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version 1.4, 2010/05/17 02:01:05 version 1.29, 2011/05/24 15:22:14
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 .\"     $Id$  .\"     $Id$
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>  .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   .\" Copyright (c) 2010 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
 .\"  .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any  .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above  .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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 .Os  .Os
 .Sh NAME  .Sh NAME
 .Nm roff  .Nm roff
 .Nd roff language reference  .Nd roff language reference for mandoc
 .Sh DESCRIPTION  .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The  The
 .Nm roff  .Nm roff
 language is a general-purpose text-formatting language.  The purpose of  language is a general purpose text formatting language.
 this document is to consistently describe those language constructs  In particular, it serves as the basis for the
 accepted by the  .Xr mdoc 7
   and
   .Xr man 7
   manual formatting macro languages.
   This manual describes the subset of the
   .Nm
   language accepted by the
 .Xr mandoc 1  .Xr mandoc 1
 utility.  It is a work in progress.  utility.
 .Pp  .Pp
 An  Input lines beginning with the control characters
 .Nm  .Sq \&.
 document follows simple rules:  lines beginning with the control  
 characters  
 .Sq \.  
 or  or
 .Sq \(aq  .Sq \(aq
 are parsed for macros.  Other lines are interpreted within the scope of  are parsed for requests and macros.
 prior macros:  These define the document structure, change the processing state
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  and manipulate the formatting.
 \&.xx Macro lines change control state.  Some requests and macros also produce formatted output,
 Other lines are interpreted within the current state.  while others do not.
 .Ed  .Pp
   All other input lines provide free-form text to be printed;
   the formatting of free-form text depends on the respective
   processing context.
 .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX  .Sh LANGUAGE SYNTAX
 .Nm  .Nm
 documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space  documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII characters, the space
 character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.  All  character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab character.
 manuals must have  To produce other characters in the output, use the escape sequences
 .Ux  documented in the
 line terminators.  .Xr mandoc_char 7
 .Sh MACRO SYNTAX  manual.
 Macros are arbitrary in length and begin with a control character ,  .Sh REQUEST SYNTAX
 .Sq \.  A request or macro line consists of:
   .Pp
   .Bl -enum -compact
   .It
   the control character
   .Sq \&.
 or  or
 .Sq \(aq ,  .Sq \(aq
 at the beginning of the line.  at the beginning of the line,
 An arbitrary amount of whitespace may sit between the control character  .It
 and the macro name.  optionally an arbitrary amount of whitespace,
 Thus, the following are equivalent:  .It
   the name of the request or the macro, which is one word of arbitrary
   length, terminated by whitespace,
   .It
   and zero or more arguments delimited by whitespace.
   .El
   .Pp
   Thus, the following request lines are all equivalent:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.if  \&.ig end
 \&.\ \ \ \&if  \&.ig    end
   \&.   ig end
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Sh REFERENCE  .Sh MACRO SYNTAX
 This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged  Macros can be defined by the
 alphabetically.  .Sx \&de
   request.
   When called, they follow the same syntax as requests, except that
   macro arguments may optionally be quoted by enclosing them
   in double quote characters
   .Pq Sq \(dq .
   To be recognized as the beginning of a quoted argument, the opening
   quote character must be preceded by a space character.
   .Pp
   A quoted argument may contain whitespace, and pairs of double quote
   characters
   .Pq Sq Qq
   resolve to single double quote characters.
   A quoted argument extends to the next double quote character that is not
   part of a pair, or to the end of the input line, whichever comes earlier.
   Leaving out the terminating double quote character at the end of the line
   is discouraged.
   For clarity, if more arguments follow on the same input line,
   it is recommended to follow the terminating double quote character
   by a space character; in case the next character after the terminating
   double quote character is anything else, it is regarded as the beginning
   of the next, unquoted argument.
   .Pp
   Both in quoted and unquoted arguments, pairs of backslashes
   .Pq Sq \e\e
   resolve to single backslashes.
   In unquoted arguments, space characters can alternatively be included
   by preceding them with a backslash
   .Pq Sq \e\~ ,
   but quoting is usually better for clarity.
   .Sh REQUEST REFERENCE
   The
   .Xr mandoc 1
   .Nm
   parser recognizes the following requests.
   Note that the
   .Nm
   language defines many more requests not implemented in
   .Xr mandoc 1 .
   .Ss \&ad
   Set line adjustment mode.
   This line-scoped request is intended to have one argument to select
   normal, left, right, or center adjustment for subsequent text.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments,
   and the number of arguments is not checked.
