 1698: .br
1.185 kristaps 1699: .Pf \. Sx \&Fo Ar funcname
1.120 kristaps 1700: .br
1.232 schwarze 1701: .Pf \. Sx \&Fa Qq Ar argtype Ar argname
1.120 kristaps 1702: .br
1.183 kristaps 1703: \&.\.\.
1.120 kristaps 1704: .br
1705: .Pf \. Sx \&Fc
1706: .Ed
1707: .Pp
1708: A
1709: .Sx \&Fo
1710: scope is closed by
1.196 schwarze 1711: .Sx \&Fc .
1.120 kristaps 1712: .Pp
1713: See also
1.122 kristaps 1714: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1.120 kristaps 1715: .Sx \&Fa ,
1716: .Sx \&Fc ,
1717: and
1.139 kristaps 1718: .Sx \&Ft .
1.190 schwarze 1719: .Ss \&Fr
1.231 schwarze 1720: This macro is obsolete.
1721: No replacement markup is needed.
1.198 schwarze 1722: .Pp
1.231 schwarze 1723: It was used to show numerical function return values in an italic font.
1.63 kristaps 1724: .Ss \&Ft
1.120 kristaps 1725: A function type.
1726: Its syntax is as follows:
1727: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1728: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ft Ar functype
1.120 kristaps 1729: .Pp
1.196 schwarze 1730: In the
1731: .Em SYNOPSIS
1732: section, a new output line is started after this macro.
1733: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1734: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1735: .Dl \&.Ft int
1.120 kristaps 1736: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1737: \&.Ft functype
1738: \&.Fn funcname
1739: .Ed
1740: .Pp
1741: See also
1.122 kristaps 1742: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE ,
1743: .Sx \&Fn ,
1.120 kristaps 1744: and
1.122 kristaps 1745: .Sx \&Fo .
1.63 kristaps 1746: .Ss \&Fx
1.144 schwarze 1747: Format the
1748: .Fx
1749: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65 kristaps 1750: if no argument is provided.
1751: .Pp
1752: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1753: .Dl \&.Fx 7.1
1754: .Dl \&.Fx
1.65 kristaps 1755: .Pp
1756: See also
1757: .Sx \&At ,
1.66 kristaps 1758: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 1759: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 1760: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 1761: .Sx \&Nx ,
1762: and
1.230 schwarze 1763: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 1764: .Ss \&Hf
1.198 schwarze 1765: This macro is not implemented in
1766: .Xr mandoc 1 .
1767: .Pp
1768: It was used to include the contents of a (header) file literally.
1769: The syntax was:
1770: .Pp
1771: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Hf Ar filename
1.63 kristaps 1772: .Ss \&Ic
1.132 kristaps 1773: Designate an internal or interactive command.
1774: This is similar to
1775: .Sx \&Cm
1776: but used for instructions rather than values.
1777: .Pp
1778: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1779: .Dl \&.Ic :wq
1.173 kristaps 1780: .Dl \&.Ic hash
1781: .Dl \&.Ic alias
1.132 kristaps 1782: .Pp
1783: Note that using
1.144 schwarze 1784: .Sx \&Bd Fl literal
1.132 kristaps 1785: or
1786: .Sx \&D1
1787: is preferred for displaying code; the
1788: .Sx \&Ic
1789: macro is used when referring to specific instructions.
1.63 kristaps 1790: .Ss \&In
1.118 kristaps 1791: An
1.138 kristaps 1792: .Dq include
1.118 kristaps 1793: file.
1.196 schwarze 1794: When invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
1.118 kristaps 1795: .Em SYNOPSIS
1.196 schwarze 1796: section, the argument is displayed in angle brackets
1797: and preceded by
1.138 kristaps 1798: .Dq #include ,
1.196 schwarze 1799: and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
1800: function declaration.
1801: This is most often used in section 2, 3, and 9 manual pages.
1.118 kristaps 1802: .Pp
1.122 kristaps 1803: Examples:
1.196 schwarze 1804: .Dl \&.In sys/types.h
1.122 kristaps 1805: .Pp
1806: See also
1807: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
1.63 kristaps 1808: .Ss \&It
1.120 kristaps 1809: A list item.
1810: The syntax of this macro depends on the list type.
1.114 kristaps 1811: .Pp
1812: Lists
1813: of type
1814: .Fl hang ,
1815: .Fl ohang ,
1816: .Fl inset ,
1817: and
1818: .Fl diag
1.120 kristaps 1819: have the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1820: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1821: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar args
1.114 kristaps 1822: .Pp
1823: Lists of type
1824: .Fl bullet ,
1825: .Fl dash ,
1826: .Fl enum ,
1827: .Fl hyphen
1828: and
1829: .Fl item
1.120 kristaps 1830: have the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1831: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1832: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It
1.114 kristaps 1833: .Pp
1834: with subsequent lines interpreted within the scope of the
1835: .Sx \&It
1836: until either a closing
1837: .Sx \&El
1838: or another
1839: .Sx \&It .
1840: .Pp
1841: The
1842: .Fl tag
1.120 kristaps 1843: list has the following syntax:
1.114 kristaps 1844: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1845: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Op Cm args
1.114 kristaps 1846: .Pp
1.120 kristaps 1847: Subsequent lines are interpreted as with
1.114 kristaps 1848: .Fl bullet
1849: and family.
1850: The line arguments correspond to the list's left-hand side; body
1851: arguments correspond to the list's contents.
1852: .Pp
1853: The
1854: .Fl column
1855: list is the most complicated.
1.120 kristaps 1856: Its syntax is as follows:
1.114 kristaps 1857: .Pp
1.190 schwarze 1858: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op <TAB> Ar cell ...
1859: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&It Ar cell Op Sx \&Ta Ar cell ...
1.114 kristaps 1860: .Pp
1.190 schwarze 1861: The arguments consist of one or more lines of text and macros
1862: representing a complete table line.
1863: Cells within the line are delimited by tabs or by the special
1864: .Sx \&Ta
1865: block macro.
1866: The tab cell delimiter may only be used within the
1.114 kristaps 1867: .Sx \&It
1.190 schwarze 1868: line itself; on following lines, only the
1869: .Sx \&Ta
1870: macro can be used to delimit cells, and
1871: .Sx \&Ta
1.208 kristaps 1872: is only recognised as a macro when called by other macros,
1.190 schwarze 1873: not as the first macro on a line.
1874: .Pp
1875: Note that quoted strings may span tab-delimited cells on an
1.114 kristaps 1876: .Sx \&It
1.190 schwarze 1877: line.
1878: For example,
1.114 kristaps 1879: .Pp
1.173 kristaps 1880: .Dl .It \(dqcol1 ; <TAB> col2 ;\(dq \&;
1.114 kristaps 1881: .Pp
1882: will preserve the semicolon whitespace except for the last.
1883: .Pp
1884: See also
1885: .Sx \&Bl .
1.63 kristaps 1886: .Ss \&Lb
1.109 kristaps 1887: Specify a library.