 .Ss \&am  .Ss \&am
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Append to a macro definition.
 .Sx \&ig ,  The syntax of this request is the same as that of
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  .Sx \&de .
 It is ignored, as are its children.  It is currently ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   as are its children.
 .Ss \&ami  .Ss \&ami
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Append to a macro definition, specifying the macro name indirectly.
 .Sx \&ig ,  The syntax of this request is the same as that of
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  .Sx \&dei .
 It is ignored, as are its children.  It is currently ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   as are its children.
 .Ss \&am1  .Ss \&am1
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Append to a macro definition, switching roff compatibility mode off
 .Sx \&ig ,  during macro execution.
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  The syntax of this request is the same as that of
 It is ignored, as are its children.  .Sx \&de1 .
   It is currently ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   as are its children.
 .Ss \&de  .Ss \&de
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Define a
 .Sx \&ig ,  .Nm
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  macro.
 It is ignored, as are its children.  Its syntax can be either
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   .Pf . Cm \&de Ar name
   .Ar macro definition
   \&..
   .Ed
   .Pp
   or
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   .Pf . Cm \&de Ar name Ar end
   .Ar macro definition
   .Pf . Ar end
   .Ed
   .Pp
   Both forms define or redefine the macro
   .Ar name
   to represent the
   .Ar macro definition ,
   which may consist of one or more input lines, including the newline
   characters terminating each line, optionally containing calls to
   .Nm
   requests,
   .Nm
   macros or high-level macros like
   .Xr man 7
   or
   .Xr mdoc 7
   macros, whichever applies to the document in question.
   .Pp
   Specifying a custom
   .Ar end
   macro works in the same way as for
   .Sx \&ig ;
   namely, the call to
   .Sq Pf . Ar end
   first ends the
   .Ar macro definition ,
   and after that, it is also evaluated as a
   .Nm
   request or
   .Nm
   macro, but not as a high-level macro.
   .Pp
   The macro can be invoked later using the syntax
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf . Ar name Op Ar argument Op Ar argument ...
   .Pp
   Regarding argument parsing, see
   .Sx MACRO SYNTAX
   above.
   .Pp
   The line invoking the macro will be replaced
   in the input stream by the
   .Ar macro definition ,
   replacing all occurrences of
   .No \e\e$ Ns Ar N ,
   where
   .Ar N
   is a digit, by the
   .Ar N Ns th Ar argument .
   For example,
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.de ZN
   \efI\e^\e\e$1\e^\efP\e\e$2
   \&..
   \&.ZN XtFree .
   .Ed
   .Pp
   produces
   .Pp
   .D1 \efI\e^XtFree\e^\efP.
   .Pp
   in the input stream, and thus in the output: \fI\^XtFree\^\fP.
   .Pp
   Since macros and user-defined strings share a common string table,
   defining a macro
   .Ar name
   clobbers the user-defined string
   .Ar name ,
   and the
   .Ar macro definition
   can also be printed using the
   .Sq \e*
   string interpolation syntax described below
   .Sx ds ,
   but this is rarely useful because every macro definition contains at least
   one explicit newline character.
   .Pp
   In order to prevent endless recursion, both groff and
   .Xr mandoc 1
   limit the stack depth for expanding macros and strings
   to a large, but finite number.
   Do not rely on the exact value of this limit.
 .Ss \&dei  .Ss \&dei
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Define a
 .Sx \&ig ,  .Nm
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  macro, specifying the macro name indirectly.
 It is ignored, as are its children.  The syntax of this request is the same as that of
   .Sx \&de .
   It is currently ignored by
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   as are its children.
 .Ss \&de1  .Ss \&de1
 The syntax of this macro is the same as that of  Define a
 .Sx \&ig ,  .Nm
 except that a leading argument must be specified.  macro that will be executed with
 It is ignored, as are its children.  .Nm
   compatibility mode switched off during macro execution.
   This is a GNU extension not available in traditional
   .Nm
   implementations and not even in older versions of groff.
   Since
   .Xr mandoc 1
   does not implement
   .Nm
   compatibility mode at all, it handles this request as an alias for
   .Sx \&de .
   .Ss \&ds
   Define a user-defined string.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf . Cm \&ds Ar name Oo \(dq Oc Ns Ar string
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar name
   and
   .Ar string
   arguments are space-separated.
   If the
   .Ar string
   begins with a double-quote character, that character will not be part
   of the string.
   All remaining characters on the input line form the
   .Ar string ,
   including whitespace and double-quote characters, even trailing ones.
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar string
   can be interpolated into subsequent text by using
   .No \e* Ns Bq Ar name
   for a
   .Ar name
   of arbitrary length, or \e*(NN or \e*N if the length of
   .Ar name
   is two or one characters, respectively.
   Interpolation can be prevented by escaping the leading backslash;
   that is, an asterisk preceded by an even number of backslashes
   does not trigger string interpolation.
   .Pp
   Since user-defined strings and macros share a common string table,
   defining a string
   .Ar name
   clobbers the macro
   .Ar name ,
   and the
   .Ar name
   used for defining a string can also be invoked as a macro,
   in which case the following input line will be appended to the
   .Ar string ,
   forming a new input line passed to the
   .Nm
   parser.
   For example,
   .Bd -literal -offset indent
   \&.ds badidea .S
   \&.badidea
   H SYNOPSIS
   .Ed
   .Pp
   invokes the
   .Cm SH
   macro when used in a
   .Xr man 7
   document.
   Such abuse is of course strongly discouraged.
   .Ss \&el
   The
   .Qq else
   half of an if/else conditional.
   Pops a result off the stack of conditional evaluations pushed by
   .Sx \&ie
   and uses it as its conditional.
   If no stack entries are present (e.g., due to no prior
   .Sx \&ie
   calls)
   then false is assumed.
   The syntax of this request is similar to
   .Sx \&if
   except that the conditional is missing.
   .Ss \&EN
   End an equation block.
   See
   .Sx \&EQ .
   .Ss \&EQ
   Begin an equation block.
   See
   .Xr eqn 7
   for a description of the equation language.
   .Ss \&hy
   Set automatic hyphenation mode.
   This line-scoped request is currently ignored.
   .Ss \&ie
   The
   .Qq if
   half of an if/else conditional.
   The result of the conditional is pushed into a stack used by subsequent
   invocations of
   .Sx \&el ,
   which may be separated by any intervening input (or not exist at all).
   Its syntax is equivalent to
   .Sx \&if .
 .Ss \&if  .Ss \&if
 Begins a conditional that always evaluates to false.  Begins a conditional.
   Right now, the conditional evaluates to true
   if and only if it starts with the letter
   .Sy n ,
   indicating processing in nroff style as opposed to troff style.
 If a conditional is false, its children are not processed, but are  If a conditional is false, its children are not processed, but are
 syntactically interpreted to preserve the integrity of the input  syntactically interpreted to preserve the integrity of the input
 document.  document.
 Thus,  Thus,
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \&.if t \e .ig  .D1 \&.if t .ig
 .Pp  .Pp
 will discard the  will discard the
 .Sq \&.ig ,  .Sq \&.ig ,
 which may lead to interesting results, but  which may lead to interesting results, but
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \&.if t \e .if t \e{\e  .D1 \&.if t .if t \e{\e
 .Pp  .Pp
 will continue to syntactically interpret to the block close of the final  will continue to syntactically interpret to the block close of the final
 conditional.  conditional.
 Sub-conditionals, in this case, obviously inherit the truth value of  Sub-conditionals, in this case, obviously inherit the truth value of
 the parent.  the parent.
 This macro has the following syntax:  This request has the following syntax:
 .Pp  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  
 \&.if COND \e{\e  \&.if COND \e{\e
 BODY...  BODY...
 \&.\e}  \&.\e}
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.if COND \e{ BODY  \&.if COND \e{ BODY
 BODY... \e}  BODY... \e}
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.if COND \e{ BODY  \&.if COND \e{ BODY
 BODY...  BODY...
 \&.\e}  \&.\e}
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.if COND \e  \&.if COND \e
 BODY  BODY
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 COND is a conditional (for the time being, this always evaluates to  COND is a conditional statement.
 false).  roff allows for complicated conditionals; mandoc is much simpler.
   At this time, mandoc supports only
   .Sq n ,
   evaluating to true;
   and
   .Sq t ,
   .Sq e ,
   and
   .Sq o ,
   evaluating to false.
   All other invocations are read up to the next end of line or space and
   evaluate as false.
 .Pp  .Pp
 If the BODY section is begun by an escaped brace  If the BODY section is begun by an escaped brace
 .Sq \e{ ,  .Sq \e{ ,
 scope continues until a closing-brace macro  scope continues until a closing-brace escape sequence
 .Sq \.\e} .  .Sq \.\e} .