1.120 kristaps 1888: The syntax is as follows:
1.109 kristaps 1889: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1890: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lb Ar library
1.109 kristaps 1891: .Pp
1892: The
1.185 kristaps 1893: .Ar library
1.109 kristaps 1894: parameter may be a system library, such as
1.193 schwarze 1895: .Cm libz
1.109 kristaps 1896: or
1.193 schwarze 1897: .Cm libpam ,
1.109 kristaps 1898: in which case a small library description is printed next to the linker
1899: invocation; or a custom library, in which case the library name is
1900: printed in quotes.
1901: This is most commonly used in the
1902: .Em SYNOPSIS
1903: section as described in
1904: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
1905: .Pp
1906: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1907: .Dl \&.Lb libz
1.221 schwarze 1908: .Dl \&.Lb libmandoc
1.63 kristaps 1909: .Ss \&Li
1.198 schwarze 1910: Denotes text that should be in a
1911: .Li literal
1912: font mode.
1.131 kristaps 1913: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
1914: stylistically decorating technical terms.
1.138 kristaps 1915: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 1916: On terminal output devices, this is often indistinguishable from
1917: normal text.
1918: .Pp
1.138 kristaps 1919: See also
1920: .Sx \&Bf ,
1.198 schwarze 1921: .Sx \&Em ,
1922: .Sx \&No ,
1.138 kristaps 1923: and
1.198 schwarze 1924: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 1925: .Ss \&Lk
1.100 kristaps 1926: Format a hyperlink.
1.120 kristaps 1927: Its syntax is as follows:
1.70 kristaps 1928: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1929: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Lk Ar uri Op Ar name
1.70 kristaps 1930: .Pp
1931: Examples:
1.203 kristaps 1932: .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv \(dqThe BSD.lv Project\(dq
1.173 kristaps 1933: .Dl \&.Lk http://bsd.lv
1.70 kristaps 1934: .Pp
1935: See also
1936: .Sx \&Mt .
1.63 kristaps 1937: .Ss \&Lp
1.132 kristaps 1938: Synonym for
1939: .Sx \&Pp .
1.63 kristaps 1940: .Ss \&Ms
1.138 kristaps 1941: Display a mathematical symbol.
1.140 kristaps 1942: Its syntax is as follows:
1943: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1944: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Ms Ar symbol
1.138 kristaps 1945: .Pp
1946: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1947: .Dl \&.Ms sigma
1948: .Dl \&.Ms aleph
1.63 kristaps 1949: .Ss \&Mt
1.116 kristaps 1950: Format a
1.138 kristaps 1951: .Dq mailto:
1.116 kristaps 1952: hyperlink.
1.120 kristaps 1953: Its syntax is as follows:
1.116 kristaps 1954: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 1955: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Mt Ar address
1.116 kristaps 1956: .Pp
1957: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 1958: .Dl \&.Mt discuss@manpages.bsd.lv
1.219 schwarze 1959: .Dl \&.An Kristaps Dzonsons \&Aq \&Mt kristaps@bsd.lv
1.63 kristaps 1960: .Ss \&Nd
1.144 schwarze 1961: A one line description of the manual's content.
1.132 kristaps 1962: This may only be invoked in the
1963: .Em SYNOPSIS
1964: section subsequent the
1965: .Sx \&Nm
1966: macro.
1967: .Pp
1968: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 1969: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd mdoc language reference
1970: .Dl Pf . Sx \&Nd format and display UNIX manuals
1.132 kristaps 1971: .Pp
1972: The
1973: .Sx \&Nd
1974: macro technically accepts child macros and terminates with a subsequent
1975: .Sx \&Sh
1976: invocation.
1977: Do not assume this behaviour: some
1978: .Xr whatis 1
1979: database generators are not smart enough to parse more than the line
1980: arguments and will display macros verbatim.
1981: .Pp
1982: See also
1983: .Sx \&Nm .
1.63 kristaps 1984: .Ss \&Nm
1.128 schwarze 1985: The name of the manual page, or \(em in particular in section 1, 6,
1986: and 8 pages \(em of an additional command or feature documented in
1987: the manual page.
1988: When first invoked, the
1989: .Sx \&Nm
1990: macro expects a single argument, the name of the manual page.
1991: Usually, the first invocation happens in the
1992: .Em NAME
1993: section of the page.
1994: The specified name will be remembered and used whenever the macro is
1995: called again without arguments later in the page.
1996: The
1997: .Sx \&Nm
1998: macro uses
1999: .Sx Block full-implicit
2000: semantics when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
2001: .Em SYNOPSIS
2002: section; otherwise, it uses ordinary
2003: .Sx In-line
2004: semantics.
2005: .Pp
2006: Examples:
2007: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2008: \&.Sh SYNOPSIS
2009: \&.Nm cat
2010: \&.Op Fl benstuv
2011: \&.Op Ar
2012: .Ed
2013: .Pp
2014: In the
2015: .Em SYNOPSIS
2016: of section 2, 3 and 9 manual pages, use the
2017: .Sx \&Fn
2018: macro rather than
2019: .Sx \&Nm
2020: to mark up the name of the manual page.
1.63 kristaps 2021: .Ss \&No
1.198 schwarze 2022: Normal text.
2023: Closes the scope of any preceding in-line macro.
2024: When used after physical formatting macros like
2025: .Sx \&Em
2026: or
2027: .Sx \&Sy ,
2028: switches back to the standard font face and weight.
2029: Can also be used to embed plain text strings in macro lines
2030: using semantic annotation macros.
1.132 kristaps 2031: .Pp
2032: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2033: .Dl ".Em italic , Sy bold , No and roman"
2034: .Pp
2035: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
2036: \&.Sm off
2037: \&.Cm :C No / Ar pattern No / Ar replacement No /
2038: \&.Sm on
2039: .Ed
2040: .Pp
2041: See also
2042: .Sx \&Em ,
2043: .Sx \&Li ,
2044: and
2045: .Sx \&Sy .
1.63 kristaps 2046: .Ss \&Ns
1.198 schwarze 2047: Suppress a space between the output of the preceding macro
2048: and the following text or macro.
2049: Following invocation, input is interpreted as normal text
2050: just like after an
2051: .Sx \&No
2052: macro.
1.178 kristaps 2053: .Pp
2054: This has no effect when invoked at the start of a macro line.
1.138 kristaps 2055: .Pp
2056: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2057: .Dl ".Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value"
2058: .Dl ".Cm :M Ns Ar pattern"
2059: .Dl ".Fl o Ns Ar output"
1.138 kristaps 2060: .Pp
2061: See also
2062: .Sx \&No
2063: and
2064: .Sx \&Sm .
1.63 kristaps 2065: .Ss \&Nx
1.144 schwarze 2066: Format the
2067: .Nx
2068: version provided as an argument, or a default value if
1.65 kristaps 2069: no argument is provided.