 If the BODY is not enclosed in braces, scope continues until the next  If the BODY is not enclosed in braces, scope continues until
 macro or word.  the end of the line.
 If the COND is followed by a BODY on the same line, whether after a  If the COND is followed by a BODY on the same line, whether after a
 brace or not, then macros  brace or not, then requests and macros
 .Em must  .Em must
 begin with a control character.  begin with a control character.
 It is generally more intuitive, in this case, to write  It is generally more intuitive, in this case, to write
Line 156  bar
Line 441  bar
 \&.\e}  \&.\e}
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 than having the macro follow as  than having the request or macro follow as
 .Pp  .Pp
 .D1 \&.if COND \e{ .foo  .D1 \&.if COND \e{ .foo
 .Pp  .Pp
 The scope of a conditional is always parsed, but only executed if the  The scope of a conditional is always parsed, but only executed if the
 conditional evaluates to true.  conditional evaluates to true.
 .Pp  .Pp
 Note that text subsequent a  Note that the
 .Sq \&.\e}  
 macro is discarded.  
 Furthermore, if an explicit closing sequence  
 .Sq \e}  .Sq \e}
 is specified in a free-form line, the entire line is accepted within the  is converted into a zero-width escape sequence if not passed as a
 scope of the prior macro, not only the text preceding the close.  standalone macro
   .Sq \&.\e} .
   For example,
   .Pp
   .D1 \&.Fl a \e} b
   .Pp
   will result in
   .Sq \e}
   being considered an argument of the
   .Sq \&Fl
   macro.
 .Ss \&ig  .Ss \&ig
 Ignore input.  Ignore input.
 Accepts the following syntax:  Its syntax can be either
 .Pp  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Pf . Cm \&ig
 \&.ig  .Ar ignored text
 BODY...  
 \&..  \&..
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Bd -literal -offset indent -compact  .Pp
 \&.ig END  or
 BODY...  .Bd -literal -offset indent
 \&.END  .Pf . Cm \&ig Ar end
   .Ar ignored text
   .Pf . Ar end
 .Ed  .Ed
 .Pp  .Pp
 In the first case, input is ignored until a  In the first case, input is ignored until a
 .Sq \&..  .Sq \&..
 macro is encountered on its own line.  request is encountered on its own line.
 In the second case, input is ignored until a  In the second case, input is ignored until the specified
 .Sq \&.END  .Sq Pf . Ar end
 is encountered.  macro is encountered.
 Text subsequent the  Do not use the escape character
 .Sq \&.END  
 or  
 .Sq \&..  
 is discarded.  
 .Pp  
 Do not use the escape  
 .Sq \e  .Sq \e
 anywhere in the definition of END.  anywhere in the definition of
 It causes very strange behaviour.  .Ar end ;
 Furthermore, if you redefine a  it would cause very strange behaviour.
 .Nm  
 macro, such as  
 .Pp  .Pp
   When the
   .Ar end
   macro is a roff request or a roff macro, like in
   .Pp
 .D1 \&.ig if  .D1 \&.ig if
 .Pp  .Pp
 the subsequent invocation of  the subsequent invocation of
 .Sx \&if  .Sx \&if
 will first signify the end of comment, then be invoked as a macro.  will first terminate the
 This behaviour really shouldn't be counted upon.  .Ar ignored text ,
   then be invoked as usual.
   Otherwise, it only terminates the
   .Ar ignored text ,
   and arguments following it or the
   .Sq \&..
   request are discarded.
   .Ss \&ne
   Declare the need for the specified minimum vertical space
   before the next trap or the bottom of the page.
   This line-scoped request is currently ignored.
   .Ss \&nh
   Turn off automatic hyphenation mode.
   This line-scoped request is currently ignored.
   .Ss \&rm
   Remove a request, macro or string.
   This request is intended to have one argument,
   the name of the request, macro or string to be undefined.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments,
   and the number of arguments is not checked.
   .Ss \&nr
   Define a register.
   A register is an arbitrary string value that defines some sort of state,
   which influences parsing and/or formatting.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Cm \&nr Ar name Ar value
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar value
   may, at the moment, only be an integer.
   So far, only the following register
   .Ar name
   is recognised:
   .Bl -tag -width Ds
   .It Cm nS
   If set to a positive integer value, certain
   .Xr mdoc 7
   macros will behave in the same way as in the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section.
   If set to 0, these macros will behave in the same way as outside the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section, even when called within the
   .Em SYNOPSIS
   section itself.