2070: .Pp
2071: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2072: .Dl \&.Nx 5.01
2073: .Dl \&.Nx
1.65 kristaps 2074: .Pp
2075: See also
2076: .Sx \&At ,
1.66 kristaps 2077: .Sx \&Bsx ,
1.65 kristaps 2078: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 2079: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 2080: .Sx \&Fx ,
2081: and
1.230 schwarze 2082: .Sx \&Ox .
1.63 kristaps 2083: .Ss \&Oc
1.141 kristaps 2084: Close multi-line
1.132 kristaps 2085: .Sx \&Oo
2086: context.
1.63 kristaps 2087: .Ss \&Oo
1.132 kristaps 2088: Multi-line version of
2089: .Sx \&Op .
2090: .Pp
2091: Examples:
1.138 kristaps 2092: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.132 kristaps 2093: \&.Oo
2094: \&.Op Fl flag Ns Ar value
2095: \&.Oc
2096: .Ed
1.63 kristaps 2097: .Ss \&Op
1.196 schwarze 2098: Optional part of a command line.
1.132 kristaps 2099: Prints the argument(s) in brackets.
1.196 schwarze 2100: This is most often used in the
2101: .Em SYNOPSIS
2102: section of section 1 and 8 manual pages.
1.132 kristaps 2103: .Pp
2104: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2105: .Dl \&.Op \&Fl a \&Ar b
2106: .Dl \&.Op \&Ar a | b
1.132 kristaps 2107: .Pp
2108: See also
2109: .Sx \&Oo .
1.63 kristaps 2110: .Ss \&Os
1.233 ! schwarze 2111: Operating system version for display in the page footer.
1.100 kristaps 2112: This is the mandatory third macro of
1.66 kristaps 2113: any
2114: .Nm
1.120 kristaps 2115: file.
2116: Its syntax is as follows:
1.66 kristaps 2117: .Pp
1.185 kristaps 2118: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Os Op Ar system Op Ar version
1.66 kristaps 2119: .Pp
2120: The optional
1.185 kristaps 2121: .Ar system
1.100 kristaps 2122: parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment.
2123: Left unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version.
2124: This is the suggested form.
1.66 kristaps 2125: .Pp
2126: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2127: .Dl \&.Os
2128: .Dl \&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
2129: .Dl \&.Os BSD 4.3
1.66 kristaps 2130: .Pp
2131: See also
2132: .Sx \&Dd
2133: and
2134: .Sx \&Dt .
1.63 kristaps 2135: .Ss \&Ot
1.231 schwarze 2136: This macro is obsolete.
2137: Use
2138: .Sx \&Ft
2139: instead; with
2140: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
2141: both have the same effect.
1.66 kristaps 2142: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2143: Historical
1.217 schwarze 2144: .Nm
1.198 schwarze 2145: packages described it as
2146: .Dq "old function type (FORTRAN)" .
1.63 kristaps 2147: .Ss \&Ox
1.144 schwarze 2148: Format the
2149: .Ox
2150: version provided as an argument, or a default value
1.65 kristaps 2151: if no argument is provided.
2152: .Pp
2153: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2154: .Dl \&.Ox 4.5
2155: .Dl \&.Ox
1.65 kristaps 2156: .Pp
2157: See also
2158: .Sx \&At ,
2159: .Sx \&Bsx ,
2160: .Sx \&Bx ,
1.66 kristaps 2161: .Sx \&Dx ,
1.65 kristaps 2162: .Sx \&Fx ,
2163: and
1.230 schwarze 2164: .Sx \&Nx .
1.63 kristaps 2165: .Ss \&Pa
1.196 schwarze 2166: An absolute or relative file system path, or a file or directory name.
2167: If an argument is not provided, the character
2168: .Sq \(ti
1.165 kristaps 2169: is used as a default.
1.132 kristaps 2170: .Pp
2171: Examples:
1.173 kristaps 2172: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/bin/mandoc
2173: .Dl \&.Pa /usr/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
1.132 kristaps 2174: .Pp
2175: See also
2176: .Sx \&Lk .
1.63 kristaps 2177: .Ss \&Pc
1.132 kristaps 2178: Close parenthesised context opened by
2179: .Sx \&Po .
1.63 kristaps 2180: .Ss \&Pf
1.198 schwarze 2181: Removes the space between its argument
1.138 kristaps 2182: .Pq Dq prefix
1.198 schwarze 2183: and the following macro.
1.132 kristaps 2184: Its syntax is as follows:
2185: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2186: .D1 .Pf Ar prefix macro arguments ...
2187: .Pp
2188: This is equivalent to:
1.132 kristaps 2189: .Pp
1.198 schwarze 2190: .D1 .No Ar prefix No \&Ns Ar macro arguments ...
1.132 kristaps 2191: .Pp
2192: Examples:
1.198 schwarze 2193: .Dl ".Pf $ Ar variable_name"
2194: .Dl ".Pf 0x Ar hex_digits"
2195: .Pp
2196: See also
2197: .Sx \&Ns
2198: and
2199: .Sx \&Sm .
1.63 kristaps 2200: .Ss \&Po
1.132 kristaps 2201: Multi-line version of
2202: .Sx \&Pq .
1.63 kristaps 2203: .Ss \&Pp
1.132 kristaps 2204: Break a paragraph.
2205: This will assert vertical space between prior and subsequent macros
2206: and/or text.
1.198 schwarze 2207: .Pp
2208: Paragraph breaks are not needed before or after
2209: .Sx \&Sh
2210: or
2211: .Sx \&Ss
2212: macros or before displays
2213: .Pq Sx \&Bd
2214: or lists
2215: .Pq Sx \&Bl
2216: unless the
2217: .Fl compact
2218: flag is given.
1.63 kristaps 2219: .Ss \&Pq
1.132 kristaps 2220: Parenthesised enclosure.
2221: .Pp
2222: See also
2223: .Sx \&Po .
1.63 kristaps 2224: .Ss \&Qc
1.138 kristaps 2225: Close quoted context opened by
2226: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63 kristaps 2227: .Ss \&Ql
1.138 kristaps 2228: Format a single-quoted literal.
2229: See also
2230: .Sx \&Qq
2231: and
2232: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63 kristaps 2233: .Ss \&Qo
1.138 kristaps 2234: Multi-line version of
2235: .Sx \&Qq .
1.63 kristaps 2236: .Ss \&Qq
1.138 kristaps 2237: Encloses its arguments in
1.198 schwarze 2238: .Qq typewriter
1.138 kristaps 2239: double-quotes.
2240: Consider using
2241: .Sx \&Dq .
2242: .Pp
2243: See also
2244: .Sx \&Dq ,
2245: .Sx \&Sq ,
2246: and
2247: .Sx \&Qo .
1.63 kristaps 2248: .Ss \&Re
1.141 kristaps 2249: Close an
1.63 kristaps 2250: .Sx \&Rs
1.100 kristaps 2251: block.
2252: Does not have any tail arguments.
1.63 kristaps 2253: .Ss \&Rs
1.141 kristaps 2254: Begin a bibliographic
1.63 kristaps 2255: .Pq Dq reference
1.100 kristaps 2256: block.
2257: Does not have any head arguments.
2258: The block macro may only contain
1.63 kristaps 2259: .Sx \&%A ,
2260: .Sx \&%B ,
2261: .Sx \&%C ,
2262: .Sx \&%D ,
2263: .Sx \&%I ,
2264: .Sx \&%J ,
2265: .Sx \&%N ,
2266: .Sx \&%O ,
2267: .Sx \&%P ,
2268: .Sx \&%Q ,
2269: .Sx \&%R ,
2270: .Sx \&%T ,
1.120 kristaps 2271: .Sx \&%U ,
1.63 kristaps 2272: and
2273: .Sx \&%V
2274: child macros (at least one must be specified).
2275: .Pp
1.64 kristaps 2276: Examples:
1.91 kristaps 2277: .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
1.63 kristaps 2278: \&.Rs
2279: \&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
2280: \&.%A J. D. Ullman
2281: \&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
2282: \&.%I Addison-Wesley
2283: \&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
2284: \&.%D 1979
2285: \&.Re
2286: .Ed
2287: .Pp
2288: If an
2289: .Sx \&Rs
2290: block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
2291: before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
2292: line.
2293: .Ss \&Rv
1.193 schwarze 2294: Insert a standard sentence regarding a function call's return value of 0
1.191 kristaps 2295: on success and \-1 on error, with the
2296: .Va errno
2297: libc global variable set on error.
2298: Its syntax is as follows:
2299: .Pp
1.193 schwarze 2300: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Rv Fl std Op Ar function ...
1.191 kristaps 2301: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2302: If
2303: .Ar function
1.191 kristaps 2304: is not specified, the document's name set by
1.139 kristaps 2305: .Sx \&Nm
1.191 kristaps 2306: is used.
2307: Multiple
2308: .Ar function
2309: arguments are treated as separate functions.
1.139 kristaps 2310: .Pp
2311: See also
2312: .Sx \&Ex .
1.63 kristaps 2313: .Ss \&Sc
1.138 kristaps 2314: Close single-quoted context opened by
2315: .Sx \&So .
1.63 kristaps 2316: .Ss \&Sh
1.138 kristaps 2317: Begin a new section.
2318: For a list of conventional manual sections, see
2319: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE .
2320: These sections should be used unless it's absolutely necessary that
2321: custom sections be used.
2322: .Pp
2323: Section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
2324: .Sx \&Sx .
1.197 kristaps 2325: Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
2326: may not be linked with
2327: .Sx \&Sx .
1.138 kristaps 2328: .Pp
2329: See also
2330: .Sx \&Pp ,
2331: .Sx \&Ss ,
2332: and
2333: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63 kristaps 2334: .Ss \&Sm
1.134 schwarze 2335: Switches the spacing mode for output generated from macros.
2336: Its syntax is as follows:
2337: .Pp
2338: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Sm Cm on | off
2339: .Pp
2340: By default, spacing is
1.193 schwarze 2341: .Cm on .
1.134 schwarze 2342: When switched
1.193 schwarze 2343: .Cm off ,
1.134 schwarze 2344: no white space is inserted between macro arguments and between the
1.185 kristaps 2345: output generated from adjacent macros, but text lines
1.134 schwarze 2346: still get normal spacing between words and sentences.
1.63 kristaps 2347: .Ss \&So
1.138 kristaps 2348: Multi-line version of
2349: .Sx \&Sq .
1.63 kristaps 2350: .Ss \&Sq
1.138 kristaps 2351: Encloses its arguments in
1.198 schwarze 2352: .Sq typewriter
1.138 kristaps 2353: single-quotes.
2354: .Pp
2355: See also
2356: .Sx \&Dq ,
2357: .Sx \&Qq ,
2358: and
2359: .Sx \&So .
1.63 kristaps 2360: .Ss \&Ss
1.198 schwarze 2361: Begin a new subsection.
1.138 kristaps 2362: Unlike with
2363: .Sx \&Sh ,
1.198 schwarze 2364: there is no convention for the naming of subsections.
2365: Except
2366: .Em DESCRIPTION ,
2367: the conventional sections described in
2368: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2369: rarely have subsections.
1.138 kristaps 2370: .Pp
2371: Sub-section names should be unique so that they may be keyed by
1.197 kristaps 2372: .Sx \&Sx .
2373: Although this macro is parsed, it should not consist of child node or it
2374: may not be linked with
1.138 kristaps 2375: .Sx \&Sx .
2376: .Pp
2377: See also
2378: .Sx \&Pp ,
2379: .Sx \&Sh ,
2380: and
2381: .Sx \&Sx .
1.63 kristaps 2382: .Ss \&St
1.139 kristaps 2383: Replace an abbreviation for a standard with the full form.
1.226 schwarze 2384: The following standards are recognised.
2385: Where multiple lines are given without a blank line in between,
2386: they all refer to the same standard, and using the first form
2387: is recommended.
2388: .Bl -tag -width 1n
2389: .It C language standards
1.139 kristaps 2390: .Pp
1.226 schwarze 2391: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2392: .It \-ansiC
2393: .St -ansiC
2394: .It \-ansiC-89
2395: .St -ansiC-89
1.139 kristaps 2396: .It \-isoC
2397: .St -isoC
2398: .It \-isoC-90
2399: .St -isoC-90
1.226 schwarze 2400: .br
2401: The original C standard.
2402: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2403: .It \-isoC-amd1
2404: .St -isoC-amd1
1.226 schwarze 2405: .Pp
1.139 kristaps 2406: .It \-isoC-tcor1
2407: .St -isoC-tcor1
1.226 schwarze 2408: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2409: .It \-isoC-tcor2
2410: .St -isoC-tcor2
1.226 schwarze 2411: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2412: .It \-isoC-99
2413: .St -isoC-99
1.226 schwarze 2414: .It \-ansiC-99
2415: .St -ansiC-99
2416: .br
2417: The second major version of the C language standard.
2418: .Pp
1.214 kristaps 2419: .It \-isoC-2011
2420: .St -isoC-2011
1.226 schwarze 2421: .br
2422: The third major version of the C language standard.
2423: .El
2424: .It POSIX.1 before the Single UNIX Specification
2425: .Pp
2426: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2427: .It \-p1003.1-88
2428: .St -p1003.1-88
2429: .It \-p1003.1
2430: .St -p1003.1
2431: .br
2432: The original POSIX standard, based on ANSI C.
2433: .Pp
2434: .It \-p1003.1-90
2435: .St -p1003.1-90
1.211 schwarze 2436: .It \-iso9945-1-90
2437: .St -iso9945-1-90
1.226 schwarze 2438: .br
2439: The first update of POSIX.1.
2440: .Pp
2441: .It \-p1003.1b-93
2442: .St -p1003.1b-93
2443: .It \-p1003.1b
2444: .St -p1003.1b
2445: .br
2446: Real-time extensions.
2447: .Pp
2448: .It \-p1003.1c-95
2449: .St -p1003.1c-95
2450: .br
2451: POSIX thread interfaces.