   Note that starting a new
   .Xr mdoc 7
   section with the
   .Cm \&Sh
   macro will reset this register.
   .El
   .Ss \&ns
   Turn on no-space mode.
   This line-scoped request is intended to take no arguments.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments,
   and the number of arguments is not checked.
   .Ss \&ps
   Change point size.
   This line-scoped request is intended to take one numerical argument.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments,
   and the number of arguments is not checked.
   .Ss \&so
   Include a source file.
   Its syntax is as follows:
   .Pp
   .D1 Pf \. Cm \&so Ar file
   .Pp
   The
   .Ar file
   will be read and its contents processed as input in place of the
   .Sq \&.so
   request line.
   To avoid inadvertent inclusion of unrelated files,
   .Xr mandoc 1
   only accepts relative paths not containing the strings
   .Qq ../
   and
   .Qq /.. .
   .Ss \&ta
   Set tab stops.
   This line-scoped request can take an arbitrary number of arguments.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments.
   .Ss \&tr
   Output character translation.
   This request is intended to have one argument,
   consisting of an even number of characters.
   Currently, it is ignored including its arguments,
   and the number of arguments is not checked.
   .Ss \&T&
   Re-start a table layout, retaining the options of the prior table
   invocation.
   See
   .Sx \&TS .
   .Ss \&TE
   End a table context.
   See
   .Sx \&TS .
   .Ss \&TS
   Begin a table, which formats input in aligned rows and columns.
   See
   .Xr tbl 7
   for a description of the tbl language.
 .Sh COMPATIBILITY  .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other  This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other other
 troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff  .Nm
   implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
 .Pq Qq groff .  .Pq Qq groff .
 The term  The term
 .Qq historic groff  .Qq historic groff
 refers to groff versions before the  refers to groff version 1.15.
 .Pa doc.tmac  
 file re-write  
 .Pq somewhere between 1.15 and 1.19 .  
 .Pp  .Pp
 .Bl -dash -compact  .Bl -dash -compact
 .It  .It
 Historic groff did not accept white-space buffering the custom END tag  In mandoc, the
 for the  .Sx \&EQ ,
   .Sx \&TE ,
   .Sx \&TS ,
   and
   .Sx \&T& ,
   macros are considered regular macros.
   In all other
   .Nm
   implementations, these are special macros that must be specified without
   spacing between the control character (which must be a period) and the
   macro name.
   .It
   The
   .Cm nS
   register is only compatible with OpenBSD's groff-1.15.
   .It
   Historic groff did not accept white-space before a custom
   .Ar end
   macro for the
 .Sx \&ig  .Sx \&ig
 macro.  request.
 .It  .It
 The  The
 .Sx \&if  .Sx \&if
 and family would print funny white-spaces with historic groff when  and family would print funny white-spaces with historic groff when
 depending on next-line syntax.  using the next-line syntax.
 .El  .El
   .Sh SEE ALSO
   .Xr mandoc 1 ,
   .Xr eqn 7 ,
   .Xr man 7 ,
   .Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
   .Xr mdoc 7 ,
   .Xr tbl 7
   .Rs
   .%A Joseph F. Ossanna
   .%A Brian W. Kernighan
   .%I AT&T Bell Laboratories
   .%T Troff User's Manual
   .%R Computing Science Technical Report
   .%N 54
   .%C Murray Hill, New Jersey
   .%D 1976 and 1992
   .%U http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/cstr54.ps
   .Re
   .Rs
   .%A Joseph F. Ossanna
   .%A Brian W. Kernighan
   .%A Gunnar Ritter
   .%T Heirloom Documentation Tools Nroff/Troff User's Manual
   .%D September 17, 2007
   .%U http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/doctools/troff.pdf
   .Re
   .Sh HISTORY
   The RUNOFF typesetting system was written in PL/1 for the CTSS
   operating system by Jerome ("Jerry") E. Saltzer in 1961.
   It was first used as the main documentation tool by Multics since 1963.
   Robert ("Bob") H. Morris ported it to the GE-635 and called it
   .Nm ,
   Doug McIlroy rewrote it in BCPL in 1969,
   Joseph F. Ossanna rewrote it in PDP-11 assembly in 1973,
   and Brian W. Kernighan rewrote it in C in 1975.
 .Sh AUTHORS  .Sh AUTHORS
 The  .An -nosplit
   This partial
 .Nm  .Nm
 reference was written by  reference was written by
 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv .  .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@bsd.lv
   and
   .An Ingo Schwarze Aq schwarze@openbsd.org .
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