2452: .Pp
2453: .It \-p1003.1i-95
2454: .St -p1003.1i-95
2455: .br
2456: Technical Corrigendum.
2457: .Pp
2458: .It \-p1003.1-96
2459: .St -p1003.1-96
1.211 schwarze 2460: .It \-iso9945-1-96
2461: .St -iso9945-1-96
1.226 schwarze 2462: .br
2463: Includes POSIX.1-1990, 1b, 1c, and 1i.
2464: .El
2465: .It X/Open Portability Guide version 4 and related standards
2466: .Pp
2467: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2468: .It \-xpg3
2469: .St -xpg3
2470: .br
2471: An XPG4 precursor, published in 1989.
2472: .Pp
2473: .It \-p1003.2
2474: .St -p1003.2
2475: .It \-p1003.2-92
2476: .St -p1003.2-92
1.211 schwarze 2477: .It \-iso9945-2-93
2478: .St -iso9945-2-93
1.226 schwarze 2479: .br
2480: An XCU4 precursor.
2481: .Pp
2482: .It \-p1003.2a-92
2483: .St -p1003.2a-92
2484: .br
2485: Updates to POSIX.2.
2486: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2487: .It \-xpg4
2488: .St -xpg4
1.226 schwarze 2489: .br
2490: Based on POSIX.1 and POSIX.2, published in 1992.
2491: .El
2492: .It Single UNIX Specification version 1 and related standards
2493: .Pp
2494: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
1.211 schwarze 2495: .It \-xpg4.2
2496: .St -xpg4.2
1.226 schwarze 2497: .br
2498: This standard was published in 1994 and is also called SUSv1.
2499: It was used as the basis for UNIX 95 certification.
2500: The following three refer to parts of it.
2501: .Pp
2502: .It \-xsh4.2
2503: .St -xsh4.2
2504: .Pp
2505: .It \-xcurses4.2
2506: .St -xcurses4.2
2507: .Pp
2508: .It \-p1003.1g-2000
2509: .St -p1003.1g-2000
2510: .br
2511: Networking APIs, including sockets.
2512: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2513: .It \-xpg4.3
2514: .St -xpg4.3
1.226 schwarze 2515: .Pp
2516: .It \-svid4
2517: .St -svid4 ,
2518: .br
2519: Published in 1995.
2520: .El
2521: .It Single UNIX Specification version 2 and related standards
2522: .Pp
2523: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2524: .It \-susv2
2525: .St -susv2
2526: This Standard was published in 1997
2527: and is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 5.
2528: It was used as the basis for UNIX 98 certification.
2529: The following refer to parts of it.
2530: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2531: .It \-xbd5
2532: .St -xbd5
1.226 schwarze 2533: .Pp
2534: .It \-xsh5
2535: .St -xsh5
2536: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2537: .It \-xcu5
2538: .St -xcu5
1.226 schwarze 2539: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 2540: .It \-xns5
2541: .St -xns5
1.226 schwarze 2542: .It \-xns5.2d2.0
2543: .St -xns5.2d2.0
1.211 schwarze 2544: .It \-xns5.2
2545: .St -xns5.2
1.226 schwarze 2546: .Pp
2547: .It \-p1387.2
2548: .St -p1387.2
2549: .It \-p1387.2-95
2550: .St -p1387.2-95
2551: .br
2552: POSIX software administration.
2553: .El
2554: .It Single UNIX Specification version 3 and related standards
2555: .Pp
2556: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000X" -compact
2557: .It \-p1003.1d-99
2558: .St -p1003.1d-99
2559: .br
2560: Additional real-time extensions.
2561: .Pp
2562: .It \-p1003.1j-2000
2563: .St -p1003.1j-2000
2564: .br
2565: Advanced real-time extensions.
2566: .Pp
2567: .It \-p1003.1q-2000
2568: .St -p1003.1q-2000
2569: .br
2570: Amendment 7: Tracing [C Language].
2571: .Pp
2572: .It \-p1003.1-2001
2573: .St -p1003.1-2001
1.211 schwarze 2574: .It \-susv3
2575: .St -susv3
1.226 schwarze 2576: .br
2577: This standard is based on C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-1996, 1d, and 1j.
2578: It is also called X/Open Portability Guide version 6.
2579: It is used as the basis for UNIX 03 certification.
2580: .Pp
2581: .It \-p1003.1-2004
2582: .St -p1003.1-2004
2583: .br
2584: The second and last Technical Corrigendum.
2585: .El
2586: .It Single UNIX Specification version 4
2587: .Pp
2588: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2589: .It \-p1003.1-2008
2590: .St -p1003.1-2008
2591: .br
2592: This standard is also called SUSv4 and
2593: X/Open Portability Guide version 7.
2594: .Pp
2595: .It \-p1003.1-2013
2596: .St -p1003.1-2013
2597: .br
2598: This is the first Technical Corrigendum.
2599: .El
2600: .It Other standards
2601: .Pp
2602: .Bl -tag -width "-p1003.1g-2000" -compact
2603: .It \-ieee754
2604: .St -ieee754
2605: .br
2606: Floating-point arithmetic.
2607: .Pp
2608: .It \-iso8601
2609: .St -iso8601
2610: .br
2611: Representation of dates and times, published in 1988.
2612: .Pp
2613: .It \-iso8802-3
2614: .St -iso8802-3
2615: .br
2616: Ethernet local area networks.
2617: .Pp
2618: .It \-ieee1275-94
2619: .St -ieee1275-94
2620: .El
1.211 schwarze 2621: .El
2622: .Ss \&Sx
2623: Reference a section or subsection in the same manual page.
2624: The referenced section or subsection name must be identical to the
2625: enclosed argument, including whitespace.
2626: .Pp
2627: Examples:
2628: .Dl \&.Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2629: .Pp
2630: See also
2631: .Sx \&Sh
2632: and
2633: .Sx \&Ss .
2634: .Ss \&Sy
2635: Format enclosed arguments in symbolic
2636: .Pq Dq boldface .
2637: Note that this is a presentation term and should not be used for
2638: stylistically decorating technical terms.
2639: .Pp
2640: See also
2641: .Sx \&Bf ,
2642: .Sx \&Em ,
2643: .Sx \&Li ,
2644: and
2645: .Sx \&No .
2646: .Ss \&Ta
2647: Table cell separator in
2648: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2649: lists; can only be used below
2650: .Sx \&It .
2651: .Ss \&Tn
1.230 schwarze 2652: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
2653: Even though the macro name
2654: .Pq Dq tradename
2655: suggests a semantic function, historic usage is inconsistent, mostly
2656: using it as a presentation-level macro to request a small caps font.
1.211 schwarze 2657: .Ss \&Ud
1.230 schwarze 2658: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
1.211 schwarze 2659: Prints out
2660: .Dq currently under development.
2661: .Ss \&Ux
1.230 schwarze 2662: Supported only for compatibility, do not use this in new manuals.
2663: Prints out
2664: .Dq Ux .
1.211 schwarze 2665: .Ss \&Va
2666: A variable name.
2667: .Pp
2668: Examples:
2669: .Dl \&.Va foo
2670: .Dl \&.Va const char *bar ;
2671: .Ss \&Vt
2672: A variable type.
2673: This is also used for indicating global variables in the
2674: .Em SYNOPSIS
2675: section, in which case a variable name is also specified.
2676: Note that it accepts
2677: .Sx Block partial-implicit
2678: syntax when invoked as the first macro on an input line in the
2679: .Em SYNOPSIS
2680: section, else it accepts ordinary
2681: .Sx In-line
2682: syntax.
2683: In the former case, this macro starts a new output line,
2684: and a blank line is inserted in front if there is a preceding
2685: function definition or include directive.
2686: .Pp
2687: Note that this should not be confused with
2688: .Sx \&Ft ,
2689: which is used for function return types.
2690: .Pp
2691: Examples:
2692: .Dl \&.Vt unsigned char
2693: .Dl \&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] \&;
2694: .Pp
2695: See also
2696: .Sx MANUAL STRUCTURE
2697: and
2698: .Sx \&Va .
2699: .Ss \&Xc
2700: Close a scope opened by
2701: .Sx \&Xo .
2702: .Ss \&Xo
2703: Extend the header of an
2704: .Sx \&It
2705: macro or the body of a partial-implicit block macro
2706: beyond the end of the input line.
2707: This macro originally existed to work around the 9-argument limit
2708: of historic
2709: .Xr roff 7 .
2710: .Ss \&Xr
2711: Link to another manual
2712: .Pq Qq cross-reference .
2713: Its syntax is as follows:
2714: .Pp
1.216 schwarze 2715: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&Xr Ar name Op section
1.211 schwarze 2716: .Pp
1.216 schwarze 2717: Cross reference the
1.211 schwarze 2718: .Ar name
2719: and
2720: .Ar section
1.216 schwarze 2721: number of another man page;
2722: omitting the section number is rarely useful.
1.211 schwarze 2723: .Pp
2724: Examples:
2725: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1
2726: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&;
2727: .Dl \&.Xr mandoc 1 \&Ns s behaviour
2728: .Ss \&br
2729: Emits a line-break.
2730: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
2731: historical manuals.
2732: .Pp
2733: Consider using
2734: .Sx \&Pp
2735: in the event of natural paragraph breaks.
2736: .Ss \&sp
2737: Emits vertical space.
2738: This macro should not be used; it is implemented for compatibility with
2739: historical manuals.
2740: Its syntax is as follows:
2741: .Pp
2742: .D1 Pf \. Sx \&sp Op Ar height
2743: .Pp
2744: The
2745: .Ar height
1.215 schwarze 2746: argument is a scaling width as described in
2747: .Xr roff 7 .
1.211 schwarze 2748: If unspecified,
2749: .Sx \&sp
2750: asserts a single vertical space.
2751: .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
2752: The syntax of a macro depends on its classification.
2753: In this section,
2754: .Sq \-arg
2755: refers to macro arguments, which may be followed by zero or more
2756: .Sq parm
2757: parameters;
2758: .Sq \&Yo
2759: opens the scope of a macro; and if specified,
2760: .Sq \&Yc
2761: closes it out.
2762: .Pp
2763: The
2764: .Em Callable
2765: column indicates that the macro may also be called by passing its name
2766: as an argument to another macro.
2767: For example,
2768: .Sq \&.Op \&Fl O \&Ar file
2769: produces
2770: .Sq Op Fl O Ar file .
2771: To prevent a macro call and render the macro name literally,
2772: escape it by prepending a zero-width space,
2773: .Sq \e& .
2774: For example,
2775: .Sq \&Op \e&Fl O
2776: produces
2777: .Sq Op \&Fl O .
2778: If a macro is not callable but its name appears as an argument
2779: to another macro, it is interpreted as opaque text.
2780: For example,
2781: .Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
2782: produces
2783: .Sq Fl \&Sh .
2784: .Pp
2785: The
2786: .Em Parsed
2787: column indicates whether the macro may call other macros by receiving
2788: their names as arguments.
2789: If a macro is not parsed but the name of another macro appears
2790: as an argument, it is interpreted as opaque text.
2791: .Pp
2792: The
2793: .Em Scope
2794: column, if applicable, describes closure rules.
2795: .Ss Block full-explicit
2796: Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro.
2797: All macros contains bodies; only
2798: .Sx \&Bf
2799: and
2800: .Pq optionally
2801: .Sx \&Bl
2802: contain a head.
2803: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2804: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
2805: \(lBbody...\(rB
2806: \&.Yc
2807: .Ed
2808: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXX" -offset indent
2809: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2810: .It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed
2811: .It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef
2812: .It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek
2813: .It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El
2814: .It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd
2815: .It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf
2816: .It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk
2817: .It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl
2818: .El
2819: .Ss Block full-implicit
2820: Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
2821: All macros have bodies; some
2822: .Po
2823: .Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
2824: .Fl hyphen ,
2825: .Fl dash ,
2826: .Fl enum ,
2827: .Fl item
2828: .Pc
2829: don't have heads; only one
2830: .Po
2831: .Sx \&It
2832: in
2833: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2834: .Pc
2835: has multiple heads.
2836: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2837: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
2838: \(lBbody...\(rB
2839: .Ed
2840: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX" -offset indent
2841: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2842: .It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
2843: .It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
2844: .It Sx \&Nm Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Nm , Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
2845: .It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
2846: .It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
2847: .El
2848: .Pp
2849: Note that the
2850: .Sx \&Nm
2851: macro is a
2852: .Sx Block full-implicit
2853: macro only when invoked as the first macro
2854: in a
2855: .Em SYNOPSIS
2856: section line, else it is
2857: .Sx In-line .
2858: .Ss Block partial-explicit
2859: Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope.
2860: Each has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
2861: .Po
2862: .Sx \&Fo ,
2863: .Sx \&Eo
2864: .Pc
2865: and/or tail
2866: .Pq Sx \&Ec .
2867: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2868: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
2869: \(lBbody...\(rB
2870: \&.Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
2871:
2872: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB \
2873: \(lBbody...\(rB \&Yc \(lBtail...\(rB
2874: .Ed
2875: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
2876: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2877: .It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao
2878: .It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac
2879: .It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo
2880: .It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc
2881: .It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro
2882: .It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc
2883: .It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do
2884: .It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc
2885: .It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo
2886: .It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec
2887: .It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo
2888: .It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc
2889: .It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo
2890: .It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc
2891: .It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po
2892: .It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc
2893: .It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo
2894: .It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc
2895: .It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs
2896: .It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re
2897: .It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So
2898: .It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc
2899: .It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo
2900: .It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc
2901: .El
2902: .Ss Block partial-implicit
2903: Like block full-implicit, but with single-line scope closed by the
2904: end of the line.
2905: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2906: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBbody...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
2907: .Ed
2908: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" -offset indent
2909: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed
2910: .It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2911: .It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2912: .It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2913: .It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes
2914: .It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes
2915: .It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes
1.231 schwarze 2916: .It Sx \&En Ta Yes Ta Yes
1.211 schwarze 2917: .It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes
2918: .It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2919: .It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes
2920: .It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2921: .It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes
2922: .It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes
2923: .El
2924: .Pp
2925: Note that the
2926: .Sx \&Vt
2927: macro is a
2928: .Sx Block partial-implicit
2929: only when invoked as the first macro
2930: in a
2931: .Em SYNOPSIS
2932: section line, else it is
2933: .Sx In-line .
2934: .Ss Special block macro
2935: The
2936: .Sx \&Ta
2937: macro can only be used below
2938: .Sx \&It
2939: in
2940: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
2941: lists.
2942: It delimits blocks representing table cells;
2943: these blocks have bodies, but no heads.
2944: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "closed by XXXX" -offset indent
2945: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Scope
2946: .It Sx \&Ta Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ta , Sx \&It
2947: .El
2948: .Ss In-line
2949: Closed by the end of the line, fixed argument lengths,
2950: and/or subsequent macros.
2951: In-line macros have only text children.
2952: If a number (or inequality) of arguments is
2953: .Pq n ,
2954: then the macro accepts an arbitrary number of arguments.
2955: .Bd -literal -offset indent
2956: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB \(lBres...\(rB
2957:
2958: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB \(lBargs...\(rB Yc...
2959:
2960: \&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBval...\(rB\(rB arg0 arg1 argN
2961: .Ed
2962: .Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsedX" "Arguments" -offset indent
2963: .It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsed Ta Em Arguments
2964: .It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2965: .It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2966: .It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2967: .It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2968: .It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2969: .It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2970: .It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2971: .It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2972: .It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2973: .It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2974: .It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2975: .It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2976: .It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2977: .It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
2978: .It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2979: .It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2980: .It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
2981: .It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2982: .It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
2983: .It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2984: .It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
2985: .It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2986: .It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2987: .It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2988: .It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
2989: .It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2990: .It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2991: .It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2992: .It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
2993: .It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2994: .It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
1.231 schwarze 2995: .It Sx \&Es Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 2
1.211 schwarze 2996: .It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2997: .It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
2998: .It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
2999: .It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
3000: .It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3001: .It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
1.231 schwarze 3002: .It Sx \&Fr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
1.211 schwarze 3003: .It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3004: .It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3005: .It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
3006: .It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3007: .It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
3008: .It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
3009: .It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3010: .It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3011: .It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3012: .It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3013: .It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3014: .It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3015: .It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
3016: .It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
3017: .It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3018: .It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
1.231 schwarze 3019: .It Sx \&Ot Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
1.211 schwarze 3020: .It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3021: .It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3022: .It Sx \&Pf Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
3023: .It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3024: .It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
3025: .It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
3026: .It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
3027: .It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3028: .It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3029: .It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3030: .It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3031: .It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3032: .It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
3033: .It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3034: .It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
3035: .It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
3036: .It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
1.139 kristaps 3037: .El
1.211 schwarze 3038: .Ss Delimiters
3039: When a macro argument consists of one single input character
3040: considered as a delimiter, the argument gets special handling.
3041: This does not apply when delimiters appear in arguments containing
3042: more than one character.
3043: Consequently, to prevent special handling and just handle it
3044: like any other argument, a delimiter can be escaped by prepending
3045: a zero-width space
3046: .Pq Sq \e& .
3047: In text lines, delimiters never need escaping, but may be used
3048: as normal punctuation.
1.138 kristaps 3049: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3050: For many macros, when the leading arguments are opening delimiters,
3051: these delimiters are put before the macro scope,
3052: and when the trailing arguments are closing delimiters,
3053: these delimiters are put after the macro scope.
3054: For example,
1.172 kristaps 3055: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3056: .D1 Pf \. \&Aq "( [ word ] ) ."
1.138 kristaps 3057: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3058: renders as:
1.138 kristaps 3059: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3060: .D1 Aq ( [ word ] ) .
1.198 schwarze 3061: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3062: Opening delimiters are:
1.65 kristaps 3063: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3064: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3065: .It \&(
3066: left parenthesis
3067: .It \&[
3068: left bracket
3069: .El
1.65 kristaps 3070: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3071: Closing delimiters are:
1.132 kristaps 3072: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3073: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3074: .It \&.
3075: period
3076: .It \&,
3077: comma
3078: .It \&:
3079: colon
3080: .It \&;
3081: semicolon
3082: .It \&)
3083: right parenthesis
3084: .It \&]
3085: right bracket
3086: .It \&?
3087: question mark
3088: .It \&!
3089: exclamation mark
3090: .El
1.83 kristaps 3091: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3092: Note that even a period preceded by a backslash
3093: .Pq Sq \e.\&
3094: gets this special handling; use
3095: .Sq \e&.
3096: to prevent that.
1.83 kristaps 3097: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3098: Many in-line macros interrupt their scope when they encounter
3099: delimiters, and resume their scope when more arguments follow that
3100: are not delimiters.
3101: For example,
1.83 kristaps 3102: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3103: .D1 Pf \. \&Fl "a ( b | c \e*(Ba d ) e"
1.84 kristaps 3104: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3105: renders as:
1.84 kristaps 3106: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3107: .D1 Fl a ( b | c \*(Ba d ) e
1.84 kristaps 3108: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3109: This applies to both opening and closing delimiters,
3110: and also to the middle delimiter:
1.140 kristaps 3111: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3112: .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
3113: .It \&|
3114: vertical bar
3115: .El
1.140 kristaps 3116: .Pp
1.211 schwarze 3117: As a special case, the predefined string \e*(Ba is handled and rendered
3118: in the same way as a plain
3119: .Sq \&|
3120: character.
3121: Using this predefined string is not recommended in new manuals.
3122: .Ss Font handling
3123: In
3124: .Nm
3125: documents, usage of semantic markup is recommended in order to have
3126: proper fonts automatically selected; only when no fitting semantic markup
3127: is available, consider falling back to
3128: .Sx Physical markup
3129: macros.
3130: Whenever any
3131: .Nm
3132: macro switches the
3133: .Xr roff 7
3134: font mode, it will automatically restore the previous font when exiting
3135: its scope.
3136: Manually switching the font using the
3137: .Xr roff 7
3138: .Ql \ef
3139: font escape sequences is never required.
1.4 kristaps 3140: .Sh COMPATIBILITY
1.229 schwarze 3141: This section provides an incomplete list of compatibility issues
3142: between mandoc and other troff implementations, at this time limited
3143: to GNU troff
1.93 kristaps 3144: .Pq Qq groff .
1.50 kristaps 3145: The term
1.57 kristaps 3146: .Qq historic groff
1.166 schwarze 3147: refers to groff versions before 1.17,
3148: which featured a significant update of the
1.57 kristaps 3149: .Pa doc.tmac
1.166 schwarze 3150: file.
1.57 kristaps 3151: .Pp
1.93 kristaps 3152: Heirloom troff, the other significant troff implementation accepting
3153: \-mdoc, is similar to historic groff.
3154: .Pp
1.150 kristaps 3155: The following problematic behaviour is found in groff:
3156: .ds hist (Historic groff only.)
3157: .Pp
1.57 kristaps 3158: .Bl -dash -compact
1.168 kristaps 3159: .It
3160: Display macros
1.171 schwarze 3161: .Po
3162: .Sx \&Bd ,
3163: .Sx \&Dl ,
3164: and
3165: .Sx \&D1
3166: .Pc
1.168 kristaps 3167: may not be nested.
3168: \*[hist]
1.147 kristaps 3169: .It
1.150 kristaps 3170: .Sx \&At
3171: with unknown arguments produces no output at all.
3172: \*[hist]
3173: Newer groff and mandoc print
3174: .Qq AT&T UNIX
3175: and the arguments.
1.149 kristaps 3176: .It
1.190 schwarze 3177: .Sx \&Bl Fl column
1.208 kristaps 3178: does not recognise trailing punctuation characters when they immediately
1.150 kristaps 3179: precede tabulator characters, but treats them as normal text and
3180: outputs a space before them.
3181: .It
3182: .Sx \&Bd Fl ragged compact
3183: does not start a new line.
3184: \*[hist]
1.142 kristaps 3185: .It
1.150 kristaps 3186: .Sx \&Dd
1.181 schwarze 3187: with non-standard arguments behaves very strangely.
3188: When there are three arguments, they are printed verbatim.
3189: Any other number of arguments is replaced by the current date,
3190: but without any arguments the string
3191: .Dq Epoch
3192: is printed.
1.125 kristaps 3193: .It
1.150 kristaps 3194: .Sx \&Fl
3195: does not print a dash for an empty argument.
3196: \*[hist]
1.137 kristaps 3197: .It
1.150 kristaps 3198: .Sx \&Fn
3199: does not start a new line unless invoked as the line macro in the
3200: .Em SYNOPSIS
3201: section.
3202: \*[hist]
1.119 kristaps 3203: .It
1.150 kristaps 3204: .Sx \&Fo
3205: with
1.120 kristaps 3206: .Pf non- Sx \&Fa
1.150 kristaps 3207: children causes inconsistent spacing between arguments.
3208: In mandoc, a single space is always inserted between arguments.
1.120 kristaps 3209: .It
3210: .Sx \&Ft
3211: in the
1.150 kristaps 3212: .Em SYNOPSIS
3213: causes inconsistent vertical spacing, depending on whether a prior
1.120 kristaps 3214: .Sx \&Fn
3215: has been invoked.
3216: See
3217: .Sx \&Ft
3218: and
3219: .Sx \&Fn
1.150 kristaps 3220: for the normalised behaviour in mandoc.
1.120 kristaps 3221: .It
1.150 kristaps 3222: .Sx \&In
3223: ignores additional arguments and is not treated specially in the
3224: .Em SYNOPSIS .
3225: \*[hist]
1.118 kristaps 3226: .It
1.150 kristaps 3227: .Sx \&It
3228: sometimes requires a
3229: .Fl nested
3230: flag.
3231: \*[hist]
3232: In new groff and mandoc, any list may be nested by default and
3233: .Fl enum
3234: lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
1.115 kristaps 3235: .It
1.150 kristaps 3236: .Sx \&Li
1.195 schwarze 3237: followed by a delimiter is incorrectly used in some manuals
1.150 kristaps 3238: instead of properly quoting that character, which sometimes works with
3239: historic groff.
1.57 kristaps 3240: .It
1.150 kristaps 3241: .Sx \&Lk
3242: only accepts a single link-name argument; the remainder is misformatted.
1.81 kristaps 3243: .It
1.80 kristaps 3244: .Sx \&Pa
1.150 kristaps 3245: does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
1.100 kristaps 3246: certain list types.
1.80 kristaps 3247: .It
1.150 kristaps 3248: .Sx \&Ta
3249: can only be called by other macros, but not at the beginning of a line.
3250: .It
3251: .Sx \&%C
1.229 schwarze 3252: is not implemented (up to and including groff-1.22.2).
1.166 schwarze 3253: .It
3254: Historic groff only allows up to eight or nine arguments per macro input
3255: line, depending on the exact situation.
3256: Providing more arguments causes garbled output.
3257: The number of arguments on one input line is not limited with mandoc.
1.150 kristaps 3258: .It
3259: Historic groff has many un-callable macros.
3260: Most of these (excluding some block-level macros) are callable
3261: in new groff and mandoc.
3262: .It
3263: .Sq \(ba
3264: (vertical bar) is not fully supported as a delimiter.
3265: \*[hist]
1.79 kristaps 3266: .It
1.77 kristaps 3267: .Sq \ef
1.150 kristaps 3268: .Pq font face
3269: and
1.229 schwarze 3270: .Sq \eF
1.150 kristaps 3271: .Pq font family face
1.93 kristaps 3272: .Sx Text Decoration
1.150 kristaps 3273: escapes behave irregularly when specified within line-macro scopes.
1.77 kristaps 3274: .It
1.150 kristaps 3275: Negative scaling units return to prior lines.
3276: Instead, mandoc truncates them to zero.
3277: .El
3278: .Pp
3279: The following features are unimplemented in mandoc:
3280: .Pp
3281: .Bl -dash -compact
1.61 kristaps 3282: .It
1.150 kristaps 3283: .Sx \&Bd
3284: .Fl file Ar file .
1.57 kristaps 3285: .It
1.78 kristaps 3286: .Sx \&Bd
1.225 schwarze 3287: .Fl offset Cm center
1.64 kristaps 3288: and
1.225 schwarze 3289: .Fl offset Cm right .
1.208 kristaps 3290: Groff does not implement centred and flush-right rendering either,
1.150 kristaps 3291: but produces large indentations.
1.57 kristaps 3292: .El
1.2 kristaps 3293: .Sh SEE ALSO
1.159 schwarze 3294: .Xr man 1 ,
1.57 kristaps 3295: .Xr mandoc 1 ,
1.180 kristaps 3296: .Xr eqn 7 ,
1.174 kristaps 3297: .Xr man 7 ,
1.198 schwarze 3298: .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
1.174 kristaps 3299: .Xr roff 7 ,
3300: .Xr tbl 7
1.151 kristaps 3301: .Sh HISTORY
3302: The
3303: .Nm
3304: language first appeared as a troff macro package in
3305: .Bx 4.4 .
3306: It was later significantly updated by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilov
1.155 kristaps 3307: in groff-1.17.
1.151 kristaps 3308: The standalone implementation that is part of the
3309: .Xr mandoc 1
3310: utility written by Kristaps Dzonsons appeared in
3311: .Ox 4.6 .
1.2 kristaps 3312: .Sh AUTHORS
3313: The
1.57 kristaps 3314: .Nm
1.50 kristaps 3315: reference was written by
1.219 schwarze 3316: .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
